SMP TRAINING NETWORK

NAME: Gurdeep Singh Sodhi

HLTINF001

Q. List seven times hand hygiene is required in healthcare facilities.

A. Before and after client care, handling food, handing food, before
coming into contract with items used in client care, after coming in
contact with soiled linen or body fluids, after going to the toilet and after
personal grooming, eating, blowing your nose or smoking.

Q. List the steps involved in a routine hand wash.

A. It must be conducted when hands are soiled visibly along with before
and after activities of any infection being transmitted through skin-to-skin
contact, skin-to-food contamination or contract with instruments or other
items. Always using warm water and making sure to rinse from the tips
of your finger to your wrist.

Q. List the steps involved in waterless hand hygiene

A. It is alcohol based hand rubbing. It is used immediately after contact
but also perform a routine hand wash when visibly soiled. It takes total
20-30 seconds
We need to check there is no visibly soiled hands. Removing all
jewellery from hands and fingers.
Without touching the container, squirt the hand rub onto the palm. Using
clean paper towel as barrier between your skin and the container if
necessary.

Q. List the steps involved in a pre-surgical hand wash.

A. Five minutes scrub which includes cleaning of the fingernails as the
first scrub of the day.
Subsequent scrubs of three minutes duration.
Hands are kept higher than the elbows at all times to allow water to run
in one direction only.
The bristles of the nail brush are used to clean the fingernails only.
Arms are washed in circular motion from the hands to the elbows without
returning to the hands.
The antimicrobial soap is used for the first scrub of the day should
continue to be used.

Q. When should hands is washed with soap and water rather than
alcohol-based hand rub.
A. Wash with soap and water when hands are visibly dirty or
contaminated with proteinaceous material, or visibly soiled with blood or
other body fluids

Q. How can a healthcare worker protect their skin from the effect of hand
washing?
A. With the use of an oil-containing lotion or a barrier cream three times
a shift can substantially protect the hands of vulnerable healthcare
workers against drying and chemical irritation, preventing skin
breakdown

Q. How should a healthcare worker care for their fingernails?

A. Fingernails should be kept short, and the undersides should be
cleaned frequently with soap and water. Because of their length, longer
fingernails can harbor more dirt and bacteria than short nails, thus
potentially contributing to the spread of infection.

Q. Should jewellery be worn when providing clinical care?

A. Hand contamination with infectious agents is increased when wearing
hand or wrist jewellery. Rings, bracelets, bangles and wrist watches
should not be worn because they can hinder effective hand hygiene
practices.

Q. State two guidelines for the use of gloves in healthcare facilities.

A. To reduce the risk of contamination of health-care workers hands with
blood and other body fluid
To reduce the risk of germ dissemination to the environment and of
transmission from the health-care worker to the patient and vice versa,
as well as from one patient to another.

Q. When should a healthcare worker wear a gown or waterproof apron?

A. Where extensive contamination of blood / body fluids is anticipated
e.g. maternity units, ED units or when the patient requires a significant
amount of direct care with close skin-to-skin contact, a long sleeved fluid
repellent gowns may be more appropriate. Gowns do not need to be
sterile unless used for an aseptic procedure such as central line insertion
or in an operating theatre.
Q. Can prescription eye glasses be worn in place of protective glasses?
A. Unless prescription glasses have been specially designed to be
safety glasses, they cannot be used as protective eye gear. Prescription
glasses and safety glasses have different functions and purposes. To be
considered safety glasses, they must meet a higher standard of
compliance regarding impact resistance than regular prescription
eyeglasses. Most prescription glasses will not meet this standard of
compliance.
Q. List four situations where the wearing of a mask is required.
Health care workers
People with COVID-19 symptoms
People taking care of someone with suspected or confirmed COVID-19
eople who are 60 years old or older (when social distancing isn't
possible in areas with widespread COVID-19)

Q. What information do cleaning schedules contain?

A. Surface cleaning procedures at the start and end of each day or shift
to make sure the area is ready for use.
Routine surface cleaning done at schedule times throughout the day to
ensure the areas stay clean and meet policies and procedures.
Managing a blood or body fluids spills.

