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Body Tissues
Introduction
What is Tissue? 2 main categories of Nervous Tissue
- Fabric of the body - Neurons and Neuroglia
- It is how our cells are grouped together in a
highly organized manner according to specific Neurons - transmit electrical impulses.
structure and function.
- 2 or more tissues forms our organs. • It has two major functional characteristics:
- Group of cells with similar structure and Irritability and Conductivity.
function, plus the extracellular substance
surrounding them. Irritability - refers to the ability of neurons to
- Histology is the study of tissues. detect and to respond to a stimulus.
4 types of Tissue Conductivity - refers to the ability of neurons to
transmit signals from one neuron to other
Nervous Tissue Connective Tissue neurons and from a neuron to muscles and
- control - support glands.
- brain, spinal cord - diverse primary
- nagreregulate ng tissue type that
control sa body makes up part of
-responsible for every organ in the
coordinating and body.
controlling many Neuroglia - Neuroglia insulates, supports, and
body activities. protects neurons.
Epithelial Tissue Muscle Tissue
- covering or lining - movement - Neurons or nerves transmit electrical signals
tissue - tissue that while neuroglia does not
- skin contracts or - Neuroglia has many other functions, including
shortens, making neuron support and defense.
movement possible.
Epithelial Tissue
Histology Plural: Epithelia
- study of tissues and cells under a microscope. - It is the lining, covering, and glandular tissue of
- dito nakiktia yung di nakikita ng naked eye the body.
- covers and protects surfaces, both outside and
Nervous Tissue inside the body.
- It controls the body ’s movements, sends and - included under the classification of the epithelial
carries signals to and from the different parts of tissue are exocrine and endocrine glands.
the body, and has a role in controlling bodily
functions such as digestion. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
- Mostly composed of cells
- Covers body surfaces
- Distinct cell surfaces (apical, lateral, basal
surfaces)
- Cell and Matrix connections
- Nonvascular
-Capable of regeneration
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FUNCTION
protection
absorption
filtration
secretion
- protects underlying structures
- acts as a barrier
- permits passage of substances
- secretes substances
- absorption of substances
Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue
- Epithelial cells produce continuous sheets by
fitting tightly together.
- Always have one free surface or edge called
Apical Surface.
- Basal Surface rests on a basement membrane. Number of Layers
Cell One layer: More than 1
- Epithelial Tissue is avascular. Shape simple Layer: stratified
- They regenerate themselves easily. epithelial epithelial
tissues tissues
Continuation
Squamous Diffusion and Protection
filtration
Secretion in
serous
membranes
Cuboidal Secretion and Protection:
absorption; these tissue
ciliated types types are rare
Columnar propel mucus in humans
or reproductive
cells
Transitional No simple Protection:
transitional stretching to
epithelium accommodate
exists distension of
urinary
Classification structures.
Classifications by Classification by
Cell Arrangement shapes of cells
Simple Epithelium - Squamous Cells
- one layer of - Cuboidal Cells
Cells Stratified - Columnar Cells
Epithelium
- more than one
layer of cells
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Classifications of Epithelia Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
- Epithelial tissues are classified primarily - one layer
according to the number of cell layers and the - common in glands and ducts
shape of the superficial cells. - forms the walls of the kidney tubules and
- The cell layers can be simple, stratified or covers the surface of the ovaries
pseudostratified.
- Cell shapes can be squamous, cuboidal,
columnar or a special transitional shape, that
varies with the degree of stretch.
Simple Epithelium
- single thin layer
- forms membranes where filtration or
exchange of substances by rapid diffusion
occurs.
- simple epithelium consists of a single layer
of cells, with each cell extending from the
basement membrane to the free surface.
Simple Columnar Epithelium
- single layer of tall cells
- fit closely together
- has Goblet Cells
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
- some of its cells are shorter than others
- mainly functions in absorption and secretion
- their nuclei appear at different heights above
the basement membrane
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelia
- has just two cell layer
- surface cells being cuboidal in shape
Stratified Columnar Epithelia
- basal cells vary in size and shape.
