Ultrasonic Testing Procedure

ULTRASONIC TESTING
PROCEDURE

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CONTENTS

COVER PAGE 1

CONTENTS 2

1 AIM / SCOPE 3
2 DEFINITIONS 3
3 REFERENCES 3
4 SAFETY 3
5 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS 3
6 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION 4
7 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES 4
8 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION 6
9 PRE - TEST REQUIREMENTS 10
10 TEST REQUIREMENTS 10
11 METHOD FOR SIZING INDICATIONS 12
12 METHOD FOR DISCRIMINATING GEOMETRIC
FROM FLAW INDICATIONS 12
13 EVALUATION (ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA) 12
14 RECORDS 13

APPENDIX

A CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES 15-17

B ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 18

ATTACHMENT

UT REPORT FORM

REVISION SUMMARY TABLE

Revision Date Summary

00 20-02-2005 First issue. Logo change.
01 01-08-2008 Technical revision based on ASME code 2007 edition.
02 09-06-2012 Logo change. Technical revision based on ASME code 2010 edition.
03 29-01-2017 Logo change, Technical revision based on ASME code 2015 edition.

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1.0 AIM / SCOPE

This procedure describes the requirements for Ultrasonic Testing on weldments of plates and
pipes (Except TKY joints and category D Nozzle welds), to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section V, Non-destructive Examination, and similar codes.

The typical weldments that are covered with this procedure is limited to a minimum thickness of 10
mm and a minimum diameter of 10” NPS.

2.0 DEFINITIONS

UT Ultrasonic Testing
FSH Full Screen Height
DAC Distance Amplitude Correction
Client with whom Stork-Cooperheat has a direct contractual agreement
Company End User / Owner

3.0 REFERENCES

The following documents shall be referred to in conjunction with this procedure:

GSOP5003, Procedure for Training, Qualification, and Certification of Non-destructive Testing

Personnel (SNT-TC-1A, 2006))
ASNT SNT-TC-1A (Edition 2006), Recommended Practice for Qualification and Certification of
Non-destructive Testing Personnel
GSOP5004, Procedure for Training, Qualification, and Certification of Non-destructive Testing
Personnel (ASNT CP-189, Edition 2011)
ASNT CP-189, Standard for Qualification and Certification of Non-destructive Testing Personnel
ASME B31.1, Edition 2014, Power Piping
ASME B31.3, Edition 2014, Process Piping
API 1104, Welding of pipelines and related facilities.
ASME Section V, Edition 2015, Article 4, Non-destructive Examination
ASME Section VIII – Division 1, Edition 2015, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessel

4.0 SAFETY

4.1 Stork-Cooperheat safety requirements and project specific safety instructions shall be met at
all times.

4.2 The area shall be well ventilated while carrying out the test specifically in confined areas.

5.0 PROCEDURE REQUIREMENTS

Requirements – Ultrasonic Examination shall be performed in accordance with this procedure

which shall as a minimum contain the requirements listed in Table 1.

Procedure Qualification – When procedure qualification is specified by the referencing code section
a change of a requirement in Table 1 identified as essential variable from the specified value, or
range of values, shall require re-qualification of the written procedure by demonstration.

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A change of a requirement identified as nonessential variable does not require re-qualification of

the procedure. All changes of essential or nonessential variables from those specified within the
written procedure shall require revision of, or an addendum to the written procedure.

Table – 1

Requirement Essential Non-

Variable essential
Variable
Weld configurations to be examined, including thickness, dimensions X ---
and base material product form (pipe, plate etc.)
The surfaces from which the examination shall be performed X ---
Techniques (straight beam, angle beam, contact, and or immersion X ---
Angles and mode of wave propagation in the material X ---
Search unit type, frequency , and element size/ shape X ---
Special search units , wedges, shoes, or saddles ,when used X ---
Ultrasonic instrument X ---
Calibration ( calibration block and technique ) X ---
Directions and extent of scanning X ---
Scanning (manual / automatic) X ---
Method for discriminating geometric from flaw indications X ---
Method for sizing indications X ---
Computer enhanced data acquisition, when used X ---
Scan overlap X ---
Personnel performance requirements, when required X ---
Personnel Qualification requirements --- X
Surface condition (examination surface, calibration block) --- X
Couplant: brand name --- X
Post-examination cleaning technique --- X
Automatic alarm and or/ recording equipment, when applicable --- X
Records, including minimum calibration data to be recorded --- X

6.0 PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION

6.1 Personnel performing ultrasonic testing shall be qualified in accordance with Stork-
Cooperheat procedure as referred in item 3.0 herein.