Q. All work surfaces needs to be cleaned to prevent the spread of

infection. What cleaning needs to be completed before wiping with a ph
neutral cleaning solution?
A. Critical areas needs to be cleaned first and later non-critical areas are
cleaned with a ph neutral cleaning solution.

Q. List the procedure for handling, transporting and processing linen that
will assist in the control of infection.
A. In an aged care or health care setting, linen should be placed in a
leak proof bag or alginate bag at the point of generation. Soiled linen
should not be left on the floor or in corridors. The practice of hosing off
gross soiling from clothing and linen prior to laundering is not
recommended.

Q. List the three paths of transmission for infection to spread.

A. Infectious diseases can spread in a variety of ways: through the air,
from direct or indirect contact with another person

Q. Explain what is meant by “the chain of infection”?

Understanding the Chain of Infection

The spread of an infection within a community is described as a “chain,”

several interconnected steps that describe how a pathogen moves
about. Infection control and contact tracing are meant to break the chain,
preventing a pathogen from spreading.
Q. List the five main types of infectious agents.
A. There are five major types of infectious agents: bacteria, viruses,
fungi, protozoa, and helminths

Q. Microorganism is spread through direct contact, aerosols and

penetrating injury. Explain what each mode of transmission is and give
on example for each.
A. (1) the generation of an infectious aerosol, (2) the transmission of
infectious droplets or droplet nuclei from this aerosol, and (3) the
potential for inhalation of such droplets or droplet nuclei by a susceptible
host.

Q. What is meant by the term ‘sceptical host’?

A. an attitude of doubt or a disposition to incredulity either in general or
toward a particular object

Q. List and give a brief explanation of the three methods of cleaning

used for equipment to prevent the spread of infection.
A. Cleaning with warm water and detergent is a process that removes
visual dirt and contamination and in most cases is effective for
decontaminating both equipment and the environment.
The specific disinfectant to be used will be specified in the local
cleaning/disinfection policy or procedure. The hypochlorite or chlorine
dioxide solution will kill both bacteria and viruses provided it is used as
per manufactures’ instructions. Hypochlorite solutions are corrosive and
it is recommended that the solution is rinsed off commodes, mattresses
and stainless steel surfaces with warm water at the end of the process.
Some chlorine dioxide solutions do not need to be rinsed off.
Sterilizing is when all microbes are removed. It can be achieved through
steam dry heat or chemicals. Cleaned items can be placed in sterilizing
cassettes or sterilization wraps.

Q. Explain what is meant by infection?

A. The invasion and growth of germs in the body. The germs may be
bacteria, viruses, yeast, fungi, or other microorganisms. Infections can
begin anywhere in the body and may spread all through it. An infection
can cause fever and other health problems, depending on where it
occurs in the body.

Q. Explain the terms colonisation and disease.

A. Colonisation is when microorganisms, including those that are
pathogenic, are present at a body site (E.g. on the skin, mouth,
intestines or airway) but are doing no harm and are not causing
symptoms of infection.
A simple definition of disease is an ‘illness or sickness characterised by
specific signs or symptoms’. But it is interesting that
some dictionaries suggest that diseases are caused by ‘bacteria or
infections’, seemingly dismissing psychological and non-communicable
conditions as diseases, which is odd given that non-communicable
diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer, make up most ill
health in the world today.

Q. Give an example of a fungal infection and explain how it is spread?

A. Infections are spread by direct skin contact (with humans or animals),
or indirectly from contaminated articles on floors or in the soil. Shared
changing rooms and showers are often a source of tinea, while some
infections are spread by sharing of items such as towels.

Q. Explain what a virus is and give an example of how it can be spread?

A. A microorganism that is smaller than a bacterium that cannot grow or
reproduce apart from a living cell. Once a person is infected with a virus,
their body becomes a reservoir of virus particles which can be released
in bodily fluids – such as by coughing and sneezing – or by shedding
skin or in some cases even touching surfaces.

