University of Pretoria

Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering

Engineering Statistics
Ingenieur Statistiek BES 220
Internal examiner:
Dr. Elias J. Willemse
Interne eksaminator:

External examiner:
Prof. Johan W. Joubert
Eksterne eksaminator:

Answer all questions in the University of Pretoria multiple choice answer sheet and answer book provided. You may assume
anything which you deem necessary — provided assumptions are clearly defined and motivated. Marks for each question, or
sub-question, are indicated in a square frame next to the question in the left margin. The test is closed book. No material or
media may be consulted. You may keep this question paper after completion of the test.

Beantwoord al die vrae in die Universiteit van Pretoria meervoudige keuse antwoordblad en antwoordboek wat voorsien word.
U mag enige aannames maak wat u goeddink — onderhewig daaraan dat u u aannames duidelik definieer en motiveer. Punte
vir elke vraag, of subvraag, word in ‘n vierkantige raam, langs die vraag, in die linker kantlyn aangedui. Die toets is toeboek.
Geen materiaal of media mag geraadpleeg word nie. U mag hierdie vraestel behou na afloop van die toets.

Complete all 15 questions for 40 marks

Beantwoord al 15 vrae vir 40 punte
Total time: 90 minutes
Totale tyd: 90 minute

A: Multiple choice questions Meervoudige keuse vrae

Instructions Instruksies
Answer the following questions using Side 1 of the multiple choice answer sheet provided. You may only select
one choice per question.
Beantwoord die volgende vrae op Kant 1 van die meervoudige keuse antwoordblad. U mag slegs een keuse per
vraag uitoefen.

Questions Vrae
2 1. Which statistical technique will be most appropriate for the following scenario. We manufacture a product
that contains an environmentally harmful material. The product has to meet very strict requirements.
Products that do not meet all requirements have to be scrapped and safely disposed of, which costs us
R2000 per scrapped product. We have a random sample of 100 products available which we can test to see
if they meet requirements. We have received an order for 10000 products for which the client is willing to
pay R1 200 000. We want to use the samples and analyse the expected scrapping costs to determine if it
is worth fulfilling the order. For this case, which statistical technique will be most appropriate to help us
decide if we should produce the 1000 products?

Watter statistiese tegniek sal die geskikste wees vir die volgende scenario. Ons vervaardig ‘n produk wat
‘n skadelike materiaal bevat. Die produk moet aan baie streng vereistes voldoen. Produkte wat nie aan al
die vereistes voldoen nie, moet geskrap word en veilig weggegooi word, wat ons R2000 per geskrapte produk
kos. Ons het ‘n ewekansige steekproef van 100 produkte beskikbaar wat ons kan toets om te sien of hulle
aan vereistes voldoen. Ons het ‘n bestelling vir 10000 produkte ontvang waarvoor die kliënt bereid is om
R1 200 000 te betaal. Ons wil die steekproef gebruik en die verwagte skrappingskoste analiseer om te bepaal
of dit die moeite werd is om die bestelling te vervul. Vir hierdie geval, watter statistiese tegniek sal die beste
wees om ons te help besluit of ons die 1000 produkte moet vervaardig?
A. Inference for categorical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for a single
proportion.
Inferensie vir kategoriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir ‘n enkele proporsie
sal bereken.

BES 220 1 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 B. Inference for categorical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the difference
between two proportions.
Inferensie vir kategoriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen twee proporsies
sal bereken.
C. Inference for numerical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for a single mean.
Inferensie vir numeriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir ‘n enkele gemiddeld sal bereken.
D. Inference for numerical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the difference between
two means.
Inferensie vir numeriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen twee gemiddelde
sal bereken.

Solution: We will use the samples to calculate a confidence interval for the proportion of our products
that does not meet specifications.

2 2. Which statistical technique will be most appropriate for the following scenario. We wish to apply for second
year student vacation work and have to choose between two companies. The application process is very
time consuming and we can therefore only apply to one of the companies, but we are guaranteed to get
the appointment at whichever company we apply. We wish to apply to the company that will pay us the
most. Payment rates vary per student worker and will only be made available after we have applied for the
position. We have information on a number of students that worked at the companies the previous year.
The information includes each student’s payment rate, in rand per hour, as well as the working conditions
at the company, which each student rated as either very poor, poor, ok, good or very good. For this case,
which statistical technique will be most appropriate to help us decide on the company to apply to?

Watter statistiese tegniek sal die geskikste wees vir die volgende scenario. Ons wil aansoek doen vir tweede-
jaarstudente vakansiewerk en moet kies tussen twee maatskappye. Die aansoekproses is baie tydrowend en
ons kan dus slegs by een van die maatskappye aansoek doen, maar ons is gewaarborg om in diens gestel
te word by watter maatskappy ons ookal aansoek doen. Ons wil aansoek doen vir die maatskappy wat ons
die meeste sal betaal. Betalingskoerse wissel per studentwerker en sal eers beskikbaar gestel word nadat ons
aansoek gedoen het. Ons het inligting oor ‘n aantal studente wat die vorige jaar by die maatskappye gewerk
het. Die inligting sluit in elke student se betalingskoers, in rand per uur, sowel as die werksomstandighede
by die maatskappy, wat elke student as baie sleg, sleg, ok, goed of baie goed gegradeer het. Vir hierdie geval,
watter statistiese tegniek sal die beste wees om ons te help besluit om by watse maatskappy aansoek te doen?
A. Inference for categorical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for a single proportion.
Inferensie vir kategoriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir ‘n enkele proporsie sal bereken.
B. Inference for categorical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the difference
between two proportions.
Inferensie vir kategoriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen twee proporsies
sal bereken.
C. Inference for numerical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for a single mean.
Inferensie vir numeriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir ‘n enkele gemiddeld sal bereken.
D. Inference for numerical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the
difference between two means.
Inferensie vir numeriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen
twee gemiddelde sal bereken.

Solution: We will compare the mean per hour pay (numerical) of the students between the two com-
panies using a confidence interval to see if there is a difference and if so to which company we should
apply.

