Republic of the Philippines

DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

K to 12 Basic Education Curriculum

Technology and Livelihood Education
Learning Module

CAREGIVING

0
 If you have questions, ask your teacher for assistance.

LESSON 1

Use Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia

PERFORMANCE STANDARD S
 Tools and equipment are cleaned immediately after use in line with farm procedures.
 Routine check-up and maintenance are performed.
 Tools and equipment are stored in designated areas in line with farm procedures.
 Farm tools and equipment are regularly sharpened and oiled from time to time.

Definition of Terms

Bulb – a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff

Carafe – a glass pot with a pouring spout
Caregiver – a worker who is qualified to provide personal care independently or with
minimal supervision, to children, elderly or people with special needs (disabilities)
Chestpiece – also called the head, contains the diaphragm or bell that vibrates with
sound
Child – an individual with age ranging from 0-13 years old
Countertop – a flat surface on top of a cabinet or display case as in a kitchen
Cuff – a fabric that is wrapped around a patient’s arm
Ear Tubes – attach the earpieces to the main body of the stethoscope Earpieces –
part of the stethoscope which are placed into the ears and transmit sounds directly into
them
Elderly – an individual with age ranging from sixty (60) years old and above
Emulsify – the process of combining two liquids that do not normally mix easily
Infant – an individual with age ranging from 0- 12 months (1 yr. old)
Lever – a projecting handle used to adjust or operate a function
People with special needs (Disabilities) – person incapable of performing specific tasks
either physically, mentally, and/or behaviorally.
Rectum – the end part of the large intestine
Reservoir – a receptacle for storing fluid
Suction – a force that causes a fluid or solid to be drawn into an interior space or to stick
on to a surface because of the difference between the external and internal pressures.
Toddlers – individuals with age ranging from 1-3 years old

Tub
CAREGIVING 1
 ing – also called acoustic tubes which connect two ear tubes to the chestpiece
(diaphragm or bell)
Valve – allows air in to inflate the cuff when the bulb is squeezed, then can be unscrewed
to release the air and remove the cuff.
Vessel – is a hollow container used to hold liquid
Whip – is the process of striking something with continual, repetitive strokes

LEARNING OUTCOME 1

Identify caregiving tools, equipment and

paraphernalia applicable to the specific job

PERFORMANCE STANDARD S
1. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are identified according to their types,
functions and classifications.
2. Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are determined based on the specified task.

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

Caregiving Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia

One of the most important tasks of a caregiver is to make sure that he/she uses the right
equipment, tool, or paraphernalia that is applicable to a specific job. You, as a future caregiver,
therefore, should be well versed with the different tools and equipment that you will use when
you are already in the health care profession.

CAREGIVING 2
 Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia Used in Meal Preparation

Airpot

An air pot is a vessel usually rounded which is used for

holding liquid to maintain heat or coldness.

Blender
A blender is a kitchen and laboratory appliance which is used
to mix, puree, or emulsify food and other substances

Coffee Maker
A coffee maker is an electric countertop appliance that brews
hot coffee automatically.

Chopping Board
A chopping board is a flat, wooden, or plastic board where
meats or vegetables can be cut.

Electric Knife
An electric knife is a kitchen device which is used for slicing
food. It requires less physical effort than an ordinary knife
and makes neater slices.

CAREGIVING 3
 Electric Can Opener
An electric can opener is a very useful device which is used
to open canned goods with ease and accuracy.

Food Processor
A food processor is a multi-tasking tool which is used to slice,
dice, or whip food ingredients.

Food Tongs
A food tongs is an instrument with two hinged or sprung arms
for grasping and holding.

Ladle
A ladle is a long-handled spoon with a deep bowl at the end
for serving food specially broth or soup.

Microwave Oven
A microwave oven is an oven that uses microwave to cook or
heat food.

CAREGIVING 4
 Stove
A stove is an appliance in which electricity/gas is utilized to
supply heat to be used for cooking or reheating.

Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Cleaning, Washing, and Ironing

Bottle Sterilizer
A bottle sterilizer is an apparatus which is used in destructing
microorganisms in containers like feeding bottle through
boiling.

Broom
A broom is a tool which is used for sweeping dirt. It consists
of twigs and bristles bound together and attached to a
handle.

Clothes Hanger
A hanger resembles the shape of a person’s shoulders
and is used to hang garments on.

Dishwasher

A dishwasher is a mechanical device for cleaning

dishes, eating utensils and pots.

CAREGIVING 5
 Dryer
A dryer is a machine or apparatus that removes moisture
through ventilation or heat.

Dustpan
A dustpan is a handled pan or scoop into which dust is swept.

Duster
A duster is a cloth or brush which is used in removing dirt and
dust.

Flat Iron
A clothes iron is an electric appliance which is used along with
an ironing board, to iron or press clothing, fabric or draperies.

Ironing Board
An ironing board is a long, narrow padded board, often with
collapsible supporting legs, used as a working surface for
ironing.

Laundry/Sorting Basket
A laundry basket is a hamper that is used for holding dirty
clothes for washing or wet clothes for drying. It may also be
used for sorting clean clothes to be folded.

CAREGIVING 6
 Vacuum Cleaner
A vacuum cleaner is an electrical appliance which is used for
cleaning floors, carpets, and furniture by suction.

Washing Machine
A washing machine is an electric appliance which is used for
washing clothes and linen.

Tools, Equipment, and Paraphernalia for Taking Vital Signs

BP Apparatus Aneroid (sphygmomanometer)

An aneroid unit is mercury free and consists of a cuff that can

be applied with one hand for self-testing; a stethoscope that
is built in or attached; and a valve that inflates and deflates
automatically with the data displayed on an easy-to-read
gauge that will function in any position.

BP Apparatus Mercurial (sphygmomanometer)

A mercury-based unit has a manually inflatable cuff attached
by tubing to the unit that is calibrated in millimeters of
mercury. During blood pressure measurement, the unit must
be kept upright on a flat surface and the gauge read at eye
level.

CAREGIVING 7
 BP Apparatus Digital (sphygmomanometer)
A digital unit is mercury free and consists of a cuff that can be
applied with one hand for self-testing; a stethoscope that is
built in or attached; and a valve that inflates and deflates
automatically with the data displayed on the LCD

Stethoscope
A stethoscope is an instrument which is used for listening to
the action of the heart, lungs, etc., usually consisting of a
circular piece placed against the chest, with tubes leading to
earpieces.

Thermometer
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature.

LEARNING OU TCOME 2
Use caregiving tools, equipment, and paraphernalia properly

PERFORMANCE STANDARD S
.
 Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are used properly.
 Equipment, tools, and paraphernalia are used based on the task requirement.

Materials

CAREGIVING 8
 • LCD projector or OHP
• Computer desktop or laptop
• Pictures of tools, equipment, and paraphernalia
• DVD player
• Blender
• Coffee maker
• Electric can opener
• Food processor
• Microwave oven
• Electric bottle sterilizer
• Iron
• Washing machine
• Clinical thermometer
• Digital thermometer
• Ear digital thermometer
• Infrared thermometer with laser pointer
• Sphygmomanometer (mercurial and aneroid)
• Stethoscope

What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about the proper way of using
tools,equipment, and paraphernalia used on Caregiving. Take this test.