Q. Explain the term additional precautions.

A. Additional Precautions are infection prevention and control
precautions and practices required in addition to Routine Practices. They
are based on the mode (means) of transmission of the infectious agent:
airborne, droplet, and contact.

Q. List three types of additional precaution used in healthcare facilities

when standard precautions are not sufficient to contain infection.
A. Environmental control, use of PPE kits and Hand Hygiene.

Q. List three types of additional precaution used in healthcare facilities

when standard for people who are carriers in the incubation phase or
those who are acutely ill.

A. To assist in preventing transmission in an outbreak setting, frequently

touched environmental surfaces such as door handles, bathroom taps,
lift buttons, washrooms, phones and tables should be cleaned more
frequently than the routinely recommended daily cleaning. Particular
attention should be paid to toilet seats, flush handles, wash-hand basin
taps and toilet door handles. These should be cleaned at least twice a
day as well as after any high usage times. Surfaces should be cleaned
using detergent and warm water. A bleach solution diluted to 1000 ppm
may be used to disinfect surfaces that are visibly soiled. The
manufacturer’s recommendations for use and occupational health and
safety instructions should be followed when using bleach.

Terminal cleaning of an affected area, unit or section should be carried

out 72 hours after resolution of symptoms in the last case. This takes
into account the period of maximal infectivity of 48 hours plus the
average incubation period of 24 hours for any newly infected individuals
[100]. However, it may be unrealistic to wait for return of formed stools in
all cases. At minimum, terminal cleaning should not be carried out until
at least 72 hours after onset in the last case and 72 hours since
uncontrolled vomiting or diarrhoea with contamination of the surrounding
environment. Terminal cleaning should involve cleaning of all surfaces,
furniture, bedding, equipment and items in contact with ill persons with
detergent and water, followed by wiping with a bleach solution.
Alternatively a combined detergent/sodium hypochlorite solution can be
used as a one-step terminal clean.

Q. Define the term hazard, risk and control.

A. The possibility that harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when
exposed to a hazard. Risk control. Taking action to eliminate health and
safety risks so far as is reasonably practicable, and if that is not possible,
minimising the risks so far as is reasonably practicable.

Q. Proactive and reactive strategies are two methods for assessing the
risk for the spread of infection through direct contact. Explain what each
approach is.
A. A proactive strategy is one carried out to prevent an accident or
incident; for example, implementing processes to identify hazards and
risks. Two examples are a job safety analysis (JSA) and an audit.
A reactive approach to risk identification involves reviewing accidents
and incidents through measures such as report forms and data, as well
as establishing consultation processes such as workplace health and
safety committees (HSCs)

Q. Explain how risk is assessed to determine the level of severity of the

hazard.
A. Risk assessment involves considering the possible results of
someone being exposed to a hazard and the likelihood of this
occurring. ... - How severe a risk is - Whether existing control measures
are effective - What action should be taken to control a risk - How
urgently action needs to be taken.

Q.Give tow example that can leave people more susceptible to infection.
A. Older adults become more susceptible to infections due to several
factors. As people get older, it is more frequent that they have comorbid
conditions, such as diabetes, renal insufficiency and arthritis. Many
comorbid conditions, both the number and type of comorbid conditions,
predispose people to infections.

Q. List the hierarchy of control that are used to prevent the risk of
acquisition for infection.
A. At the very top is the elimination control, followed by substitution,
engineering, administrative, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
You will also notice that the most effective control is at the very top,
followed by substitution on down to PPE, which is the least effective.

Q. How does the immune system assist the process of fighting

infections?
A. The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that
defends the body against infection. The immune system keeps a record
of every germ (microbe) it has ever defeated so it can recognise and
destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.

Q. Why are people with an open wound more at risk of acquiring an

infection.
A. Open wounds are more likely than closed wounds to develop
infections. This is because the break in the skin provides a route for the
germs to travel from the outside to the inside.