2 3. Which statistical technique will be most appropriate for the following scenario. We suspect that the pro-
portion of a cobalt compound in a steel alloy influences the alloy’s tensile strength. The table below shows
preliminary results on five samples, including the cobalt proportion and the tensile strength of each sample.
We wish to conduct further tests on 100 random samples. For this case, which statistical technique will be
most appropriate to analyse the possible effect of the cobalt proportion on the tensile strength of the alloy?

BES 220 2 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Sample Cobalt proportion Tensile strength (MPa)
1 0.157 1123
2 0.212 1243
3 0.253 1445
4 0.311 1560
5 0.359 1740

Watter statistiese tegniek sal die geskikste wees vir die volgende scenario. Ons vermoed dat die verhouding
van ‘n kobaltverbinding in ‘n staallegering die treksterkte van die legering beı̈nvloed. Die tabel hierbo toon
voorlopige resultate op vyf monsters, insluitend die kobalt verhouding en die treksterkte van elke monster.
Ons wil verdere toetse op 100 ewekansige monsters uitvoer. Vir hierdie geval, watter statistiese tegniek
sal die beste wees om die moontlike effek van die kobaltverhouding op die treksterkte van die legering te
analiseer?
A. Inference for categorical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the difference
between two proportions.
Inferensie vir kategoriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen twee proporsies
sal bereken.
B. χ2 goodness-of-fit test.
χ2 goedheid-van-pas toets.
C. Inference for numerical data where we will calculate a confidence interval for the difference between
two means.
Inferensie vir numeriese data waar ons ‘n vertrouensinterval vir die verskil tussen twee gemiddelde
sal bereken.
D. Linear regression.
Lineêre regressie.

Solution: The data suggest a linear relation between the proportion of cobalt and the tensile strength.
Both can be treated as numerical variables. The relationship can be formally tested using linear
regression.

2 4. We wish to estimate the proportion of University students who would rate their living conditions as very
poorly. StatsSA surveyed 1000 randomly sampled University students in 2011 and found that 25% of the
students rated their living condition as very poor. Without doing any calculations, what would happen
to the confidence interval of the parameter of interest if we used a larger sample and the sample statistic
remained the same.

Ons wil die verhouding van studente wat hul lewensomstandighede as baie swak beskou, skat. StatsSA het
1000 studente willekeurig bevraag in 2011 en het bevind dat 25% van die studente hul lewensomstandighede
as baie swak beskou. Sonder om enige berekeninge te doen, wat sou gebeur met die vertrouensinterval van
die parameter van belang as ons ‘n groter monster gebruik het en die steekproef statistiek dieselfde gebly het.
A. The interval would increase.
Die interval sal toeneem.
B. The interval would decrease.
Die interval sal afneem.
C. The interval would stay the same.
Die interval sal dieselfde bly.
D. It is impossible to determine what would happen to the interval without doing any calculations.
Dit is onmoontlik om te bepaal wat met die interval sou gebeur sonder om enige berekeninge te
doen.

BES 220 3 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Solution:

CI : p̂ ± M E (1)
∗
M E = z SE (2)
r
p̂(1 − p̂)
SE = (3)
n
Increasing n will decrease SE, which results in a decrease in M E and the interval will also decrease.

2 5. A study was conducted to determine whether an experimental heart transplant, using bio-engineering
technology, increased lifespan. Each patient entering the program was officially designated a heart transplant
candidate, meaning that he was gravely ill and might benefit from a new heart. Patients were independent
and were randomly assigned into treatment and control groups. Patients in the treatment group received the
experimental transplant, and those in the control group did not. The table below displays how many patients
survived and died in each group. A hypothesis test would reject the conclusion that the survival proportion
is the same in each group, and so we might like to calculate a confidence interval for the difference between
the proportions using the normal distribution approximation model. Which of the following statements are
correct?
control treatment
alive 6 25
dead 30 45

‘n Studie is uitgevoer om te bepaal of ‘n eksperimentele hartoorplanting, met behulp van bio-ingenieurs

tegnologie, lewensduur verhoog. Elke pasiënt wat die program betree, is amptelik aangewys as ‘n hartoor-
plantingskandidaat, wat beteken dat hy ernstig siek was en moontlik van ‘n nuwe hart kan baat. Pasiënte
was onafhanklik en is lukraak toegewys in behandelings- en kontrolegroepe. Pasiënte in die behandelings-
groep het die eksperimentele oorplanting ontvang, en diegene in die kontrolegroep het nie. Die tabel hierbo
toon hoeveel pasiënte in elke groep oorleef en gesterf het. ‘n Hipotese toets sal die gevolgtrekking dat die
oorlewingsverhoudings dieselfde is in elke groep verwerp, en daarom sou ons graag ‘n vertrouensinterval
bereken vir die verskil tussen die verhoudings met die normaal verdeling benaderingsmodel. Watter van die
volgende stellings is korrek?
A. We can calculate an interval using the normal approximation model. All conditions for using the
normal approximation model for the hypothesis test have been met, therefore the conditions for
using the normal approximation model for constructing the confidence interval have also been
met.
Ons kan ‘n interval bereken deur die normale benaderingsmodel te gebruik. Alle voorwaardes
vir die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel vir die hipotesetoets is nagekom. Daarom is
al die voorwaardes vir die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel vir die bereken van die
vertrouensinterval ook nagekom.
B. We can calculate an interval using the normal approximation model. All conditions for using the
normal approximation model to construct the interval have been met.
Ons kan ‘n interval bereken deur die normale benaderingsmodel te gebruik. Alle voorwaardes vir
die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel vir die konstruksie van die interval is nagekom.
C. We cannot calculate an interval using the normal approximation model. Although
all conditions for using the normal approximation model for the hypothesis test has
been met, the conditions for using the normal approximation model for constructing
the confidence interval have not been met.
Ons kan nie ‘n interval bereken met die normale benaderingsmodel nie. Alhoewel alle
voorwaardes vir die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel vir die hipotese toets
nagekom is, is die voorwaardes vir die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel
vir die konstruksie van die vertrouensinterval nie nagekom nie.
D. We cannot calculate an interval using the normal approximation model. The conditions for using
the normal approximation model for the hypothesis test and for constructing the confidence
interval have not been met.
Ons kan nie ‘n interval bereken met die normale benaderingsmodel nie. Die voorwaardes vir
die gebruik van die normale benaderingsmodel vir die hipotesetoets en die konstruksie van die
vertrouensinterval is nie nagekom nie.

