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BER ABE RASA IEA BALL RIEI) KOLIBAEL (pathname), DL BPI ARI HATS £2 & (absolute pathname), AMER HA AIL. (relative pathname) , MUTE ASAT ST RASCH. GAA EU ERE, EAS EXHA. AHAL—T AREAS F, RFHALL-LELS (th SH ERAL,EH _4 HIE UNIXR a soiR EI AKT ARAM RAR A include "apue.h" Hinclude int main(int argc, char *argv()) DIR sep: struct dirent *dirp; if (arge != 2) err_quit ("usage: 1s directory name") ; if ((dp = opendir(argv(1]}) == NULL) err_sys(*can’t open 4s", argv(1}); while ((dirp = readdir(dp)) != NULL) printf("$s\n", dirp->d_name) ; closedir (dp) ; exit (0); } Ls (1) FRR AH HE UNIX FEA 3K. FLA S| UNIX AR SR OB RY — FT 1s) ABM HAST, BBR MER Roe. Tea) He FHP. CEA Ra PBR OAT 8 CLT UNIX AGO. FAGUNIX A thde BAN GAR DY A— A (UNIX RD OP, AOS, PRERERDINTMAERM GEM DP. PHAP SM, MENEMURAR EM SRE S. REUNIX AKAD OEM RAKE FRR—F PRBEAD, te, AT & TL990C] * PAH UOS BARTEL F388R27-P, H4ofopen (38), UNIX AA MRF A APA: FRAMED, WiOMCREH SRDS E, BY, KE RFA FIT RAE. 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BRWE12 RRA SMBH include "apue.h" define BUFFSIZE 4096 ine main(void) int ony char buf [BUFFSIZE] ; while ((n = read(STDIN_FILENO, buf, BUFFSIZE)) > 0) if (write (STDOUT_FILENO, buf, n) != n) err_sys("write error") ; if (n <0) err_sys("read error"); exit (0);1S fA fodir tk 7 Kk fecunistd. ho (apue hhWS THAKH) RAP SRSTDIN_PILENOM STDOUT_FILENOSPOSIX REM — Bis? (TREE SAB). HS TRE UNIXA SRS BRIA, ONE R-2cb AR readAwrite, Wi7- SESTDIN_FILENO#ISTDOUT_FILENO MfE data D2, EMAL AG, ERR Bi iedata, FEI. SEIFAAEE, Mishel ZONE. BARA PRANI 6 7 BIE RH, RAE $F GMM ACul+D) BY, MPR A. BU PARAM -/a.out < infile > outfile WL 4 Hinks le HME ZH Z Aout i leh IH. aS EM A OVO, 4. #RAEVO ‘BRE ORR BHR AS AS FR OPO BR BAHR . SEIEVORR BCT LA ACB MERE EAL, GNARL ABUFFSIZER EMAL. CEA eEVOR PAE TEC TBA TTR (EH RAE AEUNIXAO TTP). Gdn, fgets Mik — SORNNT, Wireadh Bike TT. FES PRT T PAL, PREVOST ERA RE ABES GAIL BTA ITAS Rb A EA. PUTA BO EVO MRE intl, FBprinceMB Rh, Wetti EAB, BORER UtetEapue bef), Ich LA T AAT pEVOR BAIRD. UFIG AL SR AEF Mreadiiwriteti i —TERIF, 5.8K AE ETE RBH. “CEPR A HBAS, FRR AE A IE —UNIX Pe FE. BRAG RMVORERA SEER #include "apue-h" a int main(void) int cs while ((c = gete(stdin)) != BOF) if (putc(c, stdout) == EOF) err_sys(*output error") ;8 HAE UNIXR FoR if (ferror (stdin) ) err_sys("input error"); exit (0); Bkisetc—KRISEH, RAR RoutcHAE ASAE. BRAN BRITE Wht, getcRG@#MEOF, HM Rrh, EAS SIRE Arie A AUR HER H SCH. Qo 1.6 ARMM 1.2 42% (program) EAGER LTR T ARTI. AGP exec Hit SRI—/S ARERR TEES, HEIDI. 8. 