Task 2 - Electromagnetic waves in bounded open media
Individual work format
Dora Brigette Melgarejo Alarcón
Group 69
1015467255
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD
Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería
Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas
2022 16-04
Exercises development
Activity
Answers: (write with your own words)
1. What are the propagation mechanisms of electromagnetic waves?
Answer:
The propagation mechanisms refer to each of the possible configurations that
the electromagnetic waves that travel through the waveguide adopt. These are
transverse electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic.
2. What is the phenomenon of total reflection of an electromagnetic wave?
Answer:
Reflection is the change of direction of a ray or a wave that occurs at the
interface between two media, in such a way that it returns to the initial medium.
Therefore, total reflection occurs if the angle of incidence is large enough.
3. What is the phenomenon of total refraction of an electromagnetic wave?
Answer:
Refraction is the change in direction experienced by a wave as it passes from
one material medium to another. Therefore, total refraction occurs when the
wave changes medium but is not reflected
4. What is the purpose of Snell's Law in the study of the propagation of waves?
Answer:
Snell's law is a formula used to find out the relationship between the path taken
by a ray of light when crossing the boundary or the separation surface between
two substances in contact and the refractive index of each of them.
Application exercises:
For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to the
group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.
1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 travels
through the air (𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and collides perpendicularly on a
plane wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂2 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 10)𝛺. Calculate the
reflected power 𝑃1− and the transmitted power 𝑃2+ at the wall.
Figure 1: Propagation of “normal wave” in infinite medium.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: according to the concept of power, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for 𝑃1− and 𝑃2+ .
Answer:
Identification number:1015467255, then 𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 101
Group number:69, then 𝐺𝐺 = 69
𝑓 = 69 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂1 = 120𝜋 𝛺 = 377𝛺
𝜂2 = 111𝛺
The reflection coefficient is calculated:
𝐸1−
Γ=
𝐸1+
𝜂2 − 𝜂1
Γ=
𝜂2 + 𝜂1
111𝛺 − 377𝛺
Γ=
111𝛺 + 377𝛺
Γ = −0.54508𝛺
Calculator evidence
Figure 1. Exercise 1 - reflection coefficient.
The reflectance is found:
𝑃1−
R= +
𝑃1
R = |Γ|2
R = |−0.54508𝛺|2
R = 0.29711
R = 0.29711 ∙ 100 = 29.71%
Calculator evidence
Figure 2. Exercise 1 - reflectance.
The transmittance is found:
T=1−𝑅
T = 1 − 0.29711
T = 0.70289
T = 0.70289 ∙ 100 = 70.29%
Calculator evidence
Figure 3. Exercise 1 - transmittance.
The reflected power is found:
𝑃1− = Γ ∙ 𝑃1+
𝑃1− = −0.54508 ∙ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑃1− = −65.4096𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
Calculator evidence
Figure 4. Exercise 1 - reflected power.
The transmitted power is found:
𝑃2+ = 𝑇 ∙ 𝑃1+
𝑃2+ = 0.70289 ∙ 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑃2+ = 84.3468𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
Calculator evidence
Figure 5. Exercise 1 - transmitted power.
It is concluded that the transmitted power is high compared to the reflected
power because the intrinsic impedance of medium 2 is greater than the
intrinsic impedance of medium 1.
2. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 𝐺𝐺 𝑀𝐻𝑧 and 𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 is emitted
by a generator through the air (𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 ≅ 377𝛺) and collides
perpendicularly on a wall of intrinsic impedance 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = (𝐶𝐶𝐶 + 20 )𝛺 and
30𝑐𝑚 thick.
Figure 6: Propagation of “normal wave” in finite medium.
𝑓 = 69 𝑀𝐻𝑧
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 120𝜋 𝛺 = 377𝛺
𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 121𝛺
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓
𝐶0 = 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
a. Calculate the coefficient of reflection Ґ and transmission 𝜏 seen by the
generator.
Answer:
The phase constant is found:
𝜔𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝛽=
𝐶0 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
2𝜋𝑓𝜂𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝛽=
𝐶0 𝜂𝑤𝑎𝑙𝑙
2𝜋 ∙ 69𝑥106 𝐻𝑧 ∙ 377𝛺
𝛽=
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠 ∙ 121𝛺
𝛽 = 4.502 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑚
Calculator evidence
Figure 7. Exercise 2 - phase constant.
The input impedance is found:
𝑛3 + 𝑗𝑛2 tan 𝛽𝑥
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 𝑛2
𝑛2 + 𝑗𝑛3 tan 𝛽𝑥
𝑟𝑎𝑑
377𝛺 + 𝑗121𝛺 tan(4.502 𝑚 ∙ 0.3𝑚)
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 121𝛺
𝑟𝑎𝑑
121𝛺 + 𝑗377𝛺 tan(4.502 𝑚 ∙ 0.3𝑚)
𝑛𝑖𝑛 = 40.5717 − 24.1683𝑗
Calculator evidence
Figure 8. Exercise 2 - input impedance.