Pretest LO 2

I. Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.

___________1. Infrared thermometers are commonly called laser thermometers.

___________2. Temperatures are bodily functions that reflect the body’s state of health
and are easily measurable.

___________3. The first step in washing clothes is sorting them according to color and
type of garment.

___________4. Iron should cool down before storing.

___________5. When measuring the client’s temperature, it is not important for the
caregiver to wash his/her hands because he/she does not come in contact
with the client’s bodily fluid. II. Directions: Encircle the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the balance between heat produced and heat lost in the body?

a. pulse rate
b. body temperature
c. respiratory rate
d. b
CAREGIVING 9
 lood pressure

2. This type of thermometer uses mercury and, therefore, is considered unsafe to use. a.
ear thermometer
b. infrared thermometer
c. digital thermometer
d. clinical thermometer

3. Which of the following is not proper when operating a blender?

a. operating a blender in a dry, flat surface

b. plugging the blender first before putting the pitcher onto the base
c. choosing the setting appropriate for the specified task
d. placing all the parts of the blender in their appropriate places before operating
it

4. The kind of temperature when the thermometer is placed under the armpit.

a. oral temperature
b. rectal temperature
c. axillary temperature
d. none of the above

5. These should be checked before ironing as some fabrics need special care instructions.

a. labels of the garments to be ironed

b. pleats and pockets of skirts
c. collars and sleeves of shirts
d. pants’ waistbands

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can remember
and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

Operating Caregiving Equipment, Tools and Paraphernalia

Now that you have successfully identified the different equipment, tools, and paraphernalia used
in providing health care, it is a must that you master the proper utilization of each. As an efficient
and dependable caregiver, you must learn the procedures in operating them, since you will be
expected to use them in your particular job.

CAREGIVING 10
 Common Equipment in Meal Preparation

Blender

1. Choose a flat, dry surface on which to operate your blender.

2. Make sure that all the parts are placed in their appropriate places before
operating.
3. Put the pitcher onto the base and plug the blender.
4. Place the ingredients in the pitcher and put the lid on firmly.
5. Start operating by choosing the setting appropriate for the task you are going to do.
6. You may add food or ingredients through the secondary lid while the blender is running.
7. Clean the blender after use.

Coffee Maker

1. Fill the carafe with water according to the number of cups of coffee
you need to make.
2. Pour the water from the carafe into the reservoir of the coffee
maker, and place the carafe back into position.
3. Place a coffee filter into the filter basket. The amount of coffee
you'll need to add depends on how strong or weak your clients like
it. Then, add the coffee into the filter using a spoon.
4. Turn on the coffee maker and wait for your coffee to brew.

Electric Can Opener

1. Plug the electric can opener into an outlet.

2. Lift up the lever that raises the cutting
wheel into the air. Place the lip of the can
under the wheel. Put the lever down and
press hard enough so that the wheel gets
into the can.
3. Turn on the opener while holding the
bottom of the can and it will automatically
turn as the wheel slices through the can.
4. Remove the can from the opener when it
reaches the end and you feel a slight drop
of the can. The lid will remain attached to
the magnet on the opener and the can is
ready to dump.

CAREGIVING 11
 5. Unplug the opener from the outlet.

Food Processor

1. Remove the food processor from its box container.

2. Place it on a stable, flat surface.

3. Plug it on the electrical outlet safely.

4. Remove the cover and put the food ingredients to be

processed.

5. Put back the cover and turn on the processor to start with the procedure.

6. As soon as you have reached the desired size or texture for your food ingredients, remove
the cover and pour the ingredients into your bowl or plate.

7. Unplug the food processor and clean it based on the manufacturer’s instructions.

Microwave Oven

Microwave oven is a very useful tool specially during

mealtime, but you should exercise special care when
using it to cook or reheat food to ensure that it is
prepared safely.

Microwave Oven Cooking

• Position evenly the food items in a covered dish. You may add some liquid if necessary.
Cover the dish with a lid or plastic wrap, but make sure not to cover it completely to let steam
come out. The moist heat that is created will help destroy harmful bacteria and ensure
uniform cooking.

• It is better to cook large cuts of meat on medium power for longer periods than on high
power. This way, heat reaches the center without overcooking outer areas.

• Mix or rotate food midway through the microwaving time. This is important so as to eliminate
cold spots where harmful bacteria can survive, and for more even cooking.

• When partially cooking food in the microwave oven to finish cooking on the grill or in a
conventional oven, it is important to transfer the microwaved food to the other heat source
immediately. Never partially cook food and store it for later use.

• Use a food thermometer or the oven's temperature probe to verify the food has reached a
safe minimum internal temperature. Cooking times may vary because ovens vary in power

•
CAREGIVING 12
 and efficiency. Always allow standing time, which completes the cooking, before checking
the internal temperature with a food thermometer.

Microwave Defrosting
• Remove food from the package before defrosting. Do not use foam trays and plastic wraps
because they are not heat stable at high temperatures. Melting or warping may cause harmful
chemicals to migrate into food.

• Immediately after defrosting meat and poultry in microwave oven, they should be cooked
since some areas of the frozen food may begin to cook during the defrosting time.

Bottle Sterilizer
1. Place the recommended amount of water as
specified in the manufacturer’s instructional manual.
Then, plug in the unit.

2. Place the bottle upside down (use the prongs to

support them individually). Place the nipples, nipple
rings and caps in such a way that they do not touch
each other. Either prop them between the lower
prongs, or place them on the supplied surface.

3. Cover the sterilizer and turn on the unit.

Sterilization typically takes about 10 minutes with an
automatic cycle that raises water
temperature to a sufficient level to kill off any bacteria (212 degrees Fahrenheit). Once this
cycle ends, the unit automatically begins to cool. Some models or units will not allow you to
open the cover until the cooling cycle is completed.
4. Unplug the unit.
5. Remove the feeding bottles from the sterilizer.

6. Clean the sterilizer based on the manufacturer’s specifications.

Common Equipment in Cleaning, Laundry, and Ironing

Flat Iron

1. Check the label of every garment before ironing. This is

necessary as some fabrics need special care
instructions.

2. Unfold your ironing board near the outlet. Plug in your

iron and choose the appropriate setting based on the
material of the clothes you are ironing.

3. Preheating the flat iron should be done before starting. You will have to wait about 2-5
m
i
CAREGIVING 13
 nutes to let the iron warm up.

4. Stretch the garment across the ironing board to make sure it is flat.

5. Run the iron over one part of the garment such as the hem just to be sure that it is not too hot.

6. Move the iron over the pants, blouse, or shirt and take note of pleats and pockets. For the
shirts, start with the collar next to the sleeves, and then the shirt itself. For pants and shorts,
start with the inside then the outside of the pants starting from the waistband down.
Generally, skirts and dresses are ironed from the top to the hem. If there are pleats, iron from
the bottom and work upward with fast strokes. Each pleat should be pressed individually.
Hang each garment that you have ironed to keep it from wrinkling again.

