The use of local Scallop Shells as an aggregate on

concrete block

Jay Lourd P. Ramosa,*, Ahriel Hermosoa, Mike L. Roblesa, Jahh Nicca Roblea,
Roxel Torralbaa
a
Colegio De San Antonio De Padua, College of Engineering, Civil Engineering Department
Corresponding Author: * [email protected]

1. Introduction

Marine shell wastes have been popular as recycled material for any type of construction

due to their characteristics which resembles limestone that is similar to cement raw materials and

if it is processed into shell ash cement, it can be blended or substituted with Portland cement for

concrete works, (IRCHE, 2017).

Crushed shells have been shown in recent studies to be an effective aggregate or grit in

concrete and mortars. Grit also has the potential to substantially lower CO2 emissions. Concrete

is an excellent place to start if you want to reduce CO2 emissions from the building industry.

It is present in practically every construction and generates a sizeable 7–10% of the world's CO2

emissions. However, there are more eco-friendly concrete mixtures that include recycled

materials. Alternative sources of concrete aggregate are being looked into by academics due to

the increased cost of exporting raw aggregate material, notably gravel.

Experimental investigations have been carried out on the use of Mollusc seashells such as

Periwinkle shell, Oyster shell, Cockleshell, Crepidula shell, Clam Shell, Mussel shell, and
Scallop shell as aggregate replacement materials in concrete. The seashells were utilized as a

partial or total replacement of fine and coarse aggregates in concrete (U.G. Eziefula et al., 2018).

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of local Scallop shells as an aggregate in

concrete cement which are usually found in the coastal areas around Cebu, Philippines. The

sustainability of making use of sea shell waste will be beneficial to the community and minimize

the use of new sources from the environment. Thus, the problem with sea shell waste will be put

to good use instead of being unregulated.

2. Literature review

Kim Hung Mo(Mo et al., 2018) on the topic of “Recycling of sea shell waste in concrete”

cites that Seashells can be thought of as an inert element in concrete or cement mortar because

their principal component, calcium carbonate, is similar to limestone. Seashell debris, which can

be used as aggregate or powder, has no chemical reactions with cement and merely serves as a

filler. Despite this, the TGA data indicate that the calcium carbonate can be changed into calcium

oxide at high temperatures. As a result, heat treatment may result in seashells with higher

calcium oxide content, which may be advantageous for boosting the reactivity if Pozzolan

cement is included in the concrete. Seashells must be handled and treated properly because they

are typically obtained as waste before being used in concrete. Seashell waste typically contains

impurities; as a result, careful washing and drying must be done before employing seashell waste

in concrete to guarantee that the pollutants are as low as feasible. Additionally, because seashells

have flat surfaces in their natural state, crushing is advised to improve the bonding of the seashell

aggregate with the cement and to lessen the internal cavities that are frequently seen in organic
materials. The findings were compiled and showed that the strength properties were typically

decreased when using seashell waste as aggregate. The primary causes of the decrease in

strength include the aggregate's innately lower strength, the increased surface area, which led to a

loss in cement paste coating, the occurrence of voids, and the inadequate bonding of the

aggregate and cement matrix. Because of this, adopting a high degree of aggregate replacement

with seashells is generally not advised; based on the literature, preferably below 20%. In

contrast, using seashells as powder and aggregate increased shrinkage is brought on by effects

that have on the shrinking due to the increased rate of water loss and lesser restraining impact,

employing seashells as aggregate. Due to its higher fineness than cement, seashell powder

reduces the pores in the concrete and, as a result, helps concrete shrinkage when used as a

cement substitute. There is still disagreement over the impact of seashell waste on the resilience

of concrete, especially when the seashell powder is employed as reinforcement, despite several

tests being carried out in the past. There is consensus on how seashell debris affects concrete's

durability, especially when the seashell powder is used in place of cement. However, several

broad patterns may be seen in the impact of using seashell aggregate on the porosity and water

permeability of concrete. For instance, it was discovered that the presence of seashells employed

as a partial aggregate replacement for certain size fractions equal to regular sand increased

porosity, although the addition of seashell aggregate in plain concrete generally had no negative

impact on the water permeability. On the other hand, it is intriguing to note that the use of

seashell waste in concrete had a favorable influence on the insulation qualities, both thermal and

sound, based on a few documented findings. In conclusion, shells have the same composition as

limestone which is non-reactive in concrete. The replacement of aggregate level should be below
20%. With the slight replacement of the aggregate, there will be a significant change in the

amount of waste that is gone to the waste fill that will be on used as an aggregate.