BES 220 4 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Solution: Conditions to check are independence in and between groups, which is achieved since the
study involved less than 10% of the entire population, and patients were randomly assigned between the
groups. Other conditions to check are the actual and expected number of successes and failures. Since
nsuc1 = 6 < 10, the success failure conditions for constructing a confidence interval has not been met.
For the hypothesis test, the expected number of successes in group 1 is 0.2925 × 36 = 10.5283 ≥ 10,
therefore all the conditions are met for the hypothesis test.

2 6. For the study in Question 5 above, what is the Standard Error for the hypothesis test to determine if there
is a significant difference in the survival proportions between the two groups.

Vir die studie in Vraag 5 hierbo, wat is die Standaardfout vir die hipotese toets om vas te stel of daar ‘n
beduidende verskil in die oorlewingsverhoudings tussen die twee groepe is.
A. 0.0804
B. 0.0845
C. 0.0933
D. 0.1040

Solution:
nsuc1 + nsuc2
p̂pooled = (4)
n1 + n2
6 + 25
= (5)
(6 + 30) + (25 + 45)
= 0.2925 (6)
s
p̂pooled (1 − p̂pooled ) p̂pooled (1 − p̂pooled )
SE = + (7)
n1 n2
r
0.2925(1 − 0.2925) 0.2925(1 − 0.2925)
= + (8)
36 70
= 0.0933 (9)

2 7. In which of the following scenarios are the data paired.

In watter van die volgende scenario’s is die data gekoppel.
A. We randomly sample 50 items from a grocery store and take a note of the price for
each. Then we visit a different grocery store and collect the price for each of those
same 50 items.
Ons doen ‘n ewekansig proefsteek van 50 items uit ‘n kruidenierswinkel en maak ‘n
nota van die prys vir elkeen. Dan besoek ons ‘n ander kruidenierswinkel en versamel
die prys vir elk van dieselfde 50 items.
B. A University would like to determine whether there is a difference in average engineerings statistics
final marks for students from one high school versus another high school. To check, they take a
simple random sample of 20 students who were enrolled at each high school.
‘n Universiteit wil graag vasstel of daar ‘n verskil in gemiddelde ingenieursstatistiek finale punte
is vir studente wat in een hoërskool teenoor ‘n ander hoërskool was. Om te kyk, neem hulle ‘n
eenvoudige ewekansige steekproef van 20 studente wat by elke hoërskool ingeskryf was.
C. We would like to know if traffic flow on two different stretches of highway are similar. To find
out, we take a random sample of 50 days for the first stretch of highway and count the number
of cars on each day that travelled on the stretch, and another random sample of 50 days for the
second stretch of highway and count the number of cars on each day that travelled on the stretch.
Ons wil graag weet of die verkeersvloei op twee verskillende snelweg seksies soortgelyk is. Om uit
te vind, neem ons ‘n ewekansige steekproef van 50 dae vir die eerste stuk van die snelweg en tel
die aantal motors op elke dag wat op die strek gereis het, en ‘n ander steekproef van 50 dae vir die
tweede stuk van die snelweg en tel die hoeveelheid van motors op elke dag wat op die strek gereis
het.

BES 220 5 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 D. The data are paired in all of the scenarios.
Die data is gekoppel in al die scnario’s.

Solution: Only in Option A is two different measurements (price at store A and B) collected for the
same case (each food item).

2 8. A researcher conducts an experiment on human memory by randomly assigning 10 individuals to a treatment

group and 10 individuals to a placebo group. After the intervention, she performs a two sample t-test on
the memory score of the two groups. She obtains a p-value of 0.17. Which of the following is a reasonable
interpretation of her results?

‘n Navorser voer ‘n eksperiment op menslike geheue uit deur luukraak 10 individue aan ‘n behandelingsgroep
en 10 individue aan ‘n placebo groep toetewys. Na die intervensie voer sy ‘n twee monster t-toets uit op
die geheue telling van die twee groepe. Sy kry ‘n p-waarde van 0.17. Watter van die volgende is ‘n redelike
interpretasie van haar resultate?
A. This proves that her experimental treatment has no effect on memory.
Dit bewys dat haar eksperimentele behandeling geen effek op geheue het nie.
B. There could be a treatment effect, but the sample size was too small to detect it with
certainty.
Daar kan ‘n behandelingseffek wees, maar die steekproefgrootte was te klein om dit
met sekerheid te kon opspoor.
C. She should reject the null hypothesis.
Sy moet die nulhipotese verwerp.
D. There is evidence of a small effect on memory by her experimental treatment.
Daar is bewyse van ‘n klein effek op geheue deur haar eksperimentele behandeling.

2 9. Figure 1 shows a scatterplot for x and y variables of a sample, a least squares line, as well as the residual
plot for least square line. What type of outlier, if any, is present in the data.

Figure 1: Scatterplot with a least squares line and its residual plot.

Figuur 1 toon ‘n spreidingsdiagram vir x en y veranderlikes van ‘n steekproef, ‘n kleinste vierkantlyn, asook
die oorblywende grafiek vir die kleinste vierkantlyn. Watter tipe uitskieter, indien enige, is in die data
teenwoordig.

BES 220 6 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 A. There is a high leverage and influential outlier.
Daar is ‘n hoë hefboom en invloedryke uitskieter.
B. There is a high leverage and non-influential outlier.
Daar is ‘n hoë hefboom en nie-invloedryke uitskieter.
C. There is a low leverage and influential outlier.
Daar is ‘n lae hefboom en invloedryke uitskieter.
D. There are no outliers in the data.
Daar is geen uitskieters in die data nie.

2 10. The amount of time, in hours, that students studied for an engineering statistics course and their final mark,
out of 100%, were captured for a random sample of seventy six students. The estimated regression equation
with the final mark as the response variable and hours studied as the explanatory variable is ŷ = 23.8+3.4x.
What can we say about a student that studied 8 hours for the exam and obtained a final mark of 75%?