7. Unplug the iron and allow the unit to cool before storing it.

Washing Machine

1. The very first step in washing is sorting the clothes of

your client. Separate white and light-colored from dark-
colored clothes. Also, they should be sorted according
to their material. Wash clothes with heavy fabrics
together and clothes with light fabrics together.

2. Put detergent into the washing machine. Let the

detergent go to the bottom of the washing machine.

3. Put the clothes loosely into the washing machine.

4. Load the laundry as high as the manufacturer specifies

or to the top row of holes in the tub.

5. Close the lid and choose the setting of the washing machine according to what you are
washing.

6. Turn on the machine. Let the unit work through all of the cycles. Wait for the machine to
turn off before you unload the washed laundry.

7. Load the next batch of clothes and do steps 5 and 6 again until you are done with the laundry.

8. Turn off and unplug the unit.

Common Equipment in Taking the Vital Signs

When caring for an infant, toddler, child, elderly or person with special needs, measuring the
vital signs is of utmost concern. This is also a concern of your client. Hence, he/she has the
right to know her vital signs.

This module will walk you through the basics of taking two of the important measurements. As
you learn the different processes, you will also get your hands on the crucial pointers necessary
in obtaining an accurate reading. But first, let us talk about vital signs. Vital signs are bodily
fun
CAREGIVING 14
 ctions that reflect the body’s state of health and are easily measurable: body temperature, pulse
rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. In some cases, the fifth vital sign is considered to be
the pain that a person experiences.

Thermometer

Body temperature is a measurement of the amount of heat in the body. The balance between
heat produced and heat lost is the body temperature. The normal adult body temperature is 37
degrees Celsius. There is a normal range in which a person’s body temperature may vary and
still be considered normal. Take a look at these normal ranges of body temperature:

Oral : 36.4 to 37.2 degrees Celsius

Rectal : 37 to 37.8 degrees Celsius
Axillary : 35.9 to 36.7 degrees Celsius

The following are the different types of thermometers:

Clinical thermometer may be inserted either into the

rectum through the anus (rectal temperature), into the
mouth under the tongue (oral or sub-lingual) or armpit
(axillary temperature). It is made of glass with a narrowing
above the bulb so that the mercury column stays in
position even when the instrument is removed. The use of
this type is now being eradicated as the mercury content
is dangerous to people.

Digital thermometer may be inserted into the mouth

under the tongue, under the armpit or into the anus. This
thermometer displays the reading in the LCD. This type of
thermometer does not use mercury which is hazardous to
humans. That is why more and more people are using it
now. Also, using this is simple, quick and effective.

Ear digital thermometer measures the heat coming from

the eardrum. This release of heat is converted into a
temperature and displayed on an LCD. It is very easy to
use this. You just have to place the tip in the ear of a
person, press the button and in a few seconds, the
measurement is seen on the LCD.

CAREGIVING 15
 Infrared thermometer with laser pointer measures
temperature using thermal radiation emitted by the body.
It is also called laser thermometer if a laser is utilized to
aid in aiming the thermometer. Others call it non-contact
thermometer because of its ability to measure temperature
from a distance. It provides temperature reading without
physically touching the object. All you have to do is aim at
the object (as in the forehead), pull the trigger and
immediately, you can see the temperature reading on the
LCD.

Using a Digital Thermometer (rectum through the anus)

1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer out of its holder.

2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse
it in cool water.

3. Put a probe cover over the pointed end of the thermometer. If your thermometer did not come
with a probe cover then you can use it without one.

4. Lubricate the end of the probe with a small amount of lubricating jelly.

5. Place your child (taking the temperature through the rectum is usually done on children) on
his stomach across a firm surface or your lap before taking his temperature.

6. Gently slide the probe of the thermometer into the rectum about a half inch. Stop inserting the
thermometer if it becomes difficult to insert. Never force the thermometer into the rectum.

7. Continue to hold the thermometer the entire time you are taking the temperature. Always stay
with your client while taking the temperature.

8. Keep the thermometer in place until it beeps then remove the thermometer

9. Read the numbers on the LCD. These numbers are your client's temperature. 1
11. If you used a probe cover, remove it and throw it away.

12. Wash the probe of the thermometer with soap, water and rubbing alcohol when you are done.
Put the thermometer’s tip cover. Place the thermometer in its holder/container.
13. Record the reading
14. Wash your hands.

Using a Digital Thermometer (mouth)

1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder.
2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse
it in cool water.
3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature orally.
4. Ask the client to wet his/her lips and pick up his tongue.

5. P

CAREGIVING 16
 lace the thermometer under the client’s tongue on one side of his/her mouth. Ask him/her to
close his/her lips. (You may have to hold the thermometer specially if your client is sick and
weak enough to even hold the thermometer with his/her lips.)

6. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When it beeps, it
signifies that it can be removed.

7. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display. Clean the
tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip cover.
Place the thermometer in its container.

8. Record the reading and wash your hands.

Using a Digital Thermometer (armpit)

1. Wash your hands and take the thermometer from its holder.

2. Clean the probe (pointed end) of the thermometer with rubbing alcohol or soap and then rinse
it in cool water.

3. Inform the client that you are going to take his temperature under the armpit.

4. Place the thermometer under the client’s armpit. (You may have to hold the thermometer
specially if your client is very sick and weak that he/she cannot even hold the thermometer
with his/her armpit.)

5. Leave the thermometer in place until the thermometer signals it is finished. When the
thermometer beeps, it means that it can be removed.

6. Remove the thermometer carefully and read the temperature on the digital display. Clean the
tip of the thermometer with a cotton ball soaked in alcohol. Put the thermometer’s tip cover.
Place the thermometer in its container.

7. Record the reading and wash your hands.

BP Apparatus

Another important measurement that you should learn to take is the blood pressure. Blood
pressure is the force of the blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels. The heart
contracts as it pumps the blood into the arteries. When the heart is contracting, the pressure is
highest. This pressure is what we know as the systolic pressure. Now, as the heart relaxes
between each contraction, the pressure decreases. When the heart is at its most relaxed state,
the pressure is lowest. And we call this diastolic pressure. The following steps will help you
measure blood pressure accurately.