10H WAR tEexe HM, 2. HAMLID FEFFRIDUT RK ONEPK Hie AE (process), APAVE—TIL PMSA AIS, ROSE ASAE (task) ZRII. UNIX SERA EEDA — PE — BO ERIE, PRIABALID (process ID), EID le ARTUR eae EPG LAA PaTEERID, wR -4 FTE AEID @include "apue.h" int main(void) printf ("hello world from process ID td\n", getpid()); exit (0); WRAY, JERK Ag our, GMT, WA: § -/aout hello world from process ID 651 § «/a.out hello world from process ID 654 KEMAH, EMR Moetpi ah, o 3. REA HATA FRR HEE BM, fork, execHiwaitpid, (execMAAMEHK, 12 BMC EMR Aexec RM.) UNIX AR SEA EAS HIE FT LA EAE CUB APIEEALI-5) RON, READ TEMAS, RG RTAe GS, EL — PK shell BERTIE HL, TEX TSO AOE,1.6 AA Fo AE 9 ARS HEBER FER BNS RAED TE SHUT #include "apue.n" Hinclude int, main (void) char Duf(MAXLINE]; —/* from apue.h */ pidt pid; - int. status; printf ("*# "); /* print prompt (printf requires #% to print *) */ while (fgets (buf, MAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { Af (buf (strlen (buf) - 1] = buf (strlen(buf) - 1] = /* veplace newline with null */ if (pid = fork()) <0) { err_sys("fork error"); } else if (pid == 0) { /* child */ ue, buf, (char *)0); ouldn’t execute: $s", buf); /* parent */ if ((pid = waitpid(pid, astatus, 0)) < 0) err_sys("waitpid error"); printe 88"); exit (0): ) ° A SREV ORR fgets MRR AURA, SRA SCHR EAE GHB AECHI+D) fe AGM ITF, fgets ii El—Paullds+, PALER Ih, MERE h. SRE PUT ARMAS OCR, ET. TIRES), Lanta eM, + AA tget sik AM — TRL IL, Fabius, A ARMECH Ms trlen RULE ERR, RAP PRT. ACE exec] p AMER BRU null RELATE. WA fork tt — TPR. HERERO M wh, RARER, 8 GURNEE AFH. fork HERR LTR ERID (4b), RENE, AAfork Olt — ave, PIL EIA —tke (HR SCHERE) , {LIBEL (4) BITE CHE BARTER). *TEPREE A, Hi Hlexec LMA MERA DEA AIS 5 RRB AT RAE ERE TF PER AT I EPICHE. fork FIPRRE SE a Mexec PR AYE fe RECHR IER BT ERAT Pee (spawn) —/SBTRERE. TEUNIXASEP, PPA, HORT Re, SES RA ES A. FER Mexec ATR K EE, TRAD EGER Ih, KER waitpid, KREMER SHOR (TK, pidSBETURID), waitpid FABGR FUERA ERAS (status tit). TERRE, CORK. i10 HA UNIXRMSoR BE, PUVA FAH AAR ibe ae Fk eB TE A, PREF ORERRGME DEM TAT GS BEM, HUT EBARWARA, AHEM TART shS. HATE, KEOTRAT, WR ELEM BAe (ARPT REAR ASH HAT), RH ATs TSMR exec pA. RE RO, HORRAP OS 7] FAK BE BUNIX Fe SAN we RET HAE WRT, WATER. 2, BREET + Tliteat (%), LAB F shell Heat. $ -/a-out % date Sun Aug 1 03:04:47 EDT 2004 Parner eae & who sar ° Jul 26 22:54 var pts/0 Jul 26 22:54 (:0) sar pts/l Jul 26 Go sar pts/2 Jul 26 Go) 8 pwd Mnome/ saz /bk/apue/2e sls Makefile a.out shell1.c wD BRA IERIE $ ‘BHU shell a “DAME FA, RFRA, RR AR: RAMEE Te — ik Pa HWAControl ACtr1, FLAK H—AME, Control-D A DAMAM LHR, ARISE Pies wT. BABRS CENT A. 4, BASARABID WB, SERA B— PSHE (thread), [a] -MR