Monita Olivia(Olivia et al., 2015) discussed “The Mechanical Property of Seashell

Concrete “ they based their study on the seashell native in their region, Indonesia. put in the pan

mixer, dry materials and water were mixed to make seashell concrete. Cement, fine and coarse

aggregates, and ground seashells made up the dry materials. The mixture was continuously

blended until it was thoroughly combined. Compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and

Young's Modulus of Elasticity were measured in 150x300mm cylinders. Flexural strength was

measured using 100x100x400mm specimens. The seashell concrete was cured in the water pond

for 28 days before being allowed to air dry until the testing date. The compressive strength (SNI

03-1973-1990), splitting tensile strength (SNI 03-2491-2002), flexural strength (SNI 02-4431-

1997), and Young's Modulus of Elasticity were all tested (ASTM C469). All samples'

compressive strength increased at 7, 28, and 91 days for both types of concrete. The strength of

the OPC concrete samples was slightly higher than that of the seashell concrete. The effect of the

ground seashell on the compressive strength of concrete could reduce its early strength. This was

most likely due to a decrease in cement content, which could slow the rate of hydration in

concrete at young ages. Lertwarttanaruk et al. reported similar findings. The ground seashell has

less calcium content (CaO) than cement, which causes slow hydration due to process disruption.

However, the increase in strength of the seashell concrete after 28 days was quite significant.

The effect of replacing cement with ground seashells on the mechanistic properties of concrete

was investigated in the study. When the cement was replaced with ground seashell, the

compressive strength of seashell concrete decreased when compared to the control OPC
concrete. The seashell concrete had greater tensile and flexural strength than the control

concrete. Young's Modulus of Elasticity of seashell concrete increased as it aged. It can be

concluded that the concrete containing ground seashell had relatively better tension properties

than the control concrete, but had lower compressive strength and modulus of elasticity.

Seashells will be finely crushed and be used as a replacement for sand which is a 5% of seashell

ratio to sand. The tensile strength and flexural are better than off the control concrete.

(Martínez-García et al., 2019) studied the “Recycled Mollusc Shells” Mollusc Shells will

be in use as an aggregate for the manufacture of concrete. The method of treatment that is used

in this study is heat treatment with high heat at 135° within 32 mins. It also stated in the study

primary sources on this subject. It lists the species type, the aggregate replacement size (gravel or

sand), the size of the shell aggregate utilized, the cleaning procedure each author employed

before using recycled aggregate, the reference, the nation, and the characteristics each researcher

looked at. Periwinkle, oyster, cockle, scallop, and mussel aggregates are utilized, typically in

place of coarse aggregates, and their maximum size is 25 mm. Additionally, certain instances of

utilization as fine aggregate up to a size of 5 mm have been reported. No study has considered

using sand and gravel made from seashells in place of traditional aggregates for joints. The effect

of mollusk shells in concrete properties varies on the percentages of substitution of the usual

aggregates with the shells. In the fresh state, the slump values differ on each marine shell used,

Even though this simply tests the theory, the replacement of 20% of the fine aggregate. The

variation statistics for the slump in cockle shells are similarly very large, demonstrating a

reduction in the values by 85% for 30% replacement rates. On the Compressive strength of the

application of mollusk for all species, the mollusk shells' impact on compressive resistance is the
same. Mollusk compressive strength resistance is similar for all the species, all vary by the

percentage of substitution of aggregate. It is evident that the bigger the percentage of substituted

aggregate, the greater the deterioration of compressive strength after 7 and 28 days. The tensile

strength of the use of residual shells produces more noticeable drops when particles are larger

than 4 mm and the drops are more than 30% regarding its reference. The microstructure of the

concrete is impacted by the use of mollusk shells as aggregates by lowering its bonding between

the shell's nacre layer and the rest of the shell resulting in increased porosity, which impacts the

mechanical qualities.