Q. Explain how medication and comorbidities can make a person more

susceptible to infection.
A. Often, when people age, there is immunosenescence, which means
that the immune system doesn't function as well or as vigorously. The
combination of increased comorbid conditions and the decrease in
activity of the immune system can make people more prone to
infections.

Q. Why are the very young, newly born, and elderly people more at risk
of infection?
A. The severity of most infectious diseases was found to be at its lowest
in school-age children (5-14 years old). Strikingly, the severity was
higher among young adults in their 20s than among school-age children
for many diseases, including polio, measles, HIV, tuberculosis, typhoid
and meningococcal meningitis.
While adolescents and adults may be exposed to higher doses of the
infectious agent, which increases the risk of infection, the relationship
with disease severity is less consistent, and infectious dose cannot
explain the continued rise in severity throughout adulthood.

Q. List the precautions you would take to minimise the risk of a sharp
injury?
A.

 Eliminating the unnecessary use of sharps

 Providing medical devices
 Incorporating safety-engineered protection mechanisms
 Implementing safe systems of work
 Implementing safe procedures for using and disposing medical
sharps
 Banning recapping
 Using personal protective equipment
 Vaccination
 Information and training

Q. Why is the protocol after exposure to blood or other body fluids so

important?
A. PEP is an emergency medical response given as soon as possible to
reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne pathogens after potential
exposure. It is available for HIV and hepatitis B. Accidental exposure to
potentially infected blood or other body fluids is a medical emergency.

Q. What steps should a healthcare worker take if they have had a sharp
injury?
A. Wash the area gently with soap and running tap water as soon as
possible. Apply an antiseptic and a clean dressing. Obtain prompt
medical advice from your local doctor or hospital emergency department,
preferably within 24 hours.

Q. Why are signs useful for infection control in healthcare facilities?

A. These include recommendations for immunisation, isolation and
disease-specific announcements including influenza. More recently,
hospitals have used signs to simultaneously provide clinical messages,
convey expectations and provide feedback to employees, patients and
visitors.

Q. In order to manage a body fluids or blood spills falsely organizations

will have a blood spill kit. What should a spill kit contain?
A.

 Gloves
 Mask/Safety Shield
 Apron
 Powder
 Wipes
 Biohazard Bags
 Disposable Towels

Q. List two infections that can be spread via airborne and droplet
transmission and what precaution should be out into place to manage
the spread of infection.
A. Anthrax and Rotavirus & influenza and cold. PPE kit to be worn for
droplet and airborne transmission and need to wash hands and sanitise
the areas commonly used or effected.

Q. How can the transmission of infection for aerosols and splatter be

controlled in healthcare facilities?
A. Masks or face shields: Masks and eye wear or face shields protect
health care workers from airborne micro- organisms and any potential
splatter of body fluids. You will normally only use face masks/shields
when cleaning potentially infectious body fluids.

Q. What cleaning process is used to kill bacteria and bacterial spores.

A. A process called sterilization destroys spores and bacteria. It is done
at high temperature and under high pressure. In health care settings,
sterilization of instruments is usually done using a device called an
autoclave.

Q. Are all microorganism harmful and considered pathogens?

A. Most microorganisms do not cause disease and many are beneficial.
Microorganisms require food, water, air, ways to dispose of waste, and
an environment in which they can live.
CHCAGE001

Facilitate the empowerment of older people

Part-1

Q: How will you find out what is to be done about dressing on Mr

Skinner’s back? Who will consult you? What documents might you
consult?
Ans. Staff members should report this to the supervisor and for further
assistance Mr. Skinner surgeon who had done his surgery should be
inquired about his past surgery instructions regarding dressing and
wound documents might be PAC (Palliative Approach Competency)
chart and observation report because he has wound on his back, so
regarding dressing change or position to enhance blood supply and
avoid infection if it is needed.