Die hoeveelheid tyd, in ure, wat studente vir ‘n ingenieursstatistiek kursus bestudeer het en hul finale punt,
uit 100%, is vasgelê vir ‘n ewekansige steekproef van sewentig studente. Die beraamde regressievergelyking
met die finale punt as die responsveranderlike en ure gestudeer as die verduidelikende veranderlike is ŷ =
23.8 + 3.4x. Wat kan ons sê oor ‘n student wat 8 ure vir die eksamen gestudeer het en ‘n finale punt van
75% behaal het?
A. The final score of the student is overestimated by the linear model by about 24%.
Die finale punt van die student word oorskat deur die lineêre model met ongeveer 24%.
B. The final score of the student is predicted perfectly by the linear model.
Die finale punt van die student word perfek voorspel deur die lineêre model.
C. The final score of the student is underestimated by the linear model by about 24%.
Die finale punt van die student word onderskat deur die lineêre model met ongeveer
24%.
D. None of the above.
Nie een van die bogenoemde nie.

Solution:

ŷ = 23.8 + 3.4x (10)

= 23.8 + 3.4(8) (11)
= 51 (12)
e = 75 − 51 (13)
= 24. (14)

Because e > 0 our model underestimated the final score.

2 11. We wish to formally test the relationship of Question 10 between the amount of time, in hours, that
students studied for an engineering statistics course and their final mark, out of 100%. To do so we
conducted inference for linear regression. From the sample of seventy six students, the mean number of
hours that students studied was 9.5 hours with a standard deviation of 3.2 hours, and the mean final mark
of students was 65% with a standard deviation of 18%. Recall that the regression equation was estimated
as ŷ = 23.8 + 3.4x. The conclusion of the hypothesis test was that there is insufficient evidence that there
is a relationship between the two variables. If the correlation coefficient, degrees of freedom, and Standard
Error for the test remains the same, in which of the following cases may we come to a different conclusion,
i.e. conclude that there is sufficient evidence that there is a relationship between the two variables?

Ons wil die verhouding van Vraag 10 tussen die hoeveelheid tyd, in ure, wat studente gestudeer het vir ‘n
ingenieursstatistiek kursus en hul finale punt, uit 100%, formeel toets. Om dit te doen, het ons inferensie
vir lineêre regressie uitgevoer. Uit die steekproef van ses en sewentig studente was die gemiddelde aantal
ure wat studente bestudeer het 9.5 uur met ‘n standaardafwyking van 3.2 uur en die gemiddelde finale
punt van studente was 65% met ‘n standaardafwyking van 18%. Onthou dat die regressievergelyking as ŷ =
23.8+3.4x geskat is. Die gevolgtrekking van die hipotese toets was dat daar onvoldoende bewyse is dat daar ‘n

BES 220 7 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 verhouding tussen die twee veranderlikes is. As die korrelasiekoëffisı̈nt, grade van vryheid en standaardfout
vir die toets dieselfde bly, in watter van die volgende gevalle mag ons tot ‘n ander gevolgtrekking kom, d.w.s.
kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat daar voldoende bewyse is dat daar ‘n verhouding tussen die twee veranderlikes
is?
A. If the mean number hours that students studied for the exam was higher.
As die gemiddelde aantal ure wat studente vir die eksamen bestudeer het, hoër was.
B. If the mean final mark of students was higher.
As die gemiddelde finale punt van studente hoër was.
C. If the standard deviation of the number of hours that students studied for the exam was higher.
As die standaardafwyking van die aantal ure wat studente vir die eksamen bestudeer het, hoër
was.
D. If the standard deviation of the final mark of students was higher.
As die standaardafwyking van die finale punt van studente hoër was.

Solution:

H0 : β1 = 0 (15)
HA : β1 6= 0 (16)
observed − expected
T = (17)
SE
b1 − 0
= (18)
SE
sy
b1 = R (19)
sx
Higher |Tdf | makes the results less unlikely under H0 (gives a smaller p-value), and if large enough, we will
reject H0 . To increase |T |, b1 should be increased, which, from the options, will only occur if sy is increased.
Increasing sx will lower b1 , and increasing x̄ and ȳ will only affect b0 , not b1 .

BES 220 8 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 B: Answer book questions Antwoord boek vrae
Instructions Instruksies
Answer the following questions in the University of Pretoria answer book provided.
Beantwoord die volgende vrae in die voorsiende Universiteit van Pretoria antwoordboek.

Questions Vrae
1. Each year the AA conducts a study by randomly sampling accident reports and then determining the type
of car involved in the accident and the seriousness of the accident. Table 1 gives a summary of the 2015
study. We wish to calculate a 97% confidence interval of the difference between the proportion of automatic
cars that were in light accidents and the proportion of manual cars that were in light accidents. Assume
that all requirements for applying the normal model are met and answer the following questions.

Elke jaar doen die AA ‘n studie deur ‘n lukraak monsterneming van ongeluksverslae waarna hulle die tipe
motor wat betrokke is in die ongeluk bepaal en die erns van die ongeluk. Tabel 1 gee ‘n opsomming van
die 2015 studie. Ons wil ‘n 97%-vertroue interval bereken van die verskil tussen die proporsie outomatiese
motors wat in ligte ongelukke was en die proporsie handrat motors wat in ligte ongelukke was. Aanvaar dat
alle vereistes vir die toepassing van die normale model aan voldoen word en beantwoord die volgende vrae.

Table 1: Number of automatic and manual transmission accident cars in different types of accidents.

Automatic car Manual car Total

(Outomatiese motors) (Handrat motors)
Light accident 193 117 310
Moderate accident 26 39 65
Serious accident 81 44 125
Total 300 200 500

2 (a) Calculate the Standard Error for calculating the confidence interval.

Bereken die standaardfout vir die berekening van die vertrouensinterval.

Solution:

193
p̂light = (20)
300
= 0.6433 (21)
117
p̂moder = (22)
200
= 0.585 (23)

[1 mark if both proportions were correctly calculated with 0.001 tolerance.]

r
0.64(1 − 0.64) 0.585(1 − 0.585)
SE = + (24)
300 200
= 0.0445 (25)

[1 mark for the final answer with 0.001 tolerance.]

2 (b) Calculate a 97% confidence interval for the difference in proportions of automatic cars that were in
light accidents and manual cars that were in light accidents.
Bereken ‘n 97%-vertroue interval vir die verskil in proporsies van outomatiese motors wat in ligte
ongelukke was en handrat motors wat in ligte ongelukke was.