Stratified Epithelium
- it consists of more than one layer of cells, but
only the basal layer attaches the deepest layer
to the basement membrane.
- consists of many cell layers
- found in sites that receive a good deal of
abuse or friction Transitional Epithelium
- most common stratified epithelium in the - highly modified, stratified squamous
body epithelium
- cells of the basal layer are cuboidal or
columnar
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ADDITIONAL: mucus.
- Multicellular exocrine glands can be classified
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium according to the structure of their ducts and
- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a secretory regions.
special type of simple epithelium, that appears to - Simple glands have a single, non-
be falsely stratified. branched duct, some have branched ducts.
- It consists of one layer of cells, with all the cells - Compound exocrine glands have multiple,
attached to the basement membrane. branched ducts.
- Due to variations in the shape of the cells, the
epithelia appear stratified. Endocrine
- Inconsistent sizes of cells; irregular shape of - Ductless glands
cells. - Their secretions diffuse directly into the blood
vessels that weave through the glands.
There are 3 types of epitheliums based on - Endocrine glands are ductless glands; they
idealized shapes of the epithelial cells: secrete their products (termed hormones) into
the bloodstream.
-Squamous cells are flat or scale like. - Glands with secretory regions shaped as
- Cuboidal cells are cube-shaped—about as wide tubules (small tubes) are called tubular,
as they are tall. whereas those shaped in saclike structures are
- Columnar cells tend to be taller than they are called acinar or alveolar.
wide - Tubular glands can be straight or coiled.
- Glands with a combination of the two are
-------------------------------------------------------------- called tubuloacinar or tubuloalveolar.
Glandular Epithelium
Glands Secretion Connective Tissue
- consists of one or - indicates an active - It connects body parts and the most abundant
more cells that make process and widely distributed of the tissue types.
and secrete a - contains protein - Connective tissue is a diverse primary tissue
particular product. molecules in an type that makes up part of every organ in the
aqueous (water- body.
based) fluid - Connective tissue differs from the other three
tissue types in that it consists of cells separated
Glands from each other by abundant extracellular
- Glands are secretory organs that secrete matrix.
substances onto a surface, into a cavity, or into - Connective tissue is diverse in both structure
the bloodstream. and function.
- Glands are composed primarily of epithelium, - Connective tissue is comprised of cells, protein
with a supporting network of connective tissue. fibers, and an extracellular matrix.
Two major types of Glands: Connective Tissue Function
- protects, supports, and bind together the body
Exocrine parts
- Retains their ducts - Enclose and separate other tissues
- Their secretions exit through the ducts to the -Connecting tissues to one another
epithelial surface. - Supporting and moving parts of the body
- Glands with ducts are called exocrine glands. - - Storing compounds
Both the gland and its ducts are lined with - Cushioning and insulating
epithelium. - Transporting
- Most exocrine glands are multicellular,
comprised of many cells.
- Some exocrine glands are composed of a single
cell, like goblet cells, that secrete
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Characteristics of Connective Tissue - Three subdivisions of loose connective tissue
are areolar, adipose, and reticular.
Variations in Blood Supply
- Well vascularized Bone
- a.k.a. osseous tissue
Extracellular Matrix - composed of osteocytes sitting in cavities
- Nonliving substance found outside the cells. called lacunae
- has an exceptional ability to protect and
CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS support other body organs
- The specialized cells of the various connective - Can either be compact or cancellous osteons/
tissues produce the extracellular matrix. haversian system- cylindrical units of the bone.
- The name of the cell identifies the cell functions. Consists of multiple concentric layers of hard
------------------------------------------------------------- bone matrix.
Extracellular Matrix
- The extracellular matrix of connective tissue has
three major components: protein fibers, ground
substance, and fluid.
- Ground substance consists of non-fibrous
protein and other molecules.
- The structure of the matrix is responsible for the
functional characteristics of connective tissues—
for example, they enable bones and cartilage to
bear weight.
