Lithium Ion Battery Technology

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Main battery technologies for UPS

Four main technologies are used

 Flooded Cell
 Sealed Lead Acid (SLA/SMF/VRLA)
 Nickel-Cadmium
 Lithium Ion Battery

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 Lead Acid Battery

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 Lithium Ion Battery

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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Lithium-ion cell working principle

Typically battery capacity is the discharge capacity. In Li-ion for the charge and discharge
process, the lithium-ions are in motion from the positive plate to the negative while
charging and from the Negative Plate to Positive Plate while discharging. Li-ion batteries
is like a rocking chair, rocking chair at both ends of the poles for the battery.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Lithium-ion cell working principle
Lithium Compound Material Average Cell Specific C-rate (Charge/Dischrge) Cycle life Thermal
Voltage (V) Energy runaway (C°)
(Wh/kg)
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 3.7 (3.0 – 4.2) 150–200 0.7-1C/1C 500 - 1000 150
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 3.7 (3.0-4.2) 100–150 0.7-1C/1C, 10C possible 500-700 250
Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide 3.7 (3.0-4.2) 150–220 0.7-1C/1C, 4C, 6C possible 1000-2000 210
(LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC
Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 3.2 (2.5-3.65) 90–120 1C/1C, 4C, 5C, 10C possible >2000 270
Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 3.6 (3.0 – 4.2) 200-260 0.7C/1C 500 150
(LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO 2.40V (1.8 – 2.85) 50–80 1C/10C 3000-7000 No

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Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

LiFePO4 → Li1-xFePO4 + xLi+ + xe- xLi+ + xe- + 6C → LixC6 LiCoPO2 → Li1-xCoPO2 + xLi+ + xe- xLi+ + xe- + 6C → LixC6

Li1-xFePO4 + xLi+ + xe- → LiFePO4 LixC6 → xLi+ + xe- + 6C Li1-xCoPO2 + xLi+ + xe-→ LiCoPO2

LFP LCO

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

 NCM 111 Capacity  NCM Layer Structure

Formula: LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCM 111)

Capacity NCM 111

Theoretical 276 mAh/g MOx (M=Ni、Co、Mn)

Actual 150~170 mAh/g

Actual/theoretical
50~60%
ratio

Note:
• If Li+ intercalates from NCM to Anode more than LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 -> xLi+ + Li1-xNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 + xe-
0.6 mole ratio, the material will be very unstable.

x ≤ 0.6 : Normal range

x > 0.6 : Layer structure will decompose

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

 Ni, Co, Mn function in NCM system  Hi-Ni cathode has high capacity, but lower safety and cycle life

Note:
• Different Ni, Co, Mn content in NCM cathode system leads to different function.
• Capacity is obviously affected by Ni content, but high Ni cathode has lower safety and cycle life.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Lithium-ion cell type

Type Cylindrical cell Prismatic cell Pouch cell

Photo

•Ease of manufacture • Packaged in welded aluminum •Flexible and lightweight

•Good mechanical stability. housings •High density and Safety
•High consistence •No universal format exists and •Needs support and allowance to
•Economical each manufacturer designs its expand in the battery compartment
Feature •Heavy and has low own
packaging density •High packaging density
•Typical model: 18650/21700 •Typical applications for
EV/PHEV/ESS.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qzt9RZ0FQyM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bg_480HUheo

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 Delta NMC Technology

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Li-ion Battery Cell Business Transfer and Collaboration.

MHI transferred to Delta with Lithium-ion Rechargeable Battery’s

Business & Assets, including machinery from Apr. 2014.
* Including 90 Family patents, total 157 patents transfer to Delta.

MHI: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, LTD

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Li-ion Battery Cell Business Transfer and Collaboration.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Li-ion Battery Cell Business Transfer and Collaboration.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Li-ion Battery Cell Business Transfer and Collaboration.

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Li-ion Battery Cell Business Transfer and Collaboration.