DT ERE 4S. HP SEE I) FB, OR ACTEL BY AE — MEST, BZ MP RAS. BOS, BME ER LULARFE AY AU SERS GMI ATE TEA EPEAT ESE lH) CR RU SERIE IRE. BBL Pa CATIA FU ed FE FER, ULAR PETE Tie] HE ERA ER HU] BH HELE SE ‘SuieHilel, SEMLTIDERIR, (LE, AEIDR CER RUM ER, HERE AER BIDE ATER TIE. STEUER tS PEREUETIRAAT, BURRIS | FAA PORE. PHARM SEEN AR, DAE, UNO RA Zia, RASA RIUNIXASEP , XPM FETE RAPE, ALDH, FRAT AP. 1.7 HfeAbe HUNIXHRECH EER, BET HUA, TE errno H BLE AS APA OS BAM. 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BOE: ERAS Herre {IRR AO, fe char *strerror(int ermum) ; GLIA Brie eo HEE Beier (BiH eR ermolfi) BI — PRATER, IEEE EARL. perrorAM Ferrnofi Ail, TeeteHitt bE, REL, Hinclude void perror(const char *msg) ; Sola nse ETR, RSET ES, EK, BOER Ferrnoffifi tht eB, Hake — PTT a REIPUT A L-OS as 73k PU HR BR BE 7k: BARBI6 fiRetrerror#perror #include “apue.h" #include int main(int argc, char *argv(]) fprintf(stderr, "EACCES: s\n", strerror(EACCES)); erro = ENOENT;12 HALE UNKRAoR perror(argv{0]); exit (0); RURICEY, HEERGRA Tcthaout, MGMT, WAT: 8 ./a.out ACCES: Permission denied Ja.out: No such file or directory TER, BAVBBES (arovi0l, SHAM. /a.out) (RABE BAperror, KATE POUNIX A. EA, TRAE A RRR, fan: Progl < inputfile | prog2 | prog3 > outputfile BARD TES TE fhe T — ae a SHAPE LAT ARs trerrortperror, MAMA RB PEE Bic. PAN LH BR BE FT ISO CANT aR Bee THAE, FAC AUREL. HS BUR PE + static void sig_int (int); /* our signal-catching function */ int main (void) char buf [MAXLINE]; /* from apue.h */ pid_t pid; int status; (SIGINT, sig_int) == SIG_ERR) "signal error"); printf("#t *); /¥ print prompt (printf requires 4% to print ¥) */ while (fgets (buf, NAXLINE, stdin) != NULL) { if (buf (strlen(buf) - 1] == ‘\n') buf[strien(buf) - 1] = 0; /* replace newline with null */ if ((pid = fork()) < 0) {110% ff ft 15 err_sys("fork error"); } else if (pid == 0) { /* child */ execlp(buf, buf, (char *)0); err_ret ("couldn’t execute: ts", buf); exit (127) ; /* parent */ if ((pid = waitpid(pid, estatus, 0)) < 0) err_sys("waitpid error"); printe ("88"); exit (0); + void + sig_int (int signo) printé ("interrupt\n¥¥ ") ; AAS Be A AERA S , BTL LOSER STE Ie S G 1.10 BY fal fi > III, UNIX 9 — Be AA OI TA (1) BL BGIT IR), BABA 61 1970481 1 00:00:00), BR bMEMt IA] (UTC) PSH PRR EH (IBS E PRU TCA te Hk FE AI ie] ) MET TATA AT Fi ae 3c AE — te tial AGMA BARD ime_t AFR A A. 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PAAR BCAT HH — ARS CERES, PRT PR HITE A PELE o ASAMEBE, TH RSME ACHR, CUNIXEEE APA) ASSES LT RAE ATS Ea, BUR em TESS WA -4TRS TARR, EEE EARRA TA, Glin, print : : . Pew : : . Hee (1.799) : . . Fee a Ht . : TRB (2.545) slocale.h> : Fab emath.h> . wee AB Beot0 (7.10%) ECE IOR BSR estdbool.h> : ARORA estddef b> : ate estdint..hs : ea . 