The reflection coefficient in the face one is found:
𝜂𝑖𝑛 − 𝜂1
Γ1 =
𝜂𝑖𝑛 + 𝜂1
40.5717 − 24.1683𝑗𝛺 − 377𝛺
Γ1 =
40.5717 − 24.1683𝑗𝛺 + 377𝛺
Γ1 = −0.7996 − 0.1041𝑗
Calculator evidence
Figure 9. Exercise 2 - reflection coefficient in the face one.
The transmittance in the face one is found:
T1 = 1 − |Γ1 |2
T1 = 1 − |−0.7996 − 0.1041𝑗|2
T1 = 0.349
T1 = 0.349 ∙ 100 = 34.9%
Calculator evidence
Figure 10. Exercise 2 - transmittance in the face one.
The reflectance in the face one is found:
𝑅1 = 1 − T1
𝑅1 = 1 − 0.349
𝑅1 = 0.651
𝑅1 = 0.651 ∙ 100 = 65.1%
Calculator evidence
Figure 11. Exercise 2 - reflectance in the face one.
The reflection coefficient in the face two is found:
𝜂3 − 𝜂1
Γ2 =
𝜂3 + 𝜂1
377𝛺 − 121𝛺
Γ2 =
377𝛺 + 121𝛺
Γ2 = −0.51405
Calculator evidence
Figure 12. Exercise 2 - reflection coefficient in the face two.
The transmittance in the face two is found:
T2 = 1 − |Γ2 |2
T2 = 1 − |−0.51405|2
T2 = 0.73575
T2 = 0.73575 ∙ 100 = 73.5%
Calculator evidence
Figure 13. Exercise 2 - transmittance in the face two.
The reflectance in the face two is found:
𝑅2 = 1 − T2
𝑅2 = 1 − 0.73575
𝑅2 = 0.26425
𝑅2 = 0.26425 ∙ 100 = 26.4%
Calculator evidence
Figure 14. Exercise 2 - reflectance in the face two.
b. Determine in [%] and [𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ] the power 𝑃𝑡 that is transmitted to the
receiver.
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Interpretation: According to the concepts explored, explain the meaning of
the value obtained for Ґ, 𝜏 and 𝑃𝑡 .
Answer:
T𝑡 = T1 ∙ T2
T𝑡 = 0.34971 ∙ 0.73575
T𝑡 = 0.2572
T𝑡 = 0.2572 ∙ 100 = 25.72%
Calculator evidence
Figure 15. Exercise 2 – transmittance total.
Power 𝑃𝑡 is found:
𝑃1+ = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃1+ ∙ T𝑡
𝑃𝑡 = 120𝑚𝑊/𝑚2 ∙ 0.2572
𝑃𝑡 = 30.864𝑚𝑊/𝑚2
3. An electromagnetic wave propagates through several media as shown in the
graph.
Figure 16: Propagation of “oblique wave” in finite media.
Initially the wave travels through the air and strikes the surface of the sweet
𝐶𝐶𝐶 𝑜
water at an angle of 𝜃𝑎 = ( + 20) with the surface. Using Snell's Law,
20
calculate step by step the total path of the wave until you find the value of the
angle 𝜃𝑏 .
Attention, for the calculations:
1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
Answer:
𝜃𝑎 = 25.05°
𝜃′𝑎 = 64.95°
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 1.00029
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1.33
𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 1.5
Snell's law between points B-C is used:
𝑛1
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( ∙ sin 64.95°)
𝑛2
1.00029
𝜃𝐵 = sin−1 ( ∙ sin 64.95°)
1.33
𝜃𝐵 = 42.94°
Calculator evidence
Figure 17. Exercise 3 – Snell's law.
The angle of refrection of the medium between points C-D is found:
𝑛2
𝜃𝐶 = sin−1 ( ∙ sin 𝜃𝐵 )
𝑛3
1.33
𝜃𝐶 = sin−1 ( ∙ sin 42.9495°)
1.5
𝜃𝐶 = 37.16°
Calculator evidence
Figure 18. Exercise 3 – Angle of refrection of the medium.
Therefore, the angle b is:
𝜃𝑏 = 90° − 37.16°
𝜃𝑏 = 52.84°
Video link
URL:
References
Chen, W. (2005). The Electrical Engineering Handbook. Academic Press, (pp.
519-
524). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.
ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=117152&lang=es&
site=ehost-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_519
Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed
Broadband Wireless. (pp. 25-
70). http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.e
bscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&s
ite=ehost-live
Gutiérrez, W. (2017). Snell Law [Video]. http://hdl.handle.net/10596/13140
Leyton, O., & Miranda, J. (2022). Perpendicular incidence of electromagnetic
waves. VIO [Virtual Information
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