Q. Thinking about the principles of person centred care and consumer

directed care identify quality of life issues that are important to Mr.
Skinner.
Ans. CDC (Consumer Directed Care) is for both philosophy and an
orientation to service delivery where the consumers can choose and
control the services they get to extent that they are capable and wish to
do. Under a CDC approach Mr. Skinner should be offered opportunities’
to exercise choice and control over the care which he receives. If Mr.
Skinner does want to have shower daily, his shower can be reduced to
3-4 times a week. Mr. Skinner get an opportunity to play darts if he
wishes to. Shower can be replaced with sponge.

Q. At handover to the supervisor tells the staff that a palliative approach

is to be taken to Mr. Skinner’s care. This will mean that his care plan will
be rewritten in your responsibility to found out how hygiene care is to be
provided.
Ans. Under a CDC approach, resident should offer opportunities to
exercise choices and control over the care they receive. Choice and
control may occur in the delivery of daily care activities through the
scheduling activities that are based on resident’s preferences as
these are expressed during care planning. On day to day basis,
communication between staffs and residents is the key mechanism
by which choice may be exercised in care activities such as: walking
and bed times preferred bathing times and toileting.
 a. How can the care worker maintain trusting relationship when
discussing the care plan?
Ans. Effective communication establish trusting relationships between
career and client which promote client independence and wellbeing. It
is also fundamental through the development of an individual plan of
care for client and delivery or that care in the way that is chosen by
client. An organization has policies and procedures that are aimed at
maintaining client’s confidential and privacies.

b. What spiritual social and cultural preferences need to be

respected?
Ans. Mr. Skinner is Jehovah’s witness and does not celebrate birthdays
or Christmas. These preferences need to be respected. Mr. Skinner has
always gone to the pub on Thursday evening to play darts with some of
the English mates. These social media, spiritual and cultural preference
needs to be respected.

c. Identifies a number of enablers to encourage Mr. Skinner to keep

moving.
Ans. One important part of healthy and happy life in old age is
mobility. All in the study about physical enablers have described a
number of physical activities.
i. The most commonly report enable among all groups
expectations that encourage physical activity.
ii. Another enabler was having to work with someone else.
iii. Access to physical activity facilities and programs.
iv. Having medical assistance devices.
v. Having a conductive built environment.

d. How will Mr. Skinner’s physical and mental health benefit from
maintenance of mobility?
Ans. Maintaining physical activities is the part of healthy ageing.
Outcome expectations includes health benefit and a general sense of
feeling better. Physical activity improves brain health. A number of
people said that physical activities helps with blood circulation,
manage weight and helps with back problems.

e. What emotional disabler might stop Mr. skinner from going to play
darts?
Ans. Mr. Skinner has skin cancer and left sided weakness. After
chemotherapy and radiotherapy, he lost all his hair and vomited
several times. So, he feel embarrass due to his hair loss, vomiting
and his physical weakness which might give up playing darts.
 f. How will his quality of life be impacted by a decision to give up
darts?
Ans. Mr. Skinner may be lonely, depressed and reluctant to his
personal care. He can be quite and depressed even feeling devalued.

g. How will the career encourage Mr. Skinner to participate equally in

the provision of his own care?
Ans. Career encourage Mr. Skinner to participate in his own care by
describing him the procedure and prompting throughout the activity,
as he is performing to help him out.

Part-2

a. Research the closet public hospital palliative care service. Where

is the service located? What services does it provided?
Ans. It is Southern Palliative services located at good wood road,
Adelaide.
PALLIATIVE CARE SERVICES
Palliative specialist care team works in consultative role with general
practitioners and other health care provides that these needs cannot
be met by primary care teams.