BES 220 9 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Solution:

z ∗ = 2.17

[1 mark for obtaining the correct z ∗ value. No tolerance on the answer.]

CI :(0.6433 − 0.585) ± 2.17 × 0.0445

0.0583 ± 0.0966
(−0.0382, 0.1549)

[1 mark for final answer with 0.001 tolerance. The order has to be correct (lowest left, highest
right)]
or
CI : (−0.1549, 0.03819)

1 (c) Based on your calculated confidence interval, if we were to conduct a hypothesis test to test if there
is a difference between the two proportions, would we reject or fail to reject the null-hypothesis at a
level of significance of α = 0.03? Motivate your answer in one sentence.
Gebaseer op u berekende vertrouensinterval, as ons ‘n hipotese-toets moet uitvoer om te toets of daar
‘n verskil is tussen die twee verhoudings, sou ons die nulhipotese verwerp of nie verwerp nie op ‘n
betekinis vlak van α = 0.03? Motiveer jou antwoord in een sin.

Solution: Check the calculated confidence interval. If the confidence interval includes zero, then
do not reject the null-hypothesis. If the confidence interval does not include zero, then reject the
null-hypothesis. The reason is exactly that, the confidence interval includes zero (cannot reject)
or does not include zero (therefore we can reject). Zero marks if motivation is more than one
sentence.

2. Consider the following case study. An industrial engineer is responsible for the painting process of the BMW
7-series during its manufacturing. For planning purposes the engineer needs to predict the proportion of
cars that are ordered in white, grey and black. The sales department has indicated that demand for the
three colours is uniformly distributed, therefore the expected proportion of cars ordered in each colour is the
same. The industrial engineer has requested sales data for the last month to test whether this is indeed the
case. A random sample of 369 sales is summarised in Table 2. Assume that all the conditions for applying
the χ2 goodness-of-fit test has been met and answer the following questions.

Oorweeg die volgende gevallestudie. ‘n Bedryfsingenieur is verantwoordelik vir die verfproses van die BMW
7-reeks tydens sy produksie. Vir beplanningsdoeleindes moet die ingenieur die proporsie van motors wat in
wit, grys en swart bestel word, voorspel. Die verkoopsdepartement het aangedui dat die aanvraag na die
drie kleure eenvormig versprei is. Daarom is die verwagte hoeveelheid motors wat in elke kleur bestel word,
dieselfde. Die bedryfsingenieur het die afgelope maand se verkoopdata aangevra om te toets of dit wel die
geval is. ‘n Ewekansige steekproef van 369 verkope is opgesom in Tabel 2. Aanvaar dat al die voorwaardes
vir die toepassing van die χ2 goedheid-van-pas-toets nagekom is en beantwoord die volgende vrae.

Table 2: Number of cars ordered during the month of September 2017 in different colours.

White Grey Black Total

Number of orders 120 109 140 369

1 (a) For the above scenario, what are the null and alternative hypothesis for the χ2 goodness-of-fit test?
State the hypothesis in word form in context of the case study.
Vir die bogenoemde scenario, wat is die nul- en alternatiewe hipotese vir die χ2 goedheid-van-pas-toets?
Gee die hipotese in woordvorm in konteks van die gevallestudie.

BES 220 10 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Solution: H0 : The demand/orders/proportion for the three colours is uniformly distributed, or
equally likely, or is the same.
HA : The demand/orders/proportion for the three colours is not uniformly distributed, or not
equally likely, or is not the same.

1 (b) If the demand for the products were equally likely, what would the expected number of orders be for
each colour out of the 69 369 sales?
As die vraag na die produkte ewe waarskynlik was, wat sou die verwagte aantal bestellings vir elke kleur
uit die 369 verkope wees?

Solution:
369
3 = 123
or
69
3 = 23

2 (c) Calculate the χ2 test statistic for the goodness-of-fit test.

Bereken die χ2 toets statistiek vir die goedheid-van-pas-toets.

Solution:
(120 − 123)2 (109 − 123)2 (140 − 123)2
chi2df = + + (26)
123 123 123
= 0.0731 + 1.5935 + 2.3496 (27)
= 4.0162 (28)

[1 mark for correct formula substitution and 1 mark for final answer with a tolerance of 0.01. 1
mark if the expected value was incorrectly calculated in Part (a) and correctly substituted in the
formula together with the other values.]

1 (d) Calculate the degrees of freedom for test statistic.

Bereken die grade van vryheid vir toetsstatistiek.

Solution: df = 3 − 1 = 2

1 (e) Calculate the p-value interval for the test statistic.

Bereken die p-waarde interval vir die toetsstatistiek.

Solution: 0.1 < pvalue < 0.2

[1 mark for the final answer. Make sure that the order is correct.]

3. We wish to determine if there was a difference between the annual starting salaries of chemical and civil
engineers in 2017. The mean annual starting salary for a random sample of eighteen chemical engineers was
R225 150 with a standard deviation of R36 000. The mean annual starting salary for a random sample of
twenty-two civil engineers was R208 380 with a standard deviation of R55 000. Assume that all requirements
for applying the t-distribution are met and answer the following questions.

Ons wil bepaal of daar in 2017 ‘n verskil was tussen die jaarlikse aanvangs salarisse van chemiese en
siviele ingenieurs. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse aanvangsalaris vir ‘n ewekansige steekproef van agtien chemiese
ingenieurs was R225 150 met ‘n standaardafwyking van R36 000. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse aanvangs salaris
vir ‘n ewekansige steekproef van twee-en-twintig siviele ingenieurs was R208 380 met ‘n standaardafwyking
van R55 000. Aanvaar dat alle vereistes vir die toepassing van die t-verdeling nagekom word en beantwoord
die volgende vrae.
1 (a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses in words for the above situation.
Skryf die nul- en alternatiewe hipotese in woorde vir die bogenoemde situasie.

BES 220 11 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Solution: H0 : the mean starting salaries of civil and chemical engineers are the same, or the
difference between the mean starting salary of civil and chemical engineers is zero.
HA : the mean starting salaries of civil and chemical engineers are not the same, or the difference
between the mean starting salary of civil and chemical engineers not zero.
[1 marks. Make sure that reference is made to the mean salaries, otherwise zero.]