CAREGIVING 17
 1. Wash your hands and prepare the equipment you will use.
2. Introduce yourself and let the patient/client know the procedure to be done.
3. Sanitize the earpieces of the stethoscope with an antiseptic pad.
4. Ask your client to rest quietly. Have him/her lie down or sit on a chair whichever is more
comfortable for him/her.
5. If you are using a mercurial apparatus, the measuring scale should be within the level of your
eyes.
6. Expose the arm of your client by rolling the sleeves up. Have your client’s arm from the
elbow down to rest fully extended on the bed or the arm of a chair.
7. Unroll the cuff, loosen the screw and squeeze the cuff with your hands to remove air
completely.
8. Wrap the cuff around your client’s arm above the elbow, not too tight or too loose.
9. Find your client’s brachial pulse at the inside of the elbow. Hold the diaphragm there and
inflate the cuff until the pulse disappears. Take note of the reading and immediately deflate
the cuff. This is the client’s approximate systolic reading and is called the palpated systolic
pressure.
10. Place the stethoscope’s earpieces into your ears and place the diaphragm on the brachial
pulse.
11. Turn the screw to close it. Inflate the cuff until the dial points to 30 mm above the palpated
systolic pressure.
12. Turn the screw to open it. Let the air escape slowly until the sound of the pulse comes back.
Take note of the calibration that the pointer passes as you hear the first sound. This
indicates the systolic pressure.
13. You have to continue releasing the air from the cuff. When you hear the sounds change to
something softer and faster and disappear, take note of the calibration. This is now the
diastolic pressure
14. Deflate the cuff complete. Remove it from the arm of your client and record the reading on
the client’s chart.
15. Wipe the earpieces of the stethoscope with an antiseptic pad and place the equipment back
to their proper place and wash your hands.

CAREGIVING 18
 Congratulations! You did a great job!
Rest and relax a while then move on to the next
lesson. Good luck!

REFERENCES

LO1
Elana D. Zucker. The Caregiver’s Resourcebook 6th Edition Pearson Education South Asia
PTE. LTD. 2009.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Public Health Nursing in the
Philippines 10th Edition National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc.

Online Resources:
http://www.ehow.com/how_7719401_clean-air-pot.html

http://www.aptkitchen.com/kitchen-accessories-articles/electric-knife-cleaning.php

http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-repair-small-appliances6.htm

http://howtoeasy.blogspot.com/2010/01/clean-your-microwave-oven-with-vinegar.html

http://navyadministration.tpub.com/14163/css/14163_78.htm

http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/heloise/heloise-spring-cleaning-dishwashergrime

http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/ht/ironcleaning.htm

http://blog.lydiasuniforms.com/blog/uniforms-and-scrubs-qanda/caring-for-yourstethoscope

http://www.geratherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/user-manual-Gerathermclinic.pdf

http://www.healthaidindia.com/digital-thermometers/maintenance-of-digitalthermometers.html

http://www.dableducational.org/pdfs/spring07/Chapter4_Measurement_of_blood_pressur
e_Part2.pdf

http://www.sooperarticles.com/health-fitness-articles/medical-equipment-
articles/medicalinstruments-maintenance-how-clean-sphygmomanometer-269087.html

http://www.adctoday.com/images/PDF/IB/93-7001-00.pdf

http://www.thefreedictionary.com

CAREGIVING 19
 LO2
Elana D. Zucker. The Caregiver’s Resourcebook 6th Edition Pearson Education South Asia
PTE. LTD. 2009.
National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc. Public Health Nursing in the
Philippines 10th Edition National League of Philippine Government Nurses, Inc.

Online Resources:
http://www.ehow.com/how_7719401_clean-air-pot.html
http://www.aptkitchen.com/kitchen-accessories-articles/electric-knife-cleaning.php
http://home.howstuffworks.com/how-to-repair-small-appliances6.htm
http://howtoeasy.blogspot.com/2010/01/clean-your-microwave-oven-with-vinegar.html
http://navyadministration.tpub.com/14163/css/14163_78.htm
http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/home/heloise/heloise-spring-cleaning-dishwashergrime
http://housekeeping.about.com/od/laundry/ht/ironcleaning.htm
http://blog.lydiasuniforms.com/blog/uniforms-and-scrubs-qanda/caring-for-yourstethoscope
http://www.geratherm.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/user-manual-Gerathermclinic.pdf
http://www.healthaidindia.com/digital-thermometers/maintenance-of-digitalthermometers.html
http://www.dableducational.org/pdfs/spring07/Chapter4_Measurement_of_blood_pressu
re_Part2.pdf
http://www.sooperarticles.com/health-fitness-articles/medical-equipmentarticles/medical-
instruments-maintenance-how-clean-sphygmomanometer-269087.html
http://www.adctoday.com/images/PDF/IB/93-7001-00.pdf
http://www.ehow.com/how_2063587_use-washing-machine.html www.google.com
http://www.ehow.com/how_8162704_use-clothes-iron.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer
http://www.digitalthermometers.net/digitalthermometers.aspx
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_thermometer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S648xZDK7b0&feature=fvsr
http://www.drugs.com/cg/taking-a-rectal-temperature.html
http://www.ehow.com/facts_5048247_parts-stethoscope.html
http://www.ehow.com/how_7416851_identify-parts-stethoscopesphygmomanometer.html
http://jproffcomm.tripod.com/id4.html
http://www.thefreedictionary.com

CAREGIVING 20
 LESSON 2
Maintain Tools, Equipment and Paraphernalia

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At theend of this Lesson youreaexpected to:

LO 1. Perform aftercare activities for tools, equipment, and

paraphernalia

CAREGIVING 21
 Definition of Terms

Abrasive – harsh or hurtful in nature

Bulb – a rubber which is squeezed to inflate the cuff

Countertop – a flat surface on top of a cabinet or display case as in a kitchen

Cuff – a fabric that is wrapped around a patient’s arm

Descale – to remove hard deposits in water

Dispenser – something that gives out

Ear Tubes – attach the earpieces to the main body of the stethoscope
Earpieces – placed into the ears and transmit sounds directly into them

Funnel – a tube or pipe used for pouring liquid or powder into an opening

Plate – the metal part of an iron which touches the clothes for pressing

Reservoir – a receptacle for storing a fluid

Submerge – to place under water

Tubing – also called acoustic tubes, connect ear tubes to the chestpiece (diaphragm or bell)
Valve – allows air in to inflate the cuff when the bulb is squeezed, then can be unscrewed to
release the air and remove the cuff.

White vinegar – a type of vinegar which is more commonly used to clean and disinfect, rather
than for food

CAREGIVING 22
 LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Perform aftercare activities for tools, equipment and
paraphernalia

PERFORMA NCE STANDARDS

 Tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are cleaned after use according to

standard operating procedures and in accordance with relevant safety
procedures.
 Tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are placed / stored in the appropriate
area following safety procedures.
 Tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are checked regularly for
orderliness/tidiness in accordance with employer’s requirements.
 Routine maintenance is carried out or arranged as per standard operating
procedures.

Materials
cleaner
• LCD projector or OHP • Lint-free cloth
• Computer desktop or • Towel
laptop • Baking soda
• DVD player • Spray bottle
• Airpot • Paper towels
• Blender • Mop
• Coffee maker • Video clips
• Electric knife
• Electric can opener
• Food processor
• Food tongs
• Microwave oven
• Flat iron
• Ironing board
• Washing machine
• Bottle sterilizer
• Sphygmomanometer
(aneroid, mercurial
and digital)
• Stethoscope
• Thermometer
• Sponge-head bottle

CAREGIVING 23
 What Do You Already Know?

Let us determine how much you already know about the processes in caring for
tools ,equipment, and paraphernaliaused in Caregiving service. Take this test.

Pretest LO 1

Directions: Write True if the statement is correct, or False if it is incorrect.

1. __________Before attempting to clean any electrical device, it is a must that you turn it off
and unplug from the outlet.