Christian Varhen (Varhen et al., 2017) concludes in their study, “Experimental

Investigation of Peruvian scallops used as fine aggregate in concrete” that CSS which has been

conveniently cleaned can replace fine aggregate in traditional concretes for a wide range of

nominal strengths, according to chemical and physical analyses. To properly condition CSS,

basic washing and drying procedures are all that is needed. Although the angularity of the CSS

can increase the amount of cement paste required in concrete mixtures to maintain the same

workability, changes in a global aggregate arrangement are the key factor that can overcome this

fact, and workability and mechanical strength can be improved in CSS concrete using optimal

global aggregate arrangements. For sand replacement, coarser CSS than the original sand is a

good option. Furthermore, CSS particles smaller than 1 mm must be avoided when used in

conventional concrete without admixtures. Replacement levels in concrete are determined by the

w/c ratio. As the water-cement ratio rises, a lower level of replacement can be used without

compromising concrete properties, particularly fresh concrete properties like workability.

Regardless of the water-cement ratio, a level of 5% CSS replacement always ensures an

improvement in fresh and hardened concrete properties. For Peruvian scallops with sizes ranging

from 1.19-4.75 mm, a maximum of 40% CSS replacement can be recommended without

compromising workability or mechanical properties of the concrete. This level of replacement

can vary depending on the shell species chosen and its size distribution in crushing conditions.

Benefits Of Using Shell As Partial Aggregate In Concrete(Depot, 2022) Stated Along

with the nation's industry's rapid rise, its needs are also rising. Concrete has become one of the

most important building materials in the developing world as a result of the construction industry

serving as the foundation of the majority of other industries. Cement, sand, and crushed

aggregate availability all affect the ability to produce concrete. To lessen reliance on natural

resources, contemporary concrete technology advances are focused on finding sustainable

concrete materials that provide an alternative. Recycling industrial waste and byproducts make

up a large portion of the alternative materials used in the creation of green concrete. Another

workable approach to the issue of managing seashell waste is to use seashells as building

materials in concrete. Seashells were used as a partial or complete replacement for fine aggregate

and coarse aggregate materials in concrete in trials on the usage of mollusk shells as aggregate

replacement materials. They stated that the composition of the Shell has calcium silicate sand,

aluminate sand, and alumina ferrite to be used in making up cement. Recent studies show carbon

emissions are significantly reduced (CO2 emissions). Crushed shells have been shown in recent

studies to be an effective aggregate or grit in concrete and mortars. Grit also has the potential to

substantially lower CO2 emissions. Concrete is an excellent place to start if you want to reduce

CO2 emissions from the building industry. It is present in practically every construction and

generates a sizeable 7–10% of the world's CO2 emissions. There are, however, more eco-friendly
concrete mixtures that include recycled materials. Alternative sources of concrete aggregate are

being looked into by academics due to the increased cost of exporting raw aggregate material,

notably gravel. Shell on concrete as an aggregate contributes less CO2 emissions.

Brahim Safi (Safi et al., 2015) in their experiment, “The use of seashells as a fine

aggregate (by sand substitution) in a self-compacting mortar (SCM)” used Portland cement

(CEM II 42.5), limestone fillers, river sand (0/5 mm), crushed seashells (0/5 mm), and a poly-

carboxylate-based superplasticizer. The sea shells were recovered, cleaned, and dried in the open

air and a drying oven (100-degree Celsius). Then, the seashells suffered a crushing in a jawbone

crusher and after sieving on the sieve 5 mm. Given that the seashells crushed will be used as a

substitute for the sand, characterization of seashells is necessary to gain more information on

seashells before being used. The study was conducted using the methods of research

investigation. Seashells are based on Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and are also given in the same

table as the chemical composition of limestone (rock). It was noted that seashells have the same

chemical elements as limestone. Indeed, sea shells have a high rate of Calcium oxide (CaO) and

are slightly higher than limestone filler. This proves that the shells have a loss greater than the

limestone fire and it is concluded that sea shells are limestone. It has been shown by several

researchers that seashells (oyster shells) are composed essentially of the mineral calcite, calcium

carbonate (CaCO3) approximately 96%, and other organic compounds. The thermogravimetric

and differential thermal analysis (TGA and DTA) carried out on the seashells and limestone

showed that two (2) endothermic peaks were observed (147.1 and 842.5 degree Celsius). The

first peak is most likely attributed to the free water in the seashells leaving. While the second

peak is attributed to the decarbonization and release of carbon dioxide from calcium carbonate. It
can be observed the weight loss accompanying these two endothermic peaks. The first weight

loss is due to the departure of the free water and the second weight loss is due to the release of

Carbon dioxide (CO2). However, in the Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis of

limestone, it can be observed that the same endothermic peaks were obtained by the seashells at

(146.71 and 832.0 degree Celsius). The mortar composition studied retained in the work is

obtained by the method of concrete equivalent mortar (CEM) developed by Schwartzentrube.