1 (b) Calculate the Standard Error for the hypothesis test.

Bereken die standaardfout vir die hipotese toets.

Solution:
s
sigma21 sigma22
SE = + (29)
n1 n2
r
360002 550002
= + (30)
18 22
√
= 209500000 (31)
= 14474.11 (32)

[1 mark for the final answer]

1 (c) Calculate the degrees-of-freedom for the hypothesis test.

Bereken die grade van vryheid vir die hipotese toets.

Solution:

df = min{18 − 1, 22 − 1} (33)
= 17 (34)

[1 mark for the final answer]

2 (d) Calculate the p-value interval for the hypothesis test.

Bereken die p-waarde interval vir die hipotese toets.

Solution:

225150 − 208380
Tdf =17 = (35)
14474.11
16770
= (36)
14474.11
= 1.1586 (37)

[1 mark for the correct T score.]

0.2 < p-value
[1 mark for the correct interval. Technically it is 0.2 < p-value < 1]

4. We have developed a linear-regression model to predict the manufacturing time (in days) of a high-end
luxury yacht, based on its length (in meters). The calculated least-square regression line based on a random
sample of 133 yachts is ŷ = 9.715 + 0.428x. The Standard Error for b0 is 4.214 and its associated degrees of
freedom is 23. The Standard error for b1 is 0.3542 and its associated degrees of freedom is 25. We wish to
conduct a hypothesis test to determine if there is a relationship between the manufacturing times of yachts
Answer the following questions.

Ons het ‘n lineêre regressiemodel ontwikkel om die vervaardigingstyd (in dae) van ‘n luukse seiljag te voor-
spel, gebaseer op sy lengte (in meter). Die berekende minimale vierkantige regressielyn gebaseer op ‘n
ewekansige steekproef van 133 seiljagte is ŷ = 9.715 + 0.428x. Die standaardfout vir b0 is 4.214 en die

BES 220 12 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 gepaardgaande grade van vryheid is 23. Die standaardfout vir b1 is 0.3542 en die gepaardgaande grade van
vryheid is 25. Ons wil ‘n hipotese toets uitvoer om vas te stel of daar ‘n verhouding is tussen die lengte en
vervaardigingstye van seiljagte. Antwoord die volgende vrae.
1 (a) Write the null and alternative hypotheses for the test in symbol form.
Skryf die nul- en alternatiewe hipoteses vir die toets in simboolvorm.

Solution: H0 : β1 = 0 HA : β1 6= 0
[1 mark, and make sure that β1 is used, and NOT b1 ]

1 (b) Use the given information and calculate the p-value interval for the hypothesis test.
Gebruik die gegewe inligting en bereken die p-waarde interval vir die hipotese toets.

Solution:

0.428
Tdf =25 = (38)
0.3542
= 1.208 (39)

0.2 < p-value

[1 mark for the final answer. Technically it is 0.2 < p-value < 1]

end of paper
??? ???
einde van vraestel

BES 220 13 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Formulas

Pn Pn sP
2 n
i=1 xi i=1 (xi − x̄)
√ − x̄)2
i=1 (xi
x̄ = var = s= var = Q1 −1.5×IQR Q3 +1.5×IQR
n n−1 n−1
q q q
p(1−p) p1 (1−p1 ) p2 (1−p2 ) s21 s22
SEp = SEp1 −p2 = + SEµ = √s SEµ1 −µ2 = +
n n1 n2 n n1 n2

CI: p̂stat ± z ∗ × SE x̄stat ± t∗df × SE dfµ = n − 1 dfµ1 −µ2 = min{n1 − 1, n2 − 1}

p̂stat −null value x̄stat −null value

Z= SE Tdf = SE

Pk (Oi −Ei )2 row×column

χ2 = i=1 Ei dfχ2 = k − 1 expected = total dfχ2 = (row − 1)(column − 1)
s
ŷ = β0 + β1 x ei = yi − ŷi b1 = R sxy b0 = ȳ − b1 x̄.

BES 220 14 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Normal probability table