2. __________Blender base may be plastic or steel, but both deserve proper cleaning.

3. __________The removable pieces of the food processor should not be washed with water.

4. __________White vinegar is very useful as a cleaning agent.

5. __________The cuff (sphygmomanometer) should not be washed with water.

6. __________All electric knife cords are detachable.
7. __________Food tongs should be cleaned as soon as one is done using it.
8. __________Use of aluminum foil and salt is useful in removing melted plastic on an iron’s
plate.
9. __________Ironing board should not be folded down so that it is ready for use the next time a
user irons clothes.
10. __________Aneroid gauge should not be wiped.

What Do You Need To Know?

Information Sheet 1.1

CARING FOR TOOLS, EQUIPMENT AND PARAPHERNALIA

In dealing with tools, equipment, and paraphernalia, attention to details is the best means to
prevent future problems from happening. It is a must, therefore, that tools, equipment and
paraphernalia are properly cleaned and stored after usage. In addition, a maintenance schedule
should be in place to make sure that they will operate efficiently. As a future caregiver, it will be
to your advantage if you check them daily to help avoid jams, leakages, or breakdowns. It is, of
course, necessary that you follow the usage and maintenance instructions from the manufacturer.
It would be wise also to keep the same for future reference. Now, it is time for you to get going
and walk your way through the following steps that you must carry out to ensure that your tools,
equipment and paraphernalia will work properly,

Cleaning an Airpot

1. In cleaning any electrical device, it is basic to always

turn it off and unplug. If you don't have an electric
airpot with a power button, continue with the rest of the
process.

2. Take the container to a sink and open the lid. If there

is any remaining liquid inside, pour out and set aside
the pot to let it cool.

3. Rinse the inner lining with hot water. Clean the inside
with a sponge-head bottle cleaner to remove any
loose deposits and then rinse again.

4. Put hot water and two to three drops of mild dish detergent to the dispenser. Wait for about
8-10 minutes and then clean the inside with a sponge-head cleaner. Wash the dispenser
with water making sure to remove all detergent residues.

5. Put hot water and 2 tbsp.of vinegar inside the airpot to descale at least once a month. Let
the solution stay in the airpot for 1 hour. If mineral deposits are seen, descaling may be done
right away.

6. You may now close the lid and dispense some of the solution out of the spout to clean it also.
This will clear any buildup in it. Open the lid. Clean the interior again with a sponge-head
cleaner. Pour the water out and wash the interior again with water.
7. Put clean hot water into the airpot, close the lid and dispense the water out the spout. This
will rinse the spout of the traces of vinegar. Open the lid and pour out remaining water.

8. You now have to wipe the lid and exterior of the dispenser with a slightly damp, lint-free cloth
and then wipe it dry with a cloth. If you notice stains in the exterior, add one or two drops of
mild detergent to the cloth and wipe the exterior. Rinse with another cloth and then wipe dry.
9. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the airpot is placed.

Cleaning a blender

1. Clean the funnel and blender lid with liquid soap and water. Rinse well with water and use a
clean towel to dry them.

2. Put about ¾ hot water into the blender jar and

squirt a small amount of dish soap about ½
teaspoon. You might want to add a tablespoon of
baking soda to the water also to remove odor and
stains. This will also aid in loosening tough food
particles.
3. Turn on the blender and let it run at high speed for about 20 seconds. Doing this works well to
get the blender clean.

4. If there are really sticky and dried messes in your blender, repeat the second and third steps
a few times until the mess is dissolved.

5. You need to rinse well the jar with hot water and towel dry carefully, or you may turn it upside
down on a clean, dry towel or dish strainer to air dry.

6. If your blade assembly is removable, remove it and rinse it with hot water. Wipe it dry with a
clean towel. Make sure that it is completely dry. Of course, you have to be very careful when
doing this so that you will not cut yourself while drying the blades.

7. Remove the dirt of a steel base blender with glass cleaner or a mixture of half vinegar and
half water placed in a spray bottle. All you have to do is spray it on and wipe with a soft cloth.

8. If your blender base is plastic, you can use a damp soapy rag, or an all-purpose kitchen spray
cleaner, or a mixture of baking soda and water.

9. It is acceptable to use a damp rag to wipe the electric cord also. But you have to be sure to
unplug the base first. In addition, be sure not to get the electric plug wet.
10. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the blender is placed.

11. Protect the blender with a fabric cover.

Cleaning a coffee maker

1. Make a mixture of one part white vinegar and two parts water. The amount of mixture
depends on the size of the coffee pot.

2. Put the mixture into the reservoir of coffee maker.

3. Turn on the coffee maker and let the vinegar-water mixture cycle through.
4. This time, turn off the coffee maker and let the pot cool for 15 to 20 minutes.
5. Pour the solution into the sink and rinse the pot.
6. Perform two cycles with the coffee maker with cold water. Doing this will wash away the
vinegar-water solution out of the coffee maker.
7. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the coffee maker is placed.
8. Protect the coffee maker with a fabric cover.
Cleaning and storing an electric knife

1. Turn off and unplug the electric knife.

2. Detach the cord from the knife. If the cord is not detachable, you have to be more careful so
that the cord does not get wet. Wash the blade with water and detergent

3. Rinse the blade well and wipe with a clean cloth. Then, wipe the exterior with a damp cloth
followed by a dry one.

4. Place the knife inside its box and store in a kitchen cabinet.

Cleaning and storing an electric opener

1. Unplug the electric can opener.

2. Because the parts are small and difficult to

clean, use a toothbrush and a mild detergent to
remove food particles left after opening cans.

3. Wipe with a dry and clean cloth and lubricate

the cutter with a light oil. Make sure to wipe
away excess lubricant to make certain that it
does not transfer to the components of the can
that will be opened next.

4. Place the can opener inside its box and store in

a kitchen cabinet.
Cleaning and storing a food processor

1. Turn off and unplug the food processor.

2. Take the parts of the food processor apart.
Take them all apart so that you get all the little
pieces of food removed.
3. All the removable pieces of the food processor
can be washed in warm water with a mild dish
soap. Do not scrub the parts of the processor
with abrasive cleaners or pads. Be careful with
the blades. They should not soak in water but
be gently wiped down first thing to preserve them.
4. Using a damp cloth, wipe down the base/motor area. Do not submerge this in water. Of
course, you should not pour water over the base/motor unit. If you encounter stubborn stains,
wipe it with a clean cloth using mild dish soap, or a baking soda paste may be able to lift out
the stain.
5. Dry the pieces of the processor completely. Put it back together and store. If you use your
food processor on a regular basis, store it on a countertop or in another accessible location.
6. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the food processor is placed.
7. Protect the food processor with a fabric cover.