The water–binder ratio used is kept constant at (W/B = 0.45) and the fine-cement ratio is also

kept constant at (F/ C = 0.10). For all the examined mortars, the same protocol is maintained. For

each mixture, mortar samples of 40x40x160 cubic mm were created. These samples were kept in

water at 21 ± 1 degrees Celsius for 2, 7, and 28 days from the day after casting. Under ASTM

C348 and C349, they are used to measure physical properties (bulk density, water

absorption/porosity, and dynamic elastic modulus) as well as mechanical properties (flexural and

compressive strength) after each age. It is crucial to examine the fresh qualities of these mortars

because this investigation used self-compacting mortars. The self-compacting mortars must be

robust as well as very fluid for optimal mortar application (without segregation). Considering

that self-compacting concrete has all of these qualities when it is fresh. The sand substitution by

crushed seashells has slightly decreased the fluidity of self-compacting mortars. However, the

flow recorded for the mortars containing 100% crushed seashells, is of the order of 210 mm

which is an acceptable flow ability for a self-compacting concrete (no vibration, stable, and

without segregation). For each age of hardening, the sand substitution has slightly increased the

bulk density of all mortar mixtures. For 50% substitution of sand by the seashells, gave a flexural

strength of 10 MPa. The reduction in compressive strength of mortars is about 12% compared to

the reference mortar. The dynamic and static elastic modulus (Ed and Es), follow the same trend
as the compressive strength. The obtained value of the elastic modulus is about Ed = 47 GPa and

Es = 21 GPa for a mortar with 100% of crushed seashells.

Irene Garcia (García et al., n.d.) states that the main goal of their study, “Tests on mortars

and concrete made with seashells as aggregate: A case study in Mauritania” was to identify the

characteristics of using seashells to make concrete or mortar, as determined by the latter's

particle size distribution. Porosity and strength-related characteristics were examined. By hand,

without the aid of a concrete mixer or any other auxiliary equipment, the concrete was made on-

site following the usual construction practices in the area. With shovels, the employees quickly

blended it. There was no vibration of the concrete at all. The concrete used to create the beams

and vaults had a compressive strength of 12.1 N/mm2, according to a test conducted by the

LNTP. The analysis done by the IETcc resulted in compressive strength of 22.5 N/mm2, which

is almost twice as much as this value. The huge difference in the results of these two experiments

on concretes with identical mix proportions prompted the decision to further investigate this

concrete, its composition, and its mix proportions. Analyses were performed on the shells, sand,

cement, and water utilized in Nouakchott as well as the tap water from Madrid to ascertain their

chemical composition. The majority of the shells are composed of CaO (51.35%), with SiO2

making up a significantly lesser portion (3.63%); take note of their considerable loss on ignition

(43.37%). The sand's examination revealed that it had a SiO2 content of over 96%. The cement

comprises CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3. MgO makes up 2.26% of its composition as well. The

cement was found to have a substantial loss on ignition (9.46%) and an insoluble residue

(6.53%), both of which indicate the existence of an addition. The water in Mauritania contains a

lot of salts and ions, particularly chlorides and alkaline and alkaline-earth sulfates, which can
have an impact on cement setting times and volume stability in high concentrations. By sifting

the sand through a variety of sized screens, the particle size distribution of the sand was also

investigated. 93% of the particles were greater than 90 m, indicating a fairly coarse grain size.

Laser diffraction was used to ascertain the cement's particle size distribution. The volume-based

results show the diameters at which 10, 50, and 90% of the total number of particles,

respectively, fell. 90% of the cement particles were smaller than 50.73 m in diameter. This

suggests that this is a great sample. The mortars were made using the same mix ratio as the

concrete used to build the Nouakchott school. This mixture has a little amount of cement (6:1)

and a large amount of aggregate. At 1:1, the water-to-cement ratio was quite high. Prisms made

of mortar that were 4x4x16 cm in size were manually blended and pressed into place. The prisms

were dried in a chamber with a humidity level of 90% at 20 ºC. The following tests were

conducted on the mortars prepared; determination of the two- and 28-day flexural and

compressive strengths as specified in EN 196-1, determination of the porosity where two

methods were used; Porosity accessible to water following RILEM recommendation, and the

determination of the total porosity and pore size distribution through mercury intrusion porosity

(MIP). The cement and water ratio can be a factor in achieving the required compressive

strength. In light of the average strength values obtained, it was concluded that the variation in

the particle size distribution and the shape of the shells affected strength. Poor bonding of shells

and the cement mix also contributed to the reduction of the compressive strength. To achieve a

stronger concrete, increasing the cement content in the mix, progressively approaching an

aggregate/cement ratio of ≈ 1:3, gradually decreasing the water/cement ratio to ≈ 0, 5:1, and

breaking the shells to achieve a better bond.