9 ‘peceVOPEH 5) S : . SAUER cetring.h> : . . sprite : URE . . : . BEA H6.10%5) : . . . Sm SE WAN EE . : : : RPT HORE ISO CRAM FAME ARMA REC HROA, BF ERLIG, 24 G*FreeBSD 5.2.1 HH Tce 3.3.3hi, Solaris 9 arm. H T gcc 2.95.3¥k4egce 3.28, Mandrake 9.2 (Linux 2.4.22) Tce 3.3.10, Mac OS Xie iE T gcc 3.38, Mac OS XiE 846 T goose A, 2.2.2 IEEE POSIX POSIXJE—AFIIHIEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, (5 45-TAE Wibes) Ne ARH. POSIXGEA HEMMER TER GRO (Portable Operating System Interface). 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Rare ISOMEC 9945-1:1996, ELH TS SRAMEMET , PHpthreads, HHAVBLALPOSIXHA, 1999 JELHMGT IBEE#;3:1003.1d-1999, StH NT WS HE, AEG, HWA T IEEE I 1003. 1j- 20009111003.1q-2000, Bia f& TRS , Jaan TEER ER TR 1003.1892001h SLAM A MRA AAAI, CAAT 1003.18 A GEIT, 1003.26 RELL Single UNIX Specification (SUS) 2hRMVAF RT (N-FSUS, JES BAM). ReeeIe Be T IEEE FR 1003.1-2001, St 48 T RAUL ant + ISOMEC 9945-1 (IEEER##1003.1-1996), EAL4E + IEEE Spi 1003.1 - 1990, + IEEE}; 1003.1b - 1993 (SERTH" RR) . + IEEE# #1003. 1c- 1995 (pthreads) , + IEEE$ RHE 1003.1i- 1995 (SER ABR). + IEEE P1003. 1apaye mse (HME ITAA) « + IEEE#RUE1003.1d - 1999 (RIT AB)» + IEEE}; 1003.1j - 2000 (HmpR AVS AR) . + TEBE (RH 1003.1q - 2000 (C#FERER) . + IEEE SAME 1003.24 - 1994 (HEADER). IEEE P1003.2bRSebRME (MTINAIS EEF). + IEEE$ RM 1003.1g - 2000 (PLACA) AISELERB SY. + ISOMEC 9945-2 (IEEER##:1003.2 - 1993), « Single UNIX Specification BK AME, SHE AGEN EL, BORAT. ROAR, BORK. + RGRRT AA, BSRATHK. + FRR ARIE, SARS, 5.2 KATH. ‘+ ISOMEC 9899:1999, CHiBiE A. 2-2, HI-FWARA2-4AE T POSIX. EEA EM Ce, RBS TERR ChRMRRE RRL, PALA CXR AGRE AE2-L AMADA KE. RATA ES T AS EEE INI FRR BEAK E. 26 222 #2 UNIXHALAER R22 POSIXHRAE LM MMAR FreeBSD 5.2.1 Linux 24.22 Mac OSX 10,3 Solaris 9 eH emios.h> cunistd.h> BRR (4.2149) SCRE IAL (3.144%) Scr IRS BRE AAR TERI ACH (6.445) ade Ret ee BAKE (6.245) SEMA carat RO (18H) weet SCHR) (4.1945) Fo RA Intemer= X (38163) RRP ANIEN (H16R) Intemevib itt (16.34) feARIS A esys/times n= areata select® (14.5.1) BTR (M16) SHEA RARE) ARAL (8.1645) EARARMBY (2875) UNDRIEEEIEL (17.348) FRE (691) : : : : inate : : . + | ema . . : ‘seifise 4 . : . idee . : : : SRR (145.275) «search hs : . + | ede estrangs h> FRE2.2 UNIXHRAK 23 (&) 3 X He FreeBSD 52.1 Linux 2.422 MacOS X103_Solais9 8 ‘ . . at) sucontext.h> : : : + | BERK . . . . FLA Rt sutmpx.h> : + emeadem: . . . . IPC (15.645) . . . 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