Feeding→Mixing→Coating→Pressing→Cutting→Wind→Assemble→Formation→Aging→Grading→Grouping

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Quality Goal
Long Cycles
Operation

ication

Cell Raw Automation Cell Initial Cell Perform

Material Production State Uniformity

Capacity Minimize the variation

100% from cells
90%

80%

1000 2000 3000 4000 Cycles

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

DeltaP140-185  High Power  Long Cycle Life

- Up to 4 C-rate continuous - More than 2000 cycles of
- 6 C-rate in pulse 100% D.O.D. @ 1C rate , 25 °C

 Specification
3.7 V
 Nominal Voltage
(NCM Chemistry)

 Nominal Capacity 50 Ah

 Nominal Energy 185 Wh

283 Wh/ L
 Energy Density
132 Wh/ Kg
 Power Density 5.65 kW/ L
Max. power at SOC50%,25°C 2.78 kW/ Kg

 Dimension (mm) 110 (W)x 38 (D)x 155.6 (H)

 Weight 1.4 Kg
 Order P/N: P140-185-02NN  Certifications UL1642, UN 38.3, JIS C 8715-2
Charge: 0°C to +55°C
 Operating Temperature
Discharge: -20°C to +55°C
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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology
Reference for Metal vs. Pouch
 Metal case is advantage for Safety & Stable operation in long cycle operation

Metal Case Pouch

Terminal Terminal

Metal case is rigid.

Pouch is soft enough to
So, space for extra electrolyte deform through vacuum heat
can be easily secured and sealing process.
adjusted.
So, space for extra electrolyte
Electrolyte amount is important isn’t easy to be secured and
Internal Internal adjusted.
for long life. element
element
Extra amount electrolyte may
lead to poor seal reliability
and more leakage risk.

Thickness Thickness

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Reference for Metal vs. Pouch

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Reference for Metal vs. Pouch

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4
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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Reference for Metal vs. Pouch

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Reference for Metal vs. Pouch

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Reference for Metal vs. Pouch

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 Safety Design Validation
UN 38.3
UN 38.3 presents a combination of significant environmental, mechanical, and electrical stresses designed to assess
lithium batteries’ ability to withstand the anticipated rigors incurred during transport.

UL1973: Standard For Batteries For Use In Stationary, Vehicle Auxiliary Power
And Light Electric Rail (LER) Applications

IEC 62619: Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-
acid electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and
batteries, for use in industrial applications

UL1642: Standard for Safety for Lithium Batteries.

UL 9540: Energy Storage System (ESS) Requirements
 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS Battery Cell

Impact test: Nail penetration test. Passed

 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS Battery Cell

Impact test: Crush test. Passed

 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS Battery Module
Test items Test Setup RESULT
 High Discharge Current Pass -no damage
400A/500A

 Internal Fire Propagation 、 Pass -no damage

Test(UL 1973)
 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS Battery Module

Test items Test Setup/Condition RESULT

 Safety for Pass -no
Transportation (UN38.3) damage
 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS BMS Control Box
Test items Test Setup RESULT
 High Discharge Current Pass -no damage
500A

 IR Test / Hi-pot Test 、 Pass -no damage

(IEC 60950)
 Safety Design Validation
 Subject: UPS BMS Control Box
Test items Test Setup RESULT
 Shock Test Pass -no damage

 Vibration 、 Pass -no damage

 Power Backup System
62kWh UPS Li-On Battery
Cell UPS 3U Module UPS Battery
Cabinet
System
Component

Configuration 1S1P 14S1P 70S2P*2

Nominal Capacity 222 Wh 3.11 kWh 62.2 kWh

Nominal Voltage 3.7 Vdc 51.8 Vdc ±259 Vdc

Operation Voltage Range 2.7 Vdc – 4.15 Vdc 44.8 Vdc - 57.4 Vdc ±224 Vdc - ±287 Vdc

Output Power 1.7 KW 22.5 KW 450 KW

Dimensions 166.6mm(H)x110.1mm( 690mm(D)x214mm(W)x 1090mm(L) x String 1

W)x38.2mm(D) 121mm(H) 600mm(W) x
2000mm(H)

Weight 1.4 Kg 28.5 Kg 800 Kg

Expected storage year to 80%SOH (Ah)

under various ambient
14

12
Expected storage year (yr)

100%SOC
10
90%SOC String 2
8

0
20 30 40 50 60

Ambient Temperature (˚C )