 Allan Elliot Richardson (Elliott Richardson & Fuller, 2013) in their study “Sea shells

used as partial aggregate replacement in concrete” uses A C30 concrete mix made with virgin

aggregates created using finely ground portland cement (PC) (CEM 1), locally sourced marine

sands, and gravel from the North East of the United Kingdom. This mixture was chosen because

it is a structural concrete that is frequently employed in the international building sector. High

early strength is provided by ferrocrete, which is CEM1 (PC) that has been ground to a finer

particle size than CEM1. For each type of concrete, batching was done three times, and slump

tests were utilized to gauge consistency. The droop measurements ranged from 55 to 50 mm. The

slump class was determined using BS EN 12350-2, and an S2 value was defined, making the

mixture appropriate for use in strip foundations or external walls. On the other hand, the

characteristics of the sea shell used are identified. According to Yoon et al. (2003), who

described the characteristics of seashells, a seashell is typically made of calcium carbonate. The

sheet phase layer and porous big layer make up the two portions of an oyster shell's

microstructure. Although the two layers are distinct, they both have a fairly similar chemical

composition, and the sheet phase layer is used to facilitate the growth direction of sea shells

(CaCO3). The mineral CaCO3, which makes up around 96% of all sea and oyster shells, is its

primary constituent. It is important to understand how the calcium carbonate components of sea

shells will interact with cement when used as an aggregate alternative. Yang et al. (2005)

performed X-ray diffraction research and discovered there were no adverse interactions at the sea

shell/cement interface. However, Yang et al. (2005) only examined the replacement of fine

aggregate; this study proposal would close this gap since tests will be conducted on both fine and

coarse aggregate to see whether compatibility is impacted. The various types of sea shells

utilized in the study were lightly crushed to pass a 20 mm sieve for the replacement of coarse
aggregate and a 4 mm filter for the fine aggregate. Flat shell pieces no larger than 20 mm by the

thickness of the shell and no smaller than 4 mm were generated by grading the coarse shell

aggregate. Similar to the sand, the replacement aggregate was graded with a maximum size of 4

mm by shell thickness and a minimum size of 1.18 mm. Everything that went through the 1.18

mm sieve was rejected. All replacement shell aggregates showed significant flakiness due to the

thinness of crushed shells, but elongated shell aggregate was visually identified and removed for

additional crushing before being returned to the aggregate sample. The replacements for the

coarse aggregate and sand were selected to an acceptable dose range. When earlier work was

studied, the lower 10% addition was believed to be at a very conservative level, and the 50%

level was selected to reflect the greatest addition that may produce concrete with commercial

use. Dahunsi (2002) advised the 50% shell/aggregate replacement after concluding that 100%

shell aggregates were inadequate for application in structural concrete. Seashell-based concrete's

tensile strength and porosity were evaluated using the compressive strength test (BS EN 12390-

3:2002) and the porosity test (BS EN 12390-8:2009), respectively. Concrete's primary indicator

is frequently used to be its compressive strength. In the porosimetric test, water was sprayed onto

the surface of hardened concrete at a pressure of five bar to quantify the depth of penetration and

determine the permeability characteristics of the concrete. One cube of each kind was tested

jointly to ensure that all test samples received an equal mean value of curing because the

porosimeter had three pressure cells and the test included three different types of concrete. The

curing began at 25 days and ended at 31 days, giving it an average curing time of 28 days. In

conclusion, sea shells when used as a partial aggregate replacement affected the lowering

porosity at a relatively small percentage of aggregate replacement. This did not affect the

compressive strength. There was a noticeable fall in the compressive strength of the concrete
when a larger percentage of replacement aggregate was used. Despite the compressive strength

reduction, the 50 percent sand replacement displayed a lower degree of water permeability and

this may have a positive impact on the durability of concrete. The use of shell waste products in

concrete construction materials may reduce the impact of human activities upon society by

removing waste streams and improving material properties. The word waste is perhaps not the

best description, because the study has shown that surplus or recycled materials can enhance the

properties of the host material. There are cost savings to be made with the re-use of materials,

and these range from not having to source new materials and not having to landfill or dispose of

them at an increasing cost. Studies about using recycled materials such as sea shell waste

positively influence public attitudes towards the inclusion of waste materials into the

construction process for the general benefit of all.