6.2 Personnel having other qualification such as PCN may use this procedure with specific
written approval of the Owner representative.

6.3 Personnel involved in ultrasonic testing shall be qualified to minimum NDT UT Level II.

7.0 EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES

7.1 Equipment

a) The ultrasonic flaw detector shall be of the pulse-echo type having A-scan presentation,
capable of generating frequencies over the range of at least 1 to 5 MHz with a valid
calibration certificate.

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b) Instruments operating at other frequencies may be used if demonstrated and

documented.

c) Screen Height Linearity

The ultrasonic instrument shall provide linear vertical presentation within ± 5% of the
full screen height for 20% to 80% of the calibrated screen height (base line to
maximum calibrated screen points).
Method

Position an angle beam on a calibration block so that indications from the ½ and ¾ T
holes gives a 2:1 ratio of amplitudes between the two indications. Adjust the gain so
that the larger indication is set at 80% of full screen height (FSH). Without moving the
search unit adjusts gain to successively set the larger indication from 100% to 20% of
full screen height in 2 dB increments and read the smaller indication at each setting.
The reading shall be 50% of the larger amplitude within 5% of FSH.

Screen height linearity check shall be performed at intervals not to exceed 3 months
for analog type instruments and one year for digital type instruments or prior to first
use thereafter.

d) Amplitude Control Linearity

The ultrasonic instrument shall utilise an amplitude control accurate over its useful
range to ± 20% of the nominal amplitude ratio, to allow measurement of indications
beyond the linear range of the vertical display on the screen.

The amplitude control linearity shall be performed at intervals not to exceed 3 months,
for analog type instruments and one year for digital type instruments or prior to first
use thereafter.

Method

Position an angle beam search unit on a basic calibration block so that the indication
from the ½ T side drilled hole is peaked on the screen. When adjusting the gain, the
indications shall fall within the specified limits below:

Indication at % of full Control change Indication limits of full screen

screen dB %
80 -6 32 - 48
80 - 12 16 - 24
40 +6 64 - 96
20 + 12 64 - 96

e) The proper functioning of the equipment shall be checked and the equipment shall be
calibrated by the use of the calibration standard as a minimum, at the following
stages:

 beginning and end of each examination

 After 4 hours of operation
 when examination personnel are changed
 at any time the malfunctioning is suspected

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If during any check it is determined that the testing equipment is not functioning
properly, the entire product that has been tested since the last valid equipment shall
be re-examined.

f) The following make and models or equivalent can be used;

 Panametrics / Olympus NDT - EPOCH 5, 4, Epoch III and IIIB.

 Krautkramer / GE USN 50, USM Go or equivalent
 Any other equivalent to the above make and model.

7.2 Probe Units

a) Probe unit may contain either single or dual probe elements.

b) Probe unit with contoured contact wedges may be used to aid ultrasonic coupling. Such
cases, calibration shall be done with the contact wedges used during the examination.

c) The crystal sizes for angle beam probes may be 10 mm diameter or 8 x 9 mm, and 10
mm to 24 mm diameter for straight beam probes.

d) The nominal frequency of probes shall be up to 1 to 5 MHz

e) The sizes and frequencies other than stated in c) and d) above may be used to assure
adequate penetration or better resolution.

8.0 EQUIPMENT CALIBRATION

8.1 Calibration Blocks

The basic calibration reflectors shall be used to establish a primary reference response of
the equipment.

8.1.1 Calibration Block Material

The material from which the block is fabricated shall be of the same product form,
and material specification or equivalent P-number grouping as the material(s) being
examined. Calibration blocks for dissimilar metal welds, the material selection shall
be based on the material on the side of the weld from which the examination will be
conducted

8.1.2 Calibration Block Thickness

When two or more base material thickness are involved, the calibration block
thickness shall be determined by the average thickness of the weld

8.1.3 Calibration Block Surface Finish

The finish on the surfaces of the block shall be representative of the surface finishes
on the components to be examined.

8.1.4 Basic Calibration Reflector

The basic calibration reflectors may be located either in the component material or in
a basic calibration block.