Cleaning and storing food tongs

1. Wash food tongs as soon as you are finished using it to prevent food particles from sticking to
it

2. Wipe it dry with a clean cloth.

3. Since you will frequently use food tongs, store it inside a kitchen cabinet drawer.

Cleaning and storing microwave oven

1. Unplug the microwave oven.

2. In a microwave –safe bowl, mix ½ cup of water and ½ cup of vinegar (white vinegar, apple
cider or any type of vinegar will do). Put the bowl inside the oven and cook on high for about
2 minutes. The mixture of water and vinegar will aid in removing dirt and foul odors from the
inside of the oven.
3. Remove the bowl from the oven. As you open the oven, be very careful because steam will
be coming out. Also the bowl will be most likely very hot.
4. Remove the splattered grease and food inside the oven using a sponge.
5. Wipe the outside of the oven with water and mild detergent.
6. Wipe the oven dry with a clean cloth.
7. It is important that you wipe the countertop where the oven is placed.
8. Protect the oven with a fabric cover.

Cleaning an iron
1. Clean inside of the iron (for steam iron).
If your iron automatically descales water using a replaceable filter, you just have to make sure
to replace your filter on the recommended schedule. Some irons may need to be descaled
manually. Mix one part of water and one part of vinegar and pour into the water chamber of
 the iron. The iron will steam out this solution. Then repeat the process this time with plain
water.

2. Clean non-coated sole plates.

Use baking soda or metal polish cleaner to clean the sole plate.
Use extra fine steel wool for plates that need extra help. However, this should only be done
as a last resort.

3. Clean non-stick sole plates.

Use clean soft cloth, warm water and mild detergent for non-stick coated irons.
For non-stick coated irons, clean with a soft cloth, warm water, and mild detergent. Always
wait until your iron is completely cool and unplugged before cleaning it. Never use an
abrasive cleaner because it will wear away the coating on your iron.

 Wise Tips! 

Do not panic when a plastic melted on your sole plate, because it can be removed! Put a piece
of aluminum foil on the ironing board and sprinkle it with salt. Ironing over the salt and foil will
help loosen the plastic. Do not try to scrape the plastic off with metal tools. This may permanently
damage the sole plate. If the vent holes of your iron have become blocked with starch or buildup,
you may clean them with cotton buds dipped in a 1 to 1 ratio of water and vinegar.

Cleaning and storing an ironing board

1. Remove the ironing board cover and pad.

2. Wipe the entire ironing board down with a damp cloth. Since most ironing boards are made of
metal, be sure to dry the board thoroughly to prevent rust.

3. Spot clean the ironing board cover with a slightly damp cloth. Most ironing board covers are
coated with a scorch and stain protectant, so cleaning should be easy.
4. Replace the ironing board's cover by stretching it evenly on top of the ironing board and
making sure it doesn't form any wrinkles that could leave marks on clothes. Be sure the
surface of the ironing board is completely dry before reattaching the pad and cover.

5. Fold down the ironing board and store in a place where it will be safe from bumping and
falling.

Cleaning and caring for a washing machine

1. Wipe the top, front and sides of the washing machine with spray cleaner and paper towels.

2. Wipe the underside of the lid with spray cleaner and a couple of paper towels.

3. It is time to clean the basin or the container of the washer. Fill it with hot water, 2 cups of
lemon or lime juice (for rust problems) or 2 cups of vinegar for odor problems. If both
problems are present, you have to run a cycle of each.

4. For the second time, fill the washer with hot water on the largest load setting. Put 2 cups of
bleach to the water to help in removing stains. Run a wash and rinse cycle.
5. Fill the washer with plain water and run one more cycle to rinse away any residue.

6. Clean the bleach dispenser by soaking it in a bucket of warm water. When the buildup has
loosened, remove the dispenser from the pad and place on a paper towel. Wipe away any
remaining dirt with the use of spray cleaner and paper towels. Dry the dispenser and return
to the original place in the machine.

7. Clean the outside of the hoses with a cloth and spray cleaner.

8. When the washer has completely dried, place its lid back. Mop the floor specially the portion
where the washer stands.

 Wise Tips! 

You may use a vacuum with hose attachment to clean under the washer. Dusts tend to
accumulate in this place. Be extra careful when doing this taking into account the cords and
electrical outlet areas.

Cleaning and storing a sterilizer

1. Remove the racks of the sterilizer. Wipe the interior with a clean, damp sponge.

2. Put 1 cup of white vinegar into the sterilizer.

3. Turn on the sterilizer and allow it to run through its cycle. When the cycle is done, unplug the
sterilizer and allow it to cool down, then pour any remaining liquid down the sink.

4. Wash the interior well with cool water and use a clean sponge to remove any build-up that
came loose as a result of the cleaning process.
5. Plug again the sterilizer and add the regular amount of water you use for normal sterilization.
Run a cycle with just this water. This will remove the remaining traces of vinegar from the unit.

6. Unplug the sterilizer, let it cool down and then pour any remaining liquid down the sink. Rinse
the sterilizer one last time with cool water and a sponge. Put back the racks inside the
sterilizer.

7. When the sterilizer has cooled down completely, place it in a kitchen cabinet.

Cleaning and storing a

sphygmomanometer

1. You may clean the aneroid gauge,

valve, and inflation bulb by wiping
with slightly dampened cloth or
alcohol pad.

2. Integrated One-Piece Cuff: You may

safely clean the cuffs with a damp
cloth (70% alcohol or 0.5% bleach
solution may be used) or washed in
warm water (140°F / 60°C maximum)
with mild detergent.
Before laundering the cuff:

1. Take off the inflation bulb and valve from the cuff.

2. Make sure to close off the end of the tubing with tube plug accessory .

3. Also, close off the cuff port with cuff port.

Laundering the cuff.

1. When using a washing machine, use gentle cycle, warm water, and mild detergent.

2. Completely air dry the cuff and reassemble the components.

3. Keep the unit in its protective case after cleaning/using.

Cleaning and storing a stethoscope

1. If you need to disinfect your stethoscope, you may wipe it with a 70% isopropyl alcohol
solution.
2. Wipe down stethoscope starting at the earpieces (which helps prevent the spread of ear
infections if you are not the only person using it), continuing down the tubing, and ending
around the bell and diaphragm. Take the diaphragm apart to remove dust, lint, or debris and
clean it well before reassembling it.
3. Store the unit in its protective case after using.
 Wise Tips! 
Do not immerse the stethoscope in water or in any liquid. Also, to maintain the good condition of
your stethoscope, do not subject it to any sterilization process.

Cleaning and storing a thermometer

1. Clean the tip of the thermometer by using isopropyl alcohol and water.

2. Wipe away any lubricant from the digital thermometer with a tissue or a paper towel.

3. Store the unit in some protective case when you don’t use it.

Cleaning, caring for, and storing tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are tasks that all
caregivers shall undertake. It is not easy to do these, but with concern for the people and
environment where one works for, doing them seem to be motivating.
As a future caregiver, you should be aware that this job entails dependability on your part. It is
your duty to ensure that all tools, equipment, and paraphernalia are cleaned and stored properly.
In addition, it is your task to observe a maintenance schedule for these. This involves doing the
preservation yourself by using the equipment as it should be. Of course, part of this important
job is to call and arrange for a repair service not only when needed, but when the timetable is set.