b. By referring to work of Judi Chamberlain, how can referral to this

service empower Mr. Skinner?
Ans. Judi Chamberlain headed a research project which impaired the
meaning of empowerment. Following characteristics might help to
empower Mr. Skinner:
i. Having decision making power
ii. Having a range of options to make choices
iii. Learning and expressing anger
iv. Not feeling alone, feeling part of a group
v. Coming out of closet

c. How do you feel about June’s actions? As a care worker why

would it be wrong for you to throw away the caps? How could you
empower Mr. Skinner in this situation?
Ans. I feel miserable about June’s action. Sometimes it gets difficult
for family to accept things which are in worsening condition or
disease, a care worker role is to encourage to motivate Mr. Skinner,
not demotivating Mr. Skinner by throwing away the caps Mr. Skinner
needs to be empowered by increasing one’s positive self-image.
 d. Research management of drugs of dependence in aged care
facilities? Explain your duty of care responsibilities in relation to the
administration of drugs of dependence?
Ans. Drugs of dependence are prescription medicines that have
recognized therapy needs but has higher potential for misuse, abuse
and dependence. A multi-disciplinary approach is the development of
policies procedures and medication management process within an
organization which has advisable process within an organization.
Case workers advise consumers that has appropriate storage of
medicines are important and that medicines started in accordance
with any instructions included on label.

e. Research ‘assisting with medication administration for care

workers’ what statements will you expect to find in a policy on
medication administration? What statements will you expect to find
in a procedure to assist a client to take their medication?
Ans. Health Professional Care workers should work together to
manage risks and incidents associated with medicine that use in the
community. National medicines policies are:
a) Promote the quality use of medicines and better medication
management in the community
b) Assist service providers in developing policies and procedures
c) Support involved in assisting consumers
d) Support consumers in managing their medicines
e) Guide in health care professionals in developing and evaluating
professional standards.

Part-3

a. What are Mr. Skinner’s rights in this situation?

Ans. Mr. Skinner have the right to make complaint carer that should
regard complaints as a gift. Because it may provide the opportunity to
improve services to the customers. By using the problem solving
process, it is possible for carer manager and its client to come to a
mutually agreed solution.
b. Discuss steps in the complaint process of Mr. Skinner assuming
that the problem is not resolves until the aged care commissioner
is involved.
Ans. complaints can be lodged by phone, in written or online.
Acknowledge: acknowledge all complaints quickly
Assess: assess the complaints and practice against other complaints
me when service is handling
 Respond: consider giving an apology. Communicate outcomes
promptly
Follow up: check all complaints if these are satisfied with the
resolution. As complaints for their feedback.
Consider: regularly communicate with that complaint which should be
maintained throughout the process.

c. Which people and services are available to assist Mr. Skinner’s to

complain?
Ans. If you have a concern or complaint that you have not been able
to resolve by talking your service provider, the aged care complaints
to commissioner who support you with information and options to
resolve your concern with the service provider. Complaints can be
lodged by phone, online and in writing.

d. Discuss the signs of Elder Abuse?

Ans. Abuse includes both mistreatment and neglect. Abuse can be
physical behaviour, emotional, financial abuse or sexual abuse.
Signs of Abuse:
1) Bruise
2) Burns, cuts or scars
3) Marks left by gag or by some form of restrain
4) Missing teeth, eye injuries or broken bone.
5) Poor grooming
6) Malnourishing or weight loss
7) Poor or lack of hygiene
8) Filth or bad smell
9) Mood swings or depression
10) Sudden fear of a person or place
11) Bed wetting or thumb suckers
12) Suddenly fears
13) Sadness

Part-4

a. How has ageing and illness impacted on Mr. Skinner’s ability to

perform activities of daily living?
Ans. case workers should have discussions about the impacts of
ageing on client’s ability to self-care. Case workers should also be
prepared to discuss the changes within the clients which always
remember the client abilities which should always be supported first.
b. Discuss what it might mean to Mr. Skinner to have ‘a good death’.
How can a care worker help Mr. Skinner to participate fully in
planning for his terminal care?
Ans. The consumers directed case policy has introduced to
encourage active participation of clients. It is our role as a care
worker to encourage active participation. More importantly, however,
we must not prevent active participation unless there has assessment
which indicate that the client will be harmed if they participate. If a
woman with severe osteoporosis wants to go to bungee jumping, then
obviously staff would be neglecting their duty of care by allowing
participation. It is also likely that the operator would not allow
participation fear of legal action in the event of harm to the
participants. However, some women should also go for motor bike
with their son.

c. What aids Mr. Skinner use when he first returned from hospital?
Why did he need them?
Ans. Mr. Skinner returned to the facility with dressing on his back. He
is feeling nausea and after his return he has vomited several times.
So Mr. Skinner needs help with his all-day activities. His back needs
to be assessed and repositioned regularly to improve blood supply
and avoid infection control.

d. What aids would Mr. Skinner need when he was showering?