It has two main elements;
Ground Substance - composed largely of water,
cell adhesion proteins and
Polysaccharides.
Fibers - a type of carbohydrate found naturally in
plant-based foods that is not completely digested
by humans.
- there are several types of it depending on the
connective tissue type. This includes:
1. Collagen Fiber (white)
2. Elastic Fiber (yellow)
3. Reticular Fiber
Types of Connective Tissue
- Bones, Cartilage, Dense Connective Tissue,
Loose Connective Tissue, and Blood.
- The two main types of connective tissue are
embryonic and adult connective tissue.
- By eight weeks of development, most of the
embryonic connective tissue has become
specialized to form the types of connective tissue
seen in adults.
- Loose connective tissue consists of relatively
few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with
numerous spaces filled with ground substance
and fluid.
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Cartilage
- Cartilage is composed of chondrocytes, located
in spaces called lacunae within an extensive
matrix.
- Collagen in the matrix gives cartilage flexibility
and strength.
- Cartilage is resilient because the proteoglycans
of the matrix trap water.
- Cartilage provides support, but if bent or
slightly compressed, it resumes its original
shape.
- There are three types of cartilage: hyaline,
fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
- composed of major cell type called
chondrocytes
- less hard but more flexible than bone
- has three types of cartilages
1. Hyaline Cartilage
2. Fibrocartilage
3. Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
- has more collagen fibers.
- highly compressible and very tough.
- forms the cushion-like disks between the
vertebrae of the spinal column.
- Fibrocartilage has more collagen than does
hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand
compression and resist tearing or pulling.
- Fibrocartilage is found in the intervertebral
disks.
- Fibrocartilage has more collagen than does
Three types of Cartilage: hyaline cartilage and is able to withstand
compression and resist tearing or pulling.
Hyaline Cartilage - Fibrocartilage is found in the disks between
- has abundant collagen fibers hidden by a the vertebrae (bones of the back) and in some
rubbery matrix with a glassy, blue- joints, such as the knee and
white appearance temporomandibular (jaw) joints.
- forms the trachea, windpipe, attaches the ribs
to the breastbone, covers bone
ends at joints
- Hyaline cartilage is the most abundant type of
cartilage and has many functions, such as
covering the ends of bones, where they form
joints.
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Dense Connective Tissue
- also called as dense fibrous tissue
- collagen fibers are the main matrix element,
between collagen fibers are
fibroblasts
- forms the tendons and ligaments and makes
up the lower layers of the skin (dermis)
- has an extracellular matrix composed if
densely packed fibers. Can be irregular or
regular and also. collagenous or elastic
- Dense collagenous connective
tissue fibers (tendons, ligaments)
Elastic Cartilage
- has numerous elastic fibers
- it is found in areas that have rigid but elastic
properties, such as the external ears and tip of
the nose.
- Elastic cartilage contains elastic fibers in
addition to collagen and proteoglycans.
- The elastic fibers appear as coiled fibers
among bundles of collagen fibers.
- Elastic cartilage is able to recoil to its original
shape when bent.
- The external ear, epiglottis, and auditory tube
contain elastic cartilage.
Loose Connective Tissue
- has more cells and fewer fibers
- softer than the other connective tissue
- forms 3 main types:
1. Areolar Connective Tissue
2. Adipose Connective Tissue
3. Reticular Connective Tissue
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Areolar Connective Tissue
- most widely distributed connective tissue variety
in the body
- functions as packing tissue and a 'glue' in
connective tissue
- has a soft layer called lamina propria
- when an excessive volume of fluid
accumulates in the tissues, edema occurs
- Areolar connective tissue primarily consists of
collagen fibers and a few elastic fibers.
- The most common cells in loose connective
tissue are the fibroblasts.
Reticular Connective Tissue
- consists of a delicate network of interwoven
reticular fibers associated with reticular cells
- forms the stroma or internal framework of
an organ.
- cellular bleachers
- Reticular tissue forms the framework of
lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and
Adipose Connective Tissue lymph nodes, as well as in bone marrow and
- commonly called as fat the liver.