Maintaining tools, equipment, and paraphernalia becomes worthy of note because of the
satisfaction a caregiver feels when he/she realizes the valuable benefits of the responsibility.
 LESSON 3
Practice Occupational Health and Safety
Procedures

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of this Lesson you are expected to do the
following:

LO 1. Identify hazards and risks

LO 2. Evaluate and control hazards and risks

Definition of Terms

Assess – to determine the value or extent of something

Contaminate – to make unclean through contact

Crucial – significant to the solution of a problem

Discard – to put away or throw away

Double-bagged– a technique of putting contaminated items/things in a plastic bag and then

placing the closed bag into another plastic bag

Fuse – a device used for protecting an electric circuit

Potential – capable of growth, development and coming into being

Respirator – an instrument that supplies oxygen for breathing

LEARNING OUTCOME 1
Identify Hazards and Risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARD S
 Workplace hazards and risks are identified.
 Hazards, risks and their corresponding indicators are identified in the
workplace.
 Effects of hazards are determined.

Materials

• LCD projector or OHP

• Computer desktop or laptop
• DVD player
• Video clips
 What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 1.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 1.1.

Information Sheet 1.1

HAZARDS AND RISKS

Hazard is anything that may cause harm to an individual, such as chemicals, electricity, open
drawers, and inadequate ventilation.
Risk is the possibility that somebody could be harmed by these and other hazards and the
indication of how serious the harm can be.

Occupational Health and Safety

Occupational Health and Safety is the campaign and maintenance of the well-being of workers in
every occupation. It talks about providing a safe working environment to achieve an injury-free
workplace and a healthy atmosphere that protects every worker against illness. As an effect, it
may also protect co-workers, family members, clients, and other members of the community who
are affected by the workplace environment.

Types of Hazards

Physical hazards are the most normal occurrences in workplaces. They are usually easy to
detect, however, very often are neglected because people are too accustomed to them. Another
reason may be due to lack of knowledge or people do not see situations as hazards.

Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be exposed to:

• Electrical hazards: Even in day care institutions or nursing homes where care should be of
utmost concern, improper wiring and frayed cords may still go unnoticed. Misuse of electrical
equipment also happens in any type of work environment.
• Endless loud noise: If one is going to work in a nursing home, frequent noise from patients
who are suffering from depression is definitely a hazard.

• Spills on floors or tripping hazards: There are times when even

the caregivers themselves do not mind spills on floors. This,
definitely, poses hazard to everyone.

Some of the Effects of Physical Hazards

• Fire
• Decreased efficiency
• Annoyance
• Falls
Biological hazards come from working with animals,
people or infectious materials. This is, therefore, one
of the most common hazards that a caregiver faces.
If one is working in a day care, hospital, hotel laundry,
nursing home, laboratories, he/she may be exposed
to biological hazards.

Examples of physical hazards that a caregiver may be

exposed to:

• blood or other body fluids

• fungi
• bacteria and viruses
• contaminated wastes

Some of the Effects of Biological Hazards

• infections
• skin irritations
• allergy
• Tuberculosis
• AIDS

Ergonomic hazards occur when a caregiver’s nature of work, body position and working
conditions put pressure on his/her body. It is difficult to spot this type of hazard, because
caregivers do not immediately notice the effect to their bodies. At first, sore muscles may be
experienced. But long term exposure to this type of
hazard can cause musculoskeletal problems.

Examples of ergonomic hazards that a caregiver may

be exposed to:

• performing tasks that require lifting heavy loads

• too much bending and reaching
• standing for long periods of time
• holding body parts for long period of time
• awkward movements, especially if they are
repetitive
• repeating the same movements over and over

Some of the Effects of Ergonomic Hazards

• pain in the shoulders
• back injury
• too much impact on wrist and hands
• numbness in some parts of the body
• muscle cramps
Chemical hazards are present when a worker is exposed to any chemical preparation in the
workplace in any form (solid, liquid or gas). There may be chemicals which are safe, but some
caregivers who are sensitive to solutions may cause skin irritation, illness or breathing problems.

Examples of chemical hazards that a caregiver may be

exposed to:

• liquids like cleaning products

• disinfecting solutions

Effects of Chemical Hazards

• Lung diseases
• Difficulty in breathing
• Allergy

Psychological Hazards take place when a caregiver’s work environment becomes stressful or
demanding.

Examples of psychological hazards that a caregiver

may be exposed to:

• ―Burn out‖, fatigue and on call duty

• Unreasonable expectations from patients or clients
• Verbal abuse form dissatisfied clients
• Unreasonable expectations from supervisors and
management.

Some of the Effects of Psychological Hazards

• Depression
• Anxiety
• Loss of confidence
• Loss of concentration at work
• Deterioration of performance at work

Recognizing Hazards and Risks in the Workplace

Hazards and risks vary from one workplace to another. Even in day care or nursing homes
where work routines may be the same, hazards will differ depending on the type of building the
establishment is situated, and the attitudes of caregivers, clients, or employers.

The good news is hazards and risks can be prevented! However, before thinking about what
control measures are needed, first a caregiver has to know whether there are health and safety
problems in his/her workplace. So, how can someone identify the hazards in the workplace?
The following are some ways for a caregiver to determine health and safety problems:
1. A caregiver should observe the workplace.
2. A caregiver may examine complaints from his/her co-workers.
3. A caregiver should check accident records.
4. A caregiver should examine chart on results of inspections done by the employers or private
organizations.
5. A caregiver may use checklists and inspect the workplace.
6. A caregiver may study reports or any other vital information about the nursing home.

Nursing home and day care institution services are of great value to everyone. As such, owners
of these establishments are highly reliant on their staff, particularly the caregivers, for the delivery
of safe, efficient and responsive service. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the management to
ensure a safe and healthy work environment. Every caregiver, on the other hand, should also
take part in determining the hazards and risks in the workplace in the attainment of a conducive
organizational climate within the nursing home or day care he/she is working for.

LEARNING OUTCOME 2
Evaluate and control hazards and risks

PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1.OHS procedures for controlling hazards and risk are strictly followed.
2. Procedures in dealing with workplace accidents, fire and emergencies are followed in
accordance with the organization’s Personal protective equipment (PPE) is correctly used
in accordance with OHS policies. organization’s OHS procedures and practices.

3. Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of workplace

emergencies are identified in line with the established organizational protocol
4. Procedures in providing appropriate assistance in the event of workplace
emergencies are identified in line with the established organizational protocol.

Materials
 • LCD projector or OHP
• Computer desktop or laptop
• DVD player
• PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
- Surgical apron
- Surgical gown
- Medical mask
- Gloves  Paper towel

What Do You Need To Know?

Read the Information Sheet 2.1 very well then find out how much you can
remember and how much you learned by doing Self-check 2.1.

Information Sheet 2.1

EVALUATING AND CONTROLLING HAZARDS AND RISKS

Once you recognize a hazard in the workplace, then you can proceed with risk assessment, that
is focusing on the risks that really matter in the workplace. Evaluating hazards and risks is the
process of determining the level of risk created by the hazard and the likelihood of injury or
illness occurring. Most of the time, simple measures can be done, with no trouble, to control risks.
An example of this is making sure that cabinet drawers are kept closed so that people do not trip.