negative Z

Second decimal place of Z

0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.00 Z
0.0002 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 −3.4
0.0003 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 −3.3
0.0005 0.0005 0.0005 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0006 0.0007 0.0007 −3.2
0.0007 0.0007 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009 0.0009 0.0010 −3.1
0.0010 0.0010 0.0011 0.0011 0.0011 0.0012 0.0012 0.0013 0.0013 0.0013 −3.0
0.0014 0.0014 0.0015 0.0015 0.0016 0.0016 0.0017 0.0018 0.0018 0.0019 −2.9
0.0019 0.0020 0.0021 0.0021 0.0022 0.0023 0.0023 0.0024 0.0025 0.0026 −2.8
0.0026 0.0027 0.0028 0.0029 0.0030 0.0031 0.0032 0.0033 0.0034 0.0035 −2.7
0.0036 0.0037 0.0038 0.0039 0.0040 0.0041 0.0043 0.0044 0.0045 0.0047 −2.6
0.0048 0.0049 0.0051 0.0052 0.0054 0.0055 0.0057 0.0059 0.0060 0.0062 −2.5
0.0064 0.0066 0.0068 0.0069 0.0071 0.0073 0.0075 0.0078 0.0080 0.0082 −2.4
0.0084 0.0087 0.0089 0.0091 0.0094 0.0096 0.0099 0.0102 0.0104 0.0107 −2.3
0.0110 0.0113 0.0116 0.0119 0.0122 0.0125 0.0129 0.0132 0.0136 0.0139 −2.2
0.0143 0.0146 0.0150 0.0154 0.0158 0.0162 0.0166 0.0170 0.0174 0.0179 −2.1
0.0183 0.0188 0.0192 0.0197 0.0202 0.0207 0.0212 0.0217 0.0222 0.0228 −2.0
0.0233 0.0239 0.0244 0.0250 0.0256 0.0262 0.0268 0.0274 0.0281 0.0287 −1.9
0.0294 0.0301 0.0307 0.0314 0.0322 0.0329 0.0336 0.0344 0.0351 0.0359 −1.8
0.0367 0.0375 0.0384 0.0392 0.0401 0.0409 0.0418 0.0427 0.0436 0.0446 −1.7
0.0455 0.0465 0.0475 0.0485 0.0495 0.0505 0.0516 0.0526 0.0537 0.0548 −1.6
0.0559 0.0571 0.0582 0.0594 0.0606 0.0618 0.0630 0.0643 0.0655 0.0668 −1.5
0.0681 0.0694 0.0708 0.0721 0.0735 0.0749 0.0764 0.0778 0.0793 0.0808 −1.4
0.0823 0.0838 0.0853 0.0869 0.0885 0.0901 0.0918 0.0934 0.0951 0.0968 −1.3
0.0985 0.1003 0.1020 0.1038 0.1056 0.1075 0.1093 0.1112 0.1131 0.1151 −1.2
0.1170 0.1190 0.1210 0.1230 0.1251 0.1271 0.1292 0.1314 0.1335 0.1357 −1.1
0.1379 0.1401 0.1423 0.1446 0.1469 0.1492 0.1515 0.1539 0.1562 0.1587 −1.0
0.1611 0.1635 0.1660 0.1685 0.1711 0.1736 0.1762 0.1788 0.1814 0.1841 −0.9
0.1867 0.1894 0.1922 0.1949 0.1977 0.2005 0.2033 0.2061 0.2090 0.2119 −0.8
0.2148 0.2177 0.2206 0.2236 0.2266 0.2296 0.2327 0.2358 0.2389 0.2420 −0.7
0.2451 0.2483 0.2514 0.2546 0.2578 0.2611 0.2643 0.2676 0.2709 0.2743 −0.6
0.2776 0.2810 0.2843 0.2877 0.2912 0.2946 0.2981 0.3015 0.3050 0.3085 −0.5
0.3121 0.3156 0.3192 0.3228 0.3264 0.3300 0.3336 0.3372 0.3409 0.3446 −0.4
0.3483 0.3520 0.3557 0.3594 0.3632 0.3669 0.3707 0.3745 0.3783 0.3821 −0.3
0.3859 0.3897 0.3936 0.3974 0.4013 0.4052 0.4090 0.4129 0.4168 0.4207 −0.2
0.4247 0.4286 0.4325 0.4364 0.4404 0.4443 0.4483 0.4522 0.4562 0.4602 −0.1
0.4641 0.4681 0.4721 0.4761 0.4801 0.4840 0.4880 0.4920 0.4960 0.5000 −0.0
∗
For Z ≤ −3.50, the probability is less than or equal to 0.0002.

BES 220 15 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Normal probability table

positive Z

Second decimal place of Z

Z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09
0.0 0.5000 0.5040 0.5080 0.5120 0.5160 0.5199 0.5239 0.5279 0.5319 0.5359
0.1 0.5398 0.5438 0.5478 0.5517 0.5557 0.5596 0.5636 0.5675 0.5714 0.5753
0.2 0.5793 0.5832 0.5871 0.5910 0.5948 0.5987 0.6026 0.6064 0.6103 0.6141
0.3 0.6179 0.6217 0.6255 0.6293 0.6331 0.6368 0.6406 0.6443 0.6480 0.6517
0.4 0.6554 0.6591 0.6628 0.6664 0.6700 0.6736 0.6772 0.6808 0.6844 0.6879
0.5 0.6915 0.6950 0.6985 0.7019 0.7054 0.7088 0.7123 0.7157 0.7190 0.7224
0.6 0.7257 0.7291 0.7324 0.7357 0.7389 0.7422 0.7454 0.7486 0.7517 0.7549
0.7 0.7580 0.7611 0.7642 0.7673 0.7704 0.7734 0.7764 0.7794 0.7823 0.7852
0.8 0.7881 0.7910 0.7939 0.7967 0.7995 0.8023 0.8051 0.8078 0.8106 0.8133
0.9 0.8159 0.8186 0.8212 0.8238 0.8264 0.8289 0.8315 0.8340 0.8365 0.8389
1.0 0.8413 0.8438 0.8461 0.8485 0.8508 0.8531 0.8554 0.8577 0.8599 0.8621
1.1 0.8643 0.8665 0.8686 0.8708 0.8729 0.8749 0.8770 0.8790 0.8810 0.8830
1.2 0.8849 0.8869 0.8888 0.8907 0.8925 0.8944 0.8962 0.8980 0.8997 0.9015
1.3 0.9032 0.9049 0.9066 0.9082 0.9099 0.9115 0.9131 0.9147 0.9162 0.9177
1.4 0.9192 0.9207 0.9222 0.9236 0.9251 0.9265 0.9279 0.9292 0.9306 0.9319
1.5 0.9332 0.9345 0.9357 0.9370 0.9382 0.9394 0.9406 0.9418 0.9429 0.9441
1.6 0.9452 0.9463 0.9474 0.9484 0.9495 0.9505 0.9515 0.9525 0.9535 0.9545
1.7 0.9554 0.9564 0.9573 0.9582 0.9591 0.9599 0.9608 0.9616 0.9625 0.9633
1.8 0.9641 0.9649 0.9656 0.9664 0.9671 0.9678 0.9686 0.9693 0.9699 0.9706
1.9 0.9713 0.9719 0.9726 0.9732 0.9738 0.9744 0.9750 0.9756 0.9761 0.9767
2.0 0.9772 0.9778 0.9783 0.9788 0.9793 0.9798 0.9803 0.9808 0.9812 0.9817
2.1 0.9821 0.9826 0.9830 0.9834 0.9838 0.9842 0.9846 0.9850 0.9854 0.9857
2.2 0.9861 0.9864 0.9868 0.9871 0.9875 0.9878 0.9881 0.9884 0.9887 0.9890
2.3 0.9893 0.9896 0.9898 0.9901 0.9904 0.9906 0.9909 0.9911 0.9913 0.9916
2.4 0.9918 0.9920 0.9922 0.9925 0.9927 0.9929 0.9931 0.9932 0.9934 0.9936
2.5 0.9938 0.9940 0.9941 0.9943 0.9945 0.9946 0.9948 0.9949 0.9951 0.9952
2.6 0.9953 0.9955 0.9956 0.9957 0.9959 0.9960 0.9961 0.9962 0.9963 0.9964
2.7 0.9965 0.9966 0.9967 0.9968 0.9969 0.9970 0.9971 0.9972 0.9973 0.9974
2.8 0.9974 0.9975 0.9976 0.9977 0.9977 0.9978 0.9979 0.9979 0.9980 0.9981
2.9 0.9981 0.9982 0.9982 0.9983 0.9984 0.9984 0.9985 0.9985 0.9986 0.9986
3.0 0.9987 0.9987 0.9987 0.9988 0.9988 0.9989 0.9989 0.9989 0.9990 0.9990
3.1 0.9990 0.9991 0.9991 0.9991 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9992 0.9993 0.9993
3.2 0.9993 0.9993 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9994 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995
3.3 0.9995 0.9995 0.9995 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9996 0.9997
3.4 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9997 0.9998
∗
For Z ≥ 3.50, the probability is greater than or equal to 0.9998.