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Basic Calibration Block Detail

(Reference to ASME Section V, T- 434.2.1)
Hole
Weld thickness Basic calibration block
diameter Notch size, mm
(T) mm thickness (T) mm
mm
25 or less 19 or t 2.5
Width = 6mm max.
Over 25 to 50 38 or t 3.0
Depth = 1.6%T to 2.3% T
Over 50 to 100 75 or t 5.0
Length = 25mm min.
Over 100 t ± 25 See Note

Note: For each increase in weld thickness of 50mm or fraction thereof over
100mm, the hole diameter shall increase 1.5mm.

8.1.5 Curved Test Surfaces

a) Materials with diameters greater than 508 mm

For examination in materials where the examination surface diameter is greater

than 500 mm, a block of essentially the same curvature, or alternatively, a flat
basic calibration block, shall be used.

b) Materials with diameters 500 mm or less

For examination in materials where the examination surface diameter is 500 mm

and less, the curved block shall be used. A single curved basic calibration block
may be used to calibrate for the examination on surfaces in the range of
curvature from 0.9 to 1.5 times the basic calibration block diameter.

8.2 System Calibration

Calibration shall include the complete ultrasonic examination system. The original calibration
must be performed on the basic calibration block. Checks shall be made to verify the sweep
range calibration and distance amplitude correction. Checks shall include the entire
examination system.

8.2.1 Angle Beam Calibration

The calibration shall provide the following measurements:

8.2.1.1 Sweep Range Calibration

Sweep range calibration shall be performed using minimum two reflections

from the quadrant IIW–V1 or IIW–V2 calibration block to calibrate the sweep
range.

Example 1: To achieve 0 to 100 mm range using IIW-V1 calibration block:

a) Position the angle beam probe towards the 100 mm quadrant and
maximise the echo response by moving the probe front and back
parallel to the sides of the calibration block, without any angulations.
(Rotation of the beam into the corner formed by the hole and the side of
the block may produce higher amplitude at a longer beam path; this
beam path shall not be used for calibration).

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b) To start with, adjust the initial echo at zero division on the screen.

c) Adjust the first back reflection to tenth division

d) By using delay control bring first back reflection to zero division of

screen

e) Set the second back reflection at tenth division of the screen by

adjusting both range and delay controls

f) Using only delay control, bring the first back reflection to zero scale
position (the initial response need not coincide with zero position of the
scale).

g) Now the tenth scale division of the screen represents 100 mm metal
path in steel.

Note: Figure 2 represents the above setting

Example 2: To achieve 0 to 100 mm range using IIW-V2 calibration block

a) Position the angle beam probe towards the 25 mm or 50 mm quadrant

and maximise the echo response by moving the probe front and back
parallel to the sides of the calibration block, without any angulations, to
avoid beam reflecting from the corner of the block.

b) To start with, adjust the initial echo at zero division on the screen.

c) Set the first and second back reflections to 2.5 and tenth scale divisions
for the probe position towards 25 mm quadrant by adjusting both range
and delay controls. Then for verifying the calibrations keep the probe
towards 50 mm. Now the first back reflection shall be at fifth scale
division.

d) Now the tenth division of the screen represents the 100 mm steel metal
path distance.

Note: Figure 3 represents the above setting sequence.

8.2.1.2 Distance Amplitude Correction (DAC)

‘Reject control’ of the equipment shall be set in ‘OFF’ condition.

a) Position the probe for maximum response from ¼ T hole and adjust the
gain setting to provide an indication height of 80% (± 5% of full screen
height) and mark the peak of the indication on the screen

b) Position the probe for maximum response from ½ T hole and mark the
peak of the indication on the screen

c) Position the probe for maximum response from ¾ T hole and mark the
peak of the indication on the screen.

d) Connect the screen marks for the side-drilled holes to provide the
distance amplitude curve.

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e) Record probe data and equipment settings.

8.2.1.3 When an electronic distance amplitude correction device is used, the

primary reference response shall be equalised at a nominal constant screen
height of between 40% to 80% of full screen height over the distance range
or employed in the examination.

8.2.2 Straight Beam Calibration

The calibration shall provide the following measurements:

8.2.2.1 Sweep Range Calibration

For sweep range calibration IIW-V1 calibration block thickness (25 mm or

100 mm), IIW-V2 calibration block thickness (12.5 mm or 20 mm) or ASTM
basic calibration side drilled holes reflection can be used.