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 Power Backup System

Battery Management System

Features
 High Power Application Design
 Built-in Safety Breaker(MCCB)
 Dual Relay/Diode Protection Loop
 Relay protection (Charge)
 Diode connection (Discharge) Master Battery Server
 Meet Isolation Standard(UL 60950) A main unit managing whole BP
 Integrated Battery Management Unit(BMU) system behavior, communication
with an external bus systems
(drivetrain, charger, dashboard)
Dynamic Values SOC Three stage
Calculation estimation fault monitoring
String Battery Server
an independent unit managing
J1939 single battery string. SBS measures
string current and controls
CanOpen BMS Charging contactors to prevent cells damage
Management in fault situations.
Diagnostics
Cells MMB Module
Protection
Embedded in a cell stack,
functions:
• Measure voltage and
Voltage Current Temperature temperature of each cell.
monitoring Monitoring Monitoring
• Performing balancing

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 Power Backup System

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 Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application

Fuse
Module

Pre-charge
Module

Vm
Module
Charger Vm
On/Off
Module Vm
BMS Vm 14s
Module

UPS
Module

Vm
Pre-charge

Module

Module

Module

Module
Fuse

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 Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application
Li-ion Battery Measurements
 Parameters to be shown
on touch panel:
• Cell / Module / Pack
voltage levels
• SOC (State of Charge)/
Remaining Capacity
• Remaining Time
• Cell temperature / Module
temperature
• SOH (State of Health)

* Formal release in 2018Q4

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 Power Backup System
Specifically design for UPS application
How to do Li-ion Battery Integration?

• Input Dry Contact event Li-ion battery communication Card

“Charger Off” (optional, not offical released yet)

Delta Standard Li-ion Other Li-ion

Battery Solution battery vendor
Support “Charger Off” • CAN • For BMS
function triggered from V V communicated with information sent to
li-ion battery BMS Li-ion battery. paralleled UPS.
Integrated on UPS
Li-ion battery information Remote monitoring
touch panel
UPS and Li-ion battery
V X
with single brand

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 References site

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 LiFePo4 Technology

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 51.2V (3.2V per)

Vm
CBMS Vm

Battery Vm

module Vm 16s

Vm

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 No.1 Telecom operator in Thailand chose Delta
Modular UPS with Lithium Ion Battery
 Application: Main Switching Center
 Client’s Needs
• Deliver the best quality, on the best network, for
customers’ best experience

• Constantly moving forward to ensure always bring

customer the highest quality and most up-to-date mobile
and fixed broadband including digital services to power
customers’ modern lifestyle and satisfy everybody’s
different needs perfectly.

 Delta’s Solution:

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 One of Thailand major semiconductor factory
chose Delta UPS to support production line

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 A Colocation Datacenter use Delta
Datacenter Solution
Application: Datacenter
Client’s Needs:
• DC solution to support 100racks
Colocation Business

Delta’s Solution: InfraSuite

• RoomCool CW 80kW x 5
• 200kVA + LIB x 2

Installation 2020: Bangkok

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 Battery Calculation

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

SOC = State of Charge

Lithium Compound Material Average Cell
Voltage (V)

Charge
Lithium Cobalt Oxide(LiCoO2) — LCO 3.7 (3.0 – 4.2)
Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4) — LMO 3.7 (3.0- 4.2)

Nominal Cell Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

(LiNiMnCoO2) — NMC
3.7 (3.0- 4.2)
Discharge

Voltage Lithium Iron Phosphate(LiFePO4) — LFP 3.2 (2.5-3.65)

Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide 3.6 (3.0 – 4.2)
(LiNiCoAlO2) — NCA
Lithium Titanate (Li2TiO3) — LTO 2.40V (1.8 – 2.85)

DOD = Deep of Discharge

Example
SOC = 80% = (0.8 x (4.2V-3.7V)) + 3.7V = 4.1V

DOD = 80% = 3.7 - (0.8 x (3.7V-3.0V)) = 3.14V

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

Delta Lithium Ion Battery

Max Charge Voltage = 4.15V

Energy Storage
Nominal Cell
Voltage

Disconnection Voltage = 2.7V

Usable Energy = SOC x Maximum Energy Storage

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 Technology Background
Lithium Ion Battery Technology

LFP Lithium Ion Battery

Max Charge Voltage = 3.65V

Energy Storage
Nominal Cell
Voltage

Minimum Voltage = 2.5V

Usable Energy = SOC x DOD x Maximum Energy Storage

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 Mission Critical Infrastructure
Solutions(MCIS)
The Power Behind Competitiveness

To learn more about Delta MCIS, please visit

www.deltapowersolutions.com