Bassam A. Tayeh (Tayeh et al., 2019) in their study, “Properties of concrete containing

recycled seashells as cement partial replacement: A review” Mainly focus on the environmental

impacts of cement production which the use of waste seashells and their potential for substituting

cement in part. The different ways that seashells are used are handled to create seashell ash

powder. additionally, the report analyzes test data and makes an effort to link compressive,

flexural, and splitting tensile forces. the results of a strength test. Finally, the study offers

suggestions. encourage future researchers to look into the potential for employing replacing

cement with seashells. This study also states that concrete made with the inclusion of seashell

ash still has acceptable strengths for various structural and plastering applications even if it gives

lower compressive strength. The calcination and grinding of seashells could have impacts on the

specific gravity, reactivity, and surface area of the resultant seashell ash. The optimum
substitution level of cement with seashell ash was found to be 5-10%. Using seashell cement

enhances the splitting tensile and flexural strengths of concrete at lower levels of substitution due

to bonding improvement at the interface of the cement paste and aggregates. Among the various

types of seashells, oyster and periwinkle shells appeared to be the best types for producing

seashell ash. Setting workability and time of the concrete could be grossly affected by seashell

ash replacement. There are still more questions regarding the use of shells in place of cement. To

be resolved for the potential use of seashells in cement or application of concrete production (1)

Thermal and sound insulation properties of concrete made with seashell cement, (2) durability of

seashell cement against acid alkali attacks, (3) resistance to sulfate, (4) resistance to freezing-

thawing attacks, (5) performance of seashell in alkaline activated binders, (6) the optimum

calcination temperature of seashells and the chemical analysis of seashells before burning, (7)

amounts of CO2 emissions in seashell ash powder production process, (8) The blended effect of

using seashellash powder with admixtures, (9) The porosity and water permeability of concrete

made with seashells ash powder need to be further investigated, (10) the blended effect of using

seashells as both cement and aggregate replacements in the same concrete, (11)conducting the

ultra-pulse velocity (UPV) test on concrete made with seashell ash powder and (12) further

investigating if seashell ash powder properties differ depending on the seashell type.
3. Research Methodology

3.1 Materials

3.1.1 Cement

Portland Cement which is commercially available across the country was used in

the experiment. This cement is suitable for all type of concrete construction. The

physical and chemical properties of Portland Cement is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

3.1.2 Natural Aggregates

Natural aggregates used in the experiment are river sand and gravel.River sand is

a high-quality white-grey sand that is commonly used in concrete and masonry

 work. It can also be used for plastering, brickwork, RCC, and other applications.

This sand has a smoother texture and a better grain shape because water is already

trapped within its particles. Coarse gravel is the biggest type of gravel that

features optimum drainage and could support the heftiest of loads. On the other

hand, medium gravel is the type of gravel that is a go-to for the majority of

pavers. It pacts tightly but not as tightly as fine gravel and leaves enough space

for water to drain through.

3.1.3 Crushed Scallop Seashells

Locally found Scallop Seashells in coastal areas of Cebu, Philippines is the

specified variant used in the research. Similar to Oysters and Clams, Scallop

seashells are marine bivalve mollusks. The distinction is that Scallops can swim

by flinging open and shut their shells. They quickly move in a zigzag motion by

snapping their shells together. The majority are tropical, although some are found

in arctic waters. The size of the recovered seashell waste ranges from 8cm to

12cm. Empty seashells collected were washed manually using water and domestic

brushes to remove dirt and any organic matter. They were then sun-dried. No

other washing method or materials were used for cleaning purposes.

3.2 Experimental Flow Diagram

Component A
(Cement, Crushed Seashell, Concrete Specimen Specimen
Mixing
FA, CA, Water) Mixture Molding Output

Cylindrical
Cylindrical Rest Period for
Specimen Curing(Moist)
Specimen (Wet) the demolding
(demolded)

Compressive
Comparison
 Specimen

3.3 Experimental Design

Compressive Strength
X1 X2 X3 Experiment Y1 Y2 Y3
Scallop Seashell (Crushed) Compressive
30% 40% 50%
Testing

3.4 Information Flow Diagram

Y-Values
12

10

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

3.5 Conclusion
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