Example 3 - Calibration of 100 mm using IIW-V1 block 25 mm thick

a) To start with, adjust the initial echo at zero division on the screen

b) Position the straight beam probe on the IIW-V1 block 25 mm thick side
and maximise the first reflection.

b) Adjust the first, second, third and fourth back reflections to 2.5, 5.0, 7.5
and tenth scale divisions by using range and delay controls.

d) Now the tenth division of the screen represents the 100 mm metal path
distance in steel.

Note: Figure 1 represents the above setting sequence.

8.3 Calibration Confirmation

Calibration confirmation shall be performed prior to use of the system in the thickness range
under examination. A calibration check shall verify the sweep range calibration and distance-
amplitude correction.

8.3.1 Sweep Range Calibration

If any point on the DAC curve has moved on the sweep line more than 10% of the sweep
division reading, correct the sweep range calibration and note the correction in the
examination record. If recordable reflectors are noted on the data sheets, those data
sheets shall be voided, a new calibration shall be recorded, and the voided examinations
shall be repeated

8.3.2 DAC Curve

If any point on the distance-amplitude correction (DAC) curve has decreased 20% or 2
dB of its amplitude, all data sheets since the last calibration or calibration check shall be
marked void. A new calibration shall be made and recorded and the voided examination
areas shall be re-examined. If any point on the distance-amplitude correction (DAC)
curve has increased by more than 20% or 2 dB of its amplitude, all recorded indications
since the last valid calibration or calibration check shall be evaluated with the corrected
calibration, and their values shall be changed on the data sheets.

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8.4 Calibration Check on Basic Calibration Block

A calibration check on at least three of the basic reflectors in the basic calibration block shall
be made at the beginning , every 4 hours and at the end of each examination or whenever
examination personnel are changed and at any time that malfunctioning is suspected.

8.5 Beam Spread Angle Determination for Angle Beam Probe by 20dB Method

a) Set the maximum amplitude from the ¼ T hole at 100% of full screen.

b) Move probe toward the hole until indication equals 10% of full screen. Mark beam
centre line ‘toward’ position on the block.

c) Set back the maximum amplitude from the ¼ T hole at 100% of full screen. Move
probe away from the hole until indication equals 10% of full screen. Mark beam centre line
‘away’ position on the block.

d) Position the search unit for 100% of full screen amplitude from the ¼ T hole. Move
probe right without pivoting the beam toward the reflector until the indication equals 10% of
full screen. Mark the beam centre line ‘right’ position on the block (when manually
positioning the search unit, a straight edge may be used to guide the search unit while
moving to the right and left to ensure that axial positioning and beam alignment are
maintained).

e) Move probe left without pivoting the beam toward the reflector until the indication
equals 10% of full screen. Mark the beam centreline ‘left’ position on the block.

f) Repeat setting and measurements of ‘toward’, ‘away’, ‘right’, and ‘left’ positions
marked on the block for the ½ T and ¾T side drilled holes.

g) Record the dimensions from ‘toward’, ‘away’, ‘right’, and ‘left’ positions marked on
the block for the ¼ T and ¾T side drilled holes.

9.0 PRE-TEST REQUIREMENTS

9.1 Client shall supply sufficient information to the technician enabling the item for testing to be
identified.

9.2 Datum locations shall be clearly marked.

9.3 The test surface shall be free of irregularities; loose foreign matter or coatings, which may
interfere with ultrasonic wave transmission.

10.0 TEST REQUIREMENTS

10.1 Procedure

Variation from this test procedure shall only be undertaken with the prior written approval of
the Client. Each variation shall be noted on the ultrasonic report and a relevant test
technique or procedure produced, if required.

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10.2 Couplant

10.2.1 Couplant such as Chemetall UCA-2M, Ultragel, cellulose paste or equivalent may be
used.

Couplant used on nickel base alloys shall not contain more than 250ppm couplant
used on austenitic stainless steel or titanium shall not contain more than 250ppm of
halides (chlorides plus fluorides).

10.2.2 Specific consideration shall be given to the service and material of the component
tested. Such considerations shall include, but not limited to oil or ‘raw’ water where
such could be injurious or hazardous in certain applications and materials.

10.3 Rate of Probe Movements

The rate of search unit movement for examination shall not exceed 150 mm / second unless
calibration shall be verified at intended scanning speed.