Needless to say, the concern for control increases as the recognized level of risk increases. A
person identifying the risk of harm or injury from a hazard in a nursing home or day care should
consider these questions:

• how likely it is that a hazard will cause harm;

• how serious that harm is likely to be;
• how often (and how many) workers are exposed.

It is a must that you have a record of every risk assessment done. If a certain accident or
damage happens again, it might be that you will trace back the original records to check if the
assessment overlooked a potential hazard. Assessing or evaluating the hazards and risks is
crucial in making a decision on the mode of control to be used.

CONTROL HAZARDS AND RISKS

It is possible that workplace hazards can be controlled by a variety of methods. Of course, the
very reason why hazards should be controlled is to prevent workers from being exposed to
occupational hazards. Hazard control comes in different processes. But one method may be
more effective than the others.

When we speak of controlling hazards and risks, it means settling on the measure that will solve
the trouble most successfully. There are five major categories of control measures: elimination,
substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment.

1. Eliminating a hazard means removing it completely.

2. Substitution is replacing or substituting a hazardous agent or work process with a less

dangerous one.

3. An engineering control may mean changing a piece of machinery (for example, using proper
machine guards) or a work process to reduce exposure to a hazard.

4. An administrative control may mean working a limited number of hours in a hazardous area is
an example of an administrative control (for example, job rotation)

5. Personal Protective Equipment includes ear and eye protection, respirators and protective
clothing.

Obviously, the best method of controlling hazards and risks is through elimination. That is to
take away or to get rid of the hazard. However, more often than not, this is not possible. So,
employers make use of any of the remaining control measures. The general rule is that the use
of personal protective equipment (PPE) should be the last alternative in controlling hazards and
risks in a workplace. Although it is said that the best method of control measure is through
elimination of hazards, a very good technique for a safe and healthy environment is through the
utilization of a combination of methods.

PRACTICAL WAYS TO PREVENT HAZARDS AND RISKS

A Closer Look at Electricity

• As common sense dictates, you have to ensure that all electrical equipment you use is in
good condition.
• Check electrical cords and make sure they are not frayed.
• Your hands should be dry before attempting to use any electrical equipment.
• Do not attempt to change fuses unless you know what you are doing.
• Do not turn on all appliances at the same time just because you want to save time.

Use of Personal Protective Equipment

Caregivers should religiously abide by the following to

prevent biological hazards from happening:

• Wear gown that is long enough to cover your

clothing. Because the outside of the gown is
considered contaminated, this should not be
touched when it is removed. A gown that is wet
 is, of course, considered contaminated also. A caregiver should wear a clean gown
every client care. In case the gown is not available, apron should be worn to mask
clothing during client contact.
• Masks should fit comfortably over the nose and mouth. The same with a gown or apron,
a wet mask is considered contaminated. The front of the mask is also contaminated.
Masks should not be worn around the neck. For each client contact, a clean mask should
be used.
• Gloves should be used when issue on contamination is present. Also, when a caregiver
has open wound on the hands, it is a must that he/she use gloves. The outside of the
gloves should not be touched when removed as this is considered contaminated.

Gloves

Disposal of Health Care Wastes

In order to reduce the burden of disease, health care wastes should be managed appropriately.
Whether a caregiver is working in a hospital, a day care, or even at home, proper discarding of
medical wastes should be of great consideration.

Human waste products. Obviously, these wastes should be flushed down the toilet without delay
and should not be discarded in the street or in any public places.

Blood and bloody fluids. These must be removed right away. It is best if they can be directly
flushed down the toilet. If clothes are contaminated, they should be washed separately using hot
water and should be dried. Dressings with blood need to be double-bagged in plastic and
disposed of based on existing community or local rules.

Needles (sharps). Sharps should be kept in a container which is not easy to pierce like metal
(coffee can). Some items may be kept while some should be discarded right away. It is
advisable to discuss with the supervisor for the best disposal method.

Medical equipment. If the equipment is contaminated, it should be thrown away. It is ideal that
the equipment be double-bagged and disposed of based on the existing regulations in the
community. Also, this should be discussed with the immediate supervisor as to whether or not
the said equipment can be kept or should be disposed of already.

Proper Handwashing

As you touch people, tables, chairs, books, sinks, handrails, and other objects and surfaces, there is a
possibility that you contaminate your hands. The germs that have accumulated when touching things may
be the means for you to get sick and spread illness to others. The importance of hand washing comes in.
It is by far the best and simplest way to prevent germs from spreading and to keep the people around you
from getting sick. Though it is said that hand washing is the first line of defense against the spread of
illnesses, you should be aware of the proper way of doing it. Otherwise, you may just be wasting your time
doing it because you do not really wipe out what should be eliminated. The following steps will help you in
performing proper hand washing to rid yourself of germs in no time.
1. Prepare your materials before washing your hands: paper towel, bar or liquid soap.
2. Turn on the faucet and wet wrists and hands thoroughly. Use a generous amount of soap.
3. Rub your hands together and between fingers. Be sure to use friction when washing as this
helps in cleaning your hands. Do not forget the surface of your hands, palms, the spaces
within the fingers and above the wrists. Do this process for at least 20 seconds.
You might want to sing ―happy birthday‖ twice slowly to make sure you attained the
minimum number of seconds in washing your hands.
4. Clean your nails by rubbing the soap later through them. If your nails are long (it is advisable
that health care workers do not grow their nails long), use a soft stick or the nails of the other
hand to remove the dirt under them.
5. Rinse your hands thoroughly under running water. Remember to rinse from above the wrist
down to the fingers.
6. Use a paper towel to dry hands and discard immediately.
7. Use a new paper towel to close faucet being careful not to contaminate your hands. This
paper towel should be discarded right away.

Put a Stop to Ergonomic Hazard

Efficient control measures are now being utilized by employers to avoid ergonomic hazards
among health care workers. Manual handling of patients, for example, has become less stressful
due to some paraphernalia being used that facilitate the task. Adjustable height work stations,
improved tool design, and adjusted work pace are now part of a worker’s life. Unfortunately,
ergonomic hazard effects continue to happen. Why? At times, the workers themselves invite
these hazards due to the wrong way they do their tasks. Conscious or not, they have to examine
their work routine and consider these simple rules:

• Avoid twisting the body.

• Bend knees if it is needed.
• Avoid too much stretching when reaching for something.
• Use a ladder when reaching for hard-to-reach materials or objects.  Ask for help from
someone if the task cannot be done by one person.

CAREGIVERS’ ACCOUNTABILITY

A caregiver has to have a sense of duty for her own health and safety at work. He/She has the
responsibility, therefore, to follow safety instructions in the workplace. In addition, he/she has to
use tools, equipment and paraphernalia with care. When hazards or injuries happen, the
caregiver must report the same to the person in charge or directly to the immediate supervisor.
Although a health worker’s concern primarily focuses on his/her safety, he/she has to take all
reasonable care not to put other people at risk. After all, a caregiver gives care not only to the
client but also to co-workers, supervisors, and the people within the working environment.