BES 220 16 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 t distribution probability table

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
One tail One tail Two tails

one tail 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005

two tails 0.200 0.100 0.050 0.020 0.010
df 1 3.08 6.31 12.71 31.82 63.66
2 1.89 2.92 4.30 6.96 9.92
3 1.64 2.35 3.18 4.54 5.84
4 1.53 2.13 2.78 3.75 4.60
5 1.48 2.02 2.57 3.36 4.03
6 1.44 1.94 2.45 3.14 3.71
7 1.41 1.89 2.36 3.00 3.50
8 1.40 1.86 2.31 2.90 3.36
9 1.38 1.83 2.26 2.82 3.25
10 1.37 1.81 2.23 2.76 3.17
11 1.36 1.80 2.20 2.72 3.11
12 1.36 1.78 2.18 2.68 3.05
13 1.35 1.77 2.16 2.65 3.01
14 1.35 1.76 2.14 2.62 2.98
15 1.34 1.75 2.13 2.60 2.95
16 1.34 1.75 2.12 2.58 2.92
17 1.33 1.74 2.11 2.57 2.90
18 1.33 1.73 2.10 2.55 2.88
19 1.33 1.73 2.09 2.54 2.86
20 1.33 1.72 2.09 2.53 2.85
21 1.32 1.72 2.08 2.52 2.83
22 1.32 1.72 2.07 2.51 2.82
23 1.32 1.71 2.07 2.50 2.81
24 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.49 2.80
25 1.32 1.71 2.06 2.49 2.79
26 1.31 1.71 2.06 2.48 2.78
27 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.47 2.77
28 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.47 2.76
29 1.31 1.70 2.05 2.46 2.76
30 1.31 1.70 2.04 2.46 2.75

BES 220 17 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 t distribution probability table

−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
One tail One tail Two tails

one tail 0.100 0.050 0.025 0.010 0.005

two tails 0.200 0.100 0.050 0.020 0.010
df 31 1.31 1.70 2.04 2.45 2.74
32 1.31 1.69 2.04 2.45 2.74
33 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.44 2.73
34 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.44 2.73
35 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.44 2.72
36 1.31 1.69 2.03 2.43 2.72
37 1.30 1.69 2.03 2.43 2.72
38 1.30 1.69 2.02 2.43 2.71
39 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.43 2.71
40 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.42 2.70
41 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.42 2.70
42 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.42 2.70
43 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.42 2.70
44 1.30 1.68 2.02 2.41 2.69
45 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.41 2.69
46 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.41 2.69
47 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.41 2.68
48 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.41 2.68
49 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.40 2.68
50 1.30 1.68 2.01 2.40 2.68
60 1.30 1.67 2.00 2.39 2.66
70 1.29 1.67 1.99 2.38 2.65
80 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.37 2.64
90 1.29 1.66 1.99 2.37 2.63
100 1.29 1.66 1.98 2.36 2.63
150 1.29 1.66 1.98 2.35 2.61
200 1.29 1.65 1.97 2.35 2.60
300 1.28 1.65 1.97 2.34 2.59
400 1.28 1.65 1.97 2.34 2.59
500 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.33 2.59
∞ 1.28 1.65 1.96 2.33 2.58

BES 220 18 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017

 Chi-square probability table

0 5 10 15

Upper tail 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.005 0.001
df 1 1.07 1.64 2.71 3.84 5.41 6.63 7.88 10.83
2 2.41 3.22 4.61 5.99 7.82 9.21 10.60 13.82
3 3.66 4.64 6.25 7.81 9.84 11.34 12.84 16.27
4 4.88 5.99 7.78 9.49 11.67 13.28 14.86 18.47
5 6.06 7.29 9.24 11.07 13.39 15.09 16.75 20.52
6 7.23 8.56 10.64 12.59 15.03 16.81 18.55 22.46
7 8.38 9.80 12.02 14.07 16.62 18.48 20.28 24.32
8 9.52 11.03 13.36 15.51 18.17 20.09 21.95 26.12
9 10.66 12.24 14.68 16.92 19.68 21.67 23.59 27.88
10 11.78 13.44 15.99 18.31 21.16 23.21 25.19 29.59
11 12.90 14.63 17.28 19.68 22.62 24.72 26.76 31.26
12 14.01 15.81 18.55 21.03 24.05 26.22 28.30 32.91
13 15.12 16.98 19.81 22.36 25.47 27.69 29.82 34.53
14 16.22 18.15 21.06 23.68 26.87 29.14 31.32 36.12
15 17.32 19.31 22.31 25.00 28.26 30.58 32.80 37.70
16 18.42 20.47 23.54 26.30 29.63 32.00 34.27 39.25
17 19.51 21.61 24.77 27.59 31.00 33.41 35.72 40.79
18 20.60 22.76 25.99 28.87 32.35 34.81 37.16 42.31
19 21.69 23.90 27.20 30.14 33.69 36.19 38.58 43.82
20 22.77 25.04 28.41 31.41 35.02 37.57 40.00 45.31
25 28.17 30.68 34.38 37.65 41.57 44.31 46.93 52.62
30 33.53 36.25 40.26 43.77 47.96 50.89 53.67 59.70
40 44.16 47.27 51.81 55.76 60.44 63.69 66.77 73.40
50 54.72 58.16 63.17 67.50 72.61 76.15 79.49 86.66

BES 220 19 of 19 Semester test 2 – October 14, 2017