Ans. Mr. Skinner needs an assistance with his shower. Mr. Skinner
needs to be asked if he needs shower or bed bath. During shower, a
chair is needed. Soap free procedure needs to be used and shaving
products need to be used if it is required. Bath mat and clean towel
also needed.

e. Identify actual and potential risks to Mr. Skinner as he becomes

bedbound. How would you explain these risks to him? How can
you use your knowledge of the consequences of ignoring the risk
to help Mr. Skinner understand his capabilities.
Ans. These risks established by looking at profitability of harm
happening and the severity of the harm.
High risk activities require greater thoughts, care and skill level on the
part of the care workers.
Older clients like Mr. Skinner injured more easily than young. They
are prone to infection and to place themselves in danger because of
cognitive deflects.
 f. What aids might be useful as Mr. Skinner enters the terminal
phase of cancer? Explain your choices?
Ans. Following are the aids which might be helpful in terminal phase
of cancer:
1) Communication
2) Co-ordination
3) Control of symptoms
4) Continuity including out of hours
5) Continued learning
6) Care in the dying phase
Palliative care includes all these aids and strategies which will
helpful for Mr. Skinner for his terminal phase of cancer.

CHCCOM005
Communicate and work in health and community services

Assessment

a. Do you speak clearly or do you mumble some of your words?

Ans. Most of the time, I use correct grammar and pronunciation when
I speak in front of clients, family members and other staff.

b. Is your speech tones flat, fast, high or low pitch, loud etc?
Ans. One of my friend told me that I have effective communication
skills and easily understand what is said by m family or friends.

c. Do you use slang?

Ans. No do not use slang.

d. What kind of non-verbal cues do you use – body language when

talking, facial expressions, hand movements, etc? Do your verbal
and non-verbal cues match?
Ans. Residents who have deficit in hearing, vision or cognitive ability
to use non-verbal cues.

e. Do you respect personal space?

Ans. I maintain space in personal and public areas. If we get too
close to a person we may invade their personal space and it may
cause discomfort.
 I. List the feedback that needs to be adapted to communicate
effectively with client in care.
Ans. Learn to pronounce the resident’s name, try to learn simple
greetings and key words in his/her language, for example: hello
and goodbye, please and thank you. Also learn about cultural
factors which might help us to understand and take care of
resident. Allow residents for the time to explain that what they
want. Check what you think to understand by repeating it as
question. Be imaginative in trying to interpret gestures and body
language.
o Use whatever resources are helpful and acceptable to the
resident: facial expressions, gestures, pictures, photos, objects or
a dictionary.
o Use interpreters if they readily available and consult family
members where appropriate.
o Use smiles, laughter, touch and words to communicate our
interest and concern for the resident’s wellbeing.

II. From the feedback you received, outline how you will adjust
your communication style to assist with effectively
communicating with clients in a residential setting.
Ans. I will use verbal and non-verbal communication skills with
residents and try to speak particular speech voice, because if we
will not improve our mistakes, then it will create trouble with
workers and clients.

Case Study-1

i) How will you know that Mrs. Smith understands you?

Ans. We understands Mrs. Smith by facial expression, eye contact
and touch. It includes body language, gestures, written and any other
communication which is not spoken. The only exception is sign
language, which is considered as a form of verbal communication.
o Body language: gestures, facial expressions, eye contact,
postures and touch.
o Signing: sign language used by the deaf community.