10.4 Examination Coverage

10.4.1 The volume shall be examined by moving the search unit over the examination
surface so as to scan the entire examination volume. Each pass of the probe shall
overlap a minimum of 10% of the probe (piezo-electric element dimension
perpendicular to the direction of the scan).

10.4.2 For weld testing, scanning shall be done from both the sides of same face of material.
In case both the sides of same face are inaccessible the information shall be recorded
in the report.

10.4.3 The entire volume of the weld needs to be covered, if necessary two or more angle
beams need to be used to ensure full volume coverage.

10.5 Scanning of Plate for Lamination using Straight Beam Probe

For plate lamination testing, using straight beam probe, the area to be tested shall be
scanned in grid pattern. The grid dimensions shall be 225 mm width by 225 mm breadth
unless otherwise previously specified and agreed with the Client.

10.6 Scanning Level

Scanning shall be performed at a gain setting of at least two times the primary reference
level.
When the referencing code requires detection and evaluation of all indications exceeding
20% DAC, the gain should be increased an additional amount so that no calibration reflector
indication is less than 40%FSH. As an alternate, the scanning sensitivity level may be set at
14dB higher than the reference level gain setting.

10.7 Evaluation Level

Evaluation shall be performed with respect to the primary reference level.

10.8 Scanning Surface

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Scanning surface shall be free of weld spatter, dirt and corrosion products. Forged or rolled
surfaces having reasonably smooth surfaces are acceptable.
10.9 Scanning of weld

9.9.1 Scanning of adjacent base metal using straight beam probe

The scanning of the adjacent base metal shall be performed to detect reflectors that
might affect interpretation of angle beam results, and is not to be used as an
acceptance-rejection examination. Locations and areas of such reflectors shall be
recorded.
10.9.2 Scanning for reflectors oriented parallel to the weld using angle beam probe

The angle beam shall be directed approximately right angles to the weld axis from two
directions where possible. The probe shall be manipulated so that the ultrasonic
energy passes through the required volumes of weld and adjacent base metal.

10.9.3 Scanning for reflectors oriented transverse to the weld using angle beam probe

The angle beam shall be directed essentially parallel to the weld axis. The search unit
shall be manipulated so that the angle beam passes through the required volumes of
weld and adjacent base metal specified by the referencing code section.

10.10 Post Cleaning

Post Examination Cleaning

When post-examination cleaning is required by the procedure, it should be conducted as

soon as practical after evaluation and documentation using processes that not adversely
affect the post.

11.0 METHOD FOR SIZING INDICATIONS

6dB drop Technique

Used to size defect dimensions which are larger than the beam, such as the length of lack of
sidewall fusion in a weld. The probe is moved off the end of the defect until the signal amplitude is
reduced by 50 % (6dB). The position of the centre of the probe is then marked onto the material
surface. The probe is now in a position where the beam is half on and half off the defect. If this is
repeated at the other end of the defect then the distance between the marks represents its length.

12.0 METHOD FOR DISCRIMINATING GEOMETRIC FROM FLAW INDICATIONS

12.1 All ultrasonic reflectors do not indicate flaws as certain metallurgical discontinuities and
geometric conditions may produce indications that are not relevant. Included in this category
are plate segregates in the heat affected zone that become reflective after fabrication. Under
straight beam examination, these may appear as spot or line indications. Under angle beam
examination, indications that are determined to originate from surface conditions such as
weld root geometry may be classified as geometric indications.

12.2 The identity, maximum amplitude, location, and extent of reflector causing a geometric
indication shall be recorded.

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12.3 Interpret the area containing the reflector in accordance with the applicable examination
procedure. Plot and verify the reflector coordinates. Prepare a cross-sectional sketch
showing reflector position and surface discontinuities such as root.
12.4 Review fabrication or weld preparation drawings.

13.0 EVALUATION (ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA)

13.1 It shall be responsibility of NDT UT Level II to evaluate and report within the limits of criteria
as per appendix B.

13.2 Examination using a DAC

Any reflector, which causes an indication in excess of 20% of DAC, shall be investigated to
the extent that it can be evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the reference code
section.

13.3 Examination using other than DAC

For examination using other than DAC, evaluation shall be according to the requirements of
the reference code section.

