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Module-5 PPT

This document discusses 3D geometric transformations and modeling. It describes how 3D transformations extend 2D transformations by including the z-coordinate. Matrix representations are provided for common transformations like translation, rotation, and scaling. Different types of 3D projections are explained including oblique and orthogonal projections. Examples of cavalier and cabinet projections of a cube are shown. The document also introduces B-spline curves and fractal generation. It provides examples of generating fractal patterns like the Koch curve through repeated substitution of segments according to scaling factors.

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Mohammed Shaikh
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48 views

Module-5 PPT

This document discusses 3D geometric transformations and modeling. It describes how 3D transformations extend 2D transformations by including the z-coordinate. Matrix representations are provided for common transformations like translation, rotation, and scaling. Different types of 3D projections are explained including oblique and orthogonal projections. Examples of cavalier and cabinet projections of a cube are shown. The document also introduces B-spline curves and fractal generation. It provides examples of generating fractal patterns like the Koch curve through repeated substitution of segments according to scaling factors.

Uploaded by

Mohammed Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Computer Graphics (CSC305)

Module - 5
Three Dimensional Geometric Transformations,
Curves & Fractal Generation
Prof: Nilambari G. Narkar
Computer Engineering Department
Introduction
• Methods for geometric transformations and
object modeling in three dimensions are
extended from two-dimensional methods by
including considerations for the z coordinate.
Matrix Representation

1 0 0 0

0 1 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1
• Common choices for angle Ø are 30° and 45°, which display a
combination view of the front, side, and top (or front, side, and
bottom) of an object.
• Two commonly used values for α are those for which tanα = 1 and
tanα = 2.
• For the first case, α = 45° and the views obtained are called cavalier
projections. All lines perpendicular to the projection plane are
projected with no change in length.
Oblique projection of box onto Zv = 0 plane

Cavalier projections of a cube onto a view plane for two values of angle Ø.
• When the projection angle α is chosen so that tan α = 2, the resulting view
is called a cabinet projection.
• For this angle (~63.4), lines perpendicular to the viewing surface are
projected at one-half their length.
• Cabinet projections appear more realistic than cavalier projections
because of this reduction in the length of perpendiculars.

Cabinet projections of a cube onto a view plane for two values of angle Ø.
B-Spline Curve
• Uniform Periodic B-Spline Curve
• Cubic Periodic B-Spline Curve
• Open Uniform B-Spline Curve
• Non-uniform B-Spline Curve
Fractal
• The word fractal was derived from a Latin word fractus which means
broken.
• What are Fractals?
– Fractals are very complex pictures generated by a computer from
a single formula. They are created using iterations.
– This means one formula is repeated with slightly different values
over and over again, taking into account the results from the
previous iteration.
• Fractals are used in many areas such as −
– Astronomy − For analyzing galaxies, rings of Saturn, etc.
– Biology/Chemistry − For depicting bacteria cultures, Chemical
reactions, human anatomy, molecules, plants,
– Others − For depicting clouds, coastline and borderlines, data
compression, diffusion, economy, fractal art, fractal music,
landscapes, special effect, etc.
Fractal
• Generation of Fractals:
– Fractals can be generated by repeating the same shape
over and over again as shown in the following figure.
– In figure ’a’ shows an equilateral triangle.
– In figure ’b’, we can see that the triangle is repeated to
create a star-like shape.
– In figure ’c’, we can see that the star shape in figure ’b’ is
repeated again and again to create a new shape.
• We can do unlimited number of iteration to create
a desired shape. In programming terms, recursion is
used to create such shapes.
Fractal
As an example, if we use the initiator and generator shown in Fig. 10-68, we
can construct the snowflake pattern, or Koch curve, shown in Fig. 10-69.

Each straight-line segment in the initiator is replaced with four equal-length


line segments at each step.

The scaling factor is 1/3, so the fractal dimension is D = In4/In 3 ~ 1.2619.


Also, the length of each line segment in the initiator increases by a factor of
4/3 at each step, so that the length of the fractal curve tends to infinity as
more detail is added to the curve (Fig. 10-70).
Length of each side of the Koch curve increases by a factor of 4/3 at each
step, while the line-segment lengths are reduced by a factor of 1/3

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