- contains adipocytes, large amount of lipids.
- forms the subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin
that protects it from bumps and extremes of both
heat and cold.
- protects some organs
- Adipose tissue consists of adipocytes, or fat
cells, which contain large amounts of lipid for
energy storage.
- Adipose tissue pads and protects parts of the
body and acts as a thermal insulator
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Blood 3 Types of Muscle Tissue
- also called as vascular tissue
- consists of blood cells that is surrounded by 1. Skeletal Muscle
blood plasma 2. Cardiac Muscle
- three types of blood are; red blood cell, white 3. Smooth Muscle
blood cell, and platelets.
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue Skeletal Muscle
- It contains a liquid matrix, termed the plasma, - can be called as muscle fibers
along with formed elements. - they are long, cylindrical, and multinucleate
- The formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, - has striations
and platelets. - attached to skeletal muscles
- It functions in transport of food, oxygen, waste, - can be controlled voluntarily
hormones, and other substances. - Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton and
enables the body to move.
- Skeletal muscle cells are striated, or banded,
because of the arrangement of contractile
proteins within the cells.
Muscle Tissue
- It has the ability to contract or shorten which helps
to generate the force required to produce
movement.
- The main function of muscle tissue is to contract,
or shorten, making movement possible. - Muscle
contraction results from contractile proteins located
within the muscle cells.
- The three types of muscle tissue are skeletal,
cardiac, and smooth.
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Cardiac Muscle Smooth (Visceral) Muscle
- found only in the heart wall - no striations are visible
- only have one single nucleus - has single nucleus
- has striations - found in the walls of hollow organs
- has intercalated discs - contains the activity of peristalsis
- controlled involuntarily - Smooth muscle forms the walls of hollow
- Cardiac muscle is the muscle of the heart; it is organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes.
responsible for pumping blood. - Smooth muscle is responsible for a number of
- Cardiac muscle cells are cylindrical but much functions, such as moving food through the
shorter than skeletal muscle cells. digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder.
- Cardiac muscle cells are striated and usually have - Smooth muscle cells are tapered at each end,
one nucleus per cell. have a single nucleus, and are not striated.
- They are often branched and connected to one
another by intercalated disks.
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Tissue Repair Granulation Tissue Forms
- It is the restoration of structure and function of the - These capillaries are fragile and bleed freely,
tissue. as when a scab is picked away from a skin
- Tissue repair involves substitution of dead cells for wound.
viable cells.
- Tissue repair can occur by regeneration or by fibrosis.
- In regeneration, the new cells are the same type as
those that were destroyed, and normal function is
usually restored.
- In fibrosis, or replacement, a new type of tissue
develops that eventually causes scar production and Homeostatic Imbalance of Scar Tissue
the loss of some tissue function. - Scar tissue cannot carry out the typical tasks
- Regeneration can completely repair some tissues, of the tissue it replaces because it lacks the
such as the skin and the mucous membrane of the suppleness of the majority of normal tissues.
intestine. In these cases, regeneration is accomplished - A contracture is a fixed tightening of muscle,
primarily by stem cells. tendons, ligaments, or skin. It prevents normal
- Stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells movement of the associated body part.
that continue to divide throughout life.
- Tissue repair occurs in sequential steps Contracture
Two responses in Tissue Repair
Inflammation Response
- A response in which it attempts to prevent further
injury.
Immune Response
- A response on how your body recognizes and
defends itself against bacteria, viruses, and
substances that appear foreign and harmful.
2 Major Occurence in Tissue Repair
Regeneration
- A replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind
of cells
Fibrosis
- It is the thickening or scarring of the tissue.
Sequence of Occurrence in Tissue Repair
First - Inflammation sets the stage
Second - Granulation Tissue Forms
Third - Regeneration and Fibrosis effect permanent
repair
Inflammation Sets the Stage
- Where clot is exposed to air, it quickly dries and
hardens, forming a scab.