14.0 RECORDS

14.1 NDT UT Level II shall report in the UT report form.

14.2 Reports shall contain the following information as a minimum. This would include (where
available):

a) Client
b) PO / request no.
c) Stork-Cooperheat job no.
d) Line/Drawing/Component and / or joint identification
e) Acceptance criteria
f) Procedure and revision
g) Dimensions and / or area of test
h) Material/weld type and condition
i) Material Surface temperature
j) Calibration block and serial number
k) Test equipment type and serial number
l) Details of probe, frequency and size
m) Remarks/reference Sketches
n) Couplant used and brand name
o) Search unit cable used, type and length
p) Instrument reference gain
q) Calibration data
r) Interpretation and test results
s) Technician name, qualification level, signature & stamp
t) Date of test

14.3 Probe details shall include the type, crystal dimensions, nominal angles and frequencies.
The evaluation sensitivity / reference level shall also be included. The scanning sensitivity /
test level shall be in accordance with item 8.0 herein.

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14.4 The test results shall include details (when available) of the item under test, welded joint or
plate tested, welding operator identification and the outcome of the test as detailed in item
8.0 herein.
14.5 When testing plate / parent material for thickness measurement / corrosion monitoring, any
relevant discontinuity noted shall be recorded and the size and depth from the scanned
surface noted. Any internal pitting or corrosion found during the testing shall also be
recorded.

14.6 Recorded / rejected reflectors shall have the following information noted:
a) Test number
b) Discontinuity type
c) Length of reflector
d) Reference height of reflector
e) Location to datum of reflector
f) Assessment per acceptance criteria
g) Sketches of reflector cross-sectional positions and / or location drawings

14.7 All reports shall be handed over against signature in the pink copy to the Client
representative and maintained at site as evidence for the handover of report. The Original,
white and blue copies shall gat signed by all parties. The blue copy will be on job file, the
white copy for the Client and the original is meant for invoicing. At the stage of handing over
of the report only the pink copy will be at site, which will only have two signatures at that
stage, Stork-Cooperheat and the Client.

14.8 Stork-Cooperheat responsibility shall be limited to ensuring the integrity of the weld or part
within the confines of the ultrasonic test requirements of the governing specification.

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APPENDIX - A CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES

System Calibration
(Refer item 8.2)

Figure 1 Straight beam range calibration

Figure 2 Angle probe range calibration (V1)

Figure 3 Angle probe range calibration (V2)

Distance amplitude correction - DAC (Refer item 7.3)

Figure 4 Construction of DAC curve plot

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Straight beam range calibration

IIW-V1 block range 0 – 100 mm

Fig. 1

25 mm

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Angle probe range calibration

IIW-V1 block range 0 – 100 mm

Fig. 2a

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

100 mm R

Fig. 2b

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Angle probe range calibration

IIW-V2 block range 0 – 100 mm

25 mm R 50 mm R
Fig. 3a FIRST SECOND
ECHO REPEAT

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Calibration
check

Fig. 3b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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+
¼T + ½ T

5/4 T

¾ T +
+

STEP 1: Maximise response from reflectors

STEP 2: Mark each peak on screen

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

STEP 3: Connect marks for curve

Fig 4: Construction of DAC curve plot

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APPENDIX – B, ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

ITEM CODE ACCEPTANCE / REJECTION CRITERIA

1 ASME B31.3 A linear type discontinuity is unacceptable if the amplitude of the
indication exceeds the reference level and its length exceeds:
a) 6 mm (¼ inch for Tw ≤ 19 mm (¾ inch)
b) Tw / 3 for 19 mm < Tw ≤ 57 mm (2 ¼ inch)
c) 19 mm for Tw > 57 mm (2 ¼ inch)
2 ASME Sec Imperfections which produce a response greater than 20% of
VIII, reference level shall be investigated to the extent that the operator
Division 1 can determine the shape, identity, and location of all such
imperfections and evaluate them in terms of the acceptance
standards given in a) and b) below.
a) Indications characterised as cracks, lack of fusion or
incomplete penetration are unacceptable regardless of length.
b) Other imperfections are unacceptable if the indications
exceeds the reference level amplitude and have lengths which
exceed :
 ¼ inch (6.0mm) for t up to ¾ inch (19.0 mm)
 ⅓ t for t from ¾ inch (19.0 mm) to 2 ¼ inch (57.0 mm)
 ¾ inch (19.0 mm) for t over 2 ¼ inch (57.0 mm) where t is
the thickness of the weld excluding any allowable
reinforcement

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