Case Study-2

i. Should you tell Bill that he was shown the dining room yesterday?
Explain your answer.
 Ans. Care workers cannot covey message to bill with the proper
manner and that is:
 The verbal part of communication may be aggressive, fast,
slow, shaky or steady.
 Other reason like lack of communication skills or different
backgrounds for language of clients.

ii. Explain what you will do to ensure that Bill reaches the dining room
to eat his meal.
Ans. We should speak softly and confidently with bill and explain him
about that where dining room is and take him to dining room.

Short Question Answer

i. List 6 different health care disciplines that could make up a
health care team?
Ans.
1) Clients resident
2) Co-workers
3) Management
4) Family members
5) Other organizations
6) Volunteers

PROJECT-1

 Verbal Communication – This is the main form of communication

between the people as it uses the spoken words.

 Clear Speech – Speaking clearly is essential, particularly when

working with service users, who have difficulties when receiving or
giving messages. Speaking clearly allow instructions to be
absorbed, understood and if hearing or learning difficulties are
involved. Then some service users can lip-read or use body
language to gain further understanding.

 Selection of appropriate language – language can be classed as

formal, informal and is used in various ways with different people.
For example: making a complaint, having interview or speaking to
a teacher that would require formal language, which contains the
correct terminology. We may speak to someone by calling Mr. or
Mrs. To them. On the other hand, when arranging a night out with
 friends or chatting with immediate family that may use shortened
words, slang and relaxed terminology.

 Age-appropriate language – This means using language that can

be understood by the person to whom we are communicating with.
Talking to a group of reception children about how and why they
should clean their teeth and would not be valuable. If the medical
terminology and long sentences were used. They would
understand the better concept, if shorter words and pictures were
used.

 Non-discriminatory use of language – Conversation topics can be

a source of misunderstandings and tensions such as jokes.
Humour differs between people and cultures, that might be funny
to one person or might not be necessarily funny to someone else.
For example, jokes about religion might not be unusual but can be
offensive to a person with strong religious beliefs.

 Pace, Tone and Pitch – To communicate effectively, we also need

to pay careful attention to the way we speak. Tone of voice can
conveys the different feelings. It is possible to say the same words
in a different tone or pitch of voice, perhaps with a slight emphasis
on some words rather than others and conveys a different
meaning. Don’t rush, as information can lost if we speak too
quickly. If the person is hard of hearing, or has a language other
than English as a first language or if we are speaking to a child. In
most cases, we will speak more slowly to ensure these people who
understands you – they all have the different barriers of
communication.

 Active listening skills – Active listening is about being involved in

listening and asking questions. If someone is learning away from
other person, gazing around, looking bored. If he or she is not
listening to it. Active listeners check out that what they have heard.
They may ask questions to clarify a point or may nod to give
encouragement to the speaker.

 Postures – Posture is a part of body language and gives an

indication of the person with whom you are interested, ill and
cannot hear you. Individuals who are in a slouched position with
head in their hands can give us many signals as to their feelings.
  Facial expressions – Facial expressions tells that what people are
thinking even they do not realize it. Sometimes what we say is
contradicted by what our body language is saying because the
body language does not lie and gives a true reflection of what are
thinking. Many people feel this instinctively.

 Eye contact – Eye contact is very important when communicating.

As it lets receiver know that we are listening, showing an Interest
and understanding messages. Lack of eye contact could means
that the receiver is not hearing you, so we may need to consider
technologies to help with this.

 Appropriate use of touch and personal space – Touch or contact

can be very comforting, but we must have to be careful to use
touch respectfully and appropriately. For example, if a person may
be clearly upset and we might feel like giving the individual a
comforting hug as we would with a friend or relation. Sometimes,
touch can be misunderstood. Especially if someone is from a
different culture. In some cultures, men and women do not touch,
even to shake hands. Always ask first, what service users would
you like to do and also tell them how you will need to touch them
before you to do so.

 Gestures – Gestures are the signals which are used within our
body to convey messages. Gestures can be seen a lot when
heated discussions are taking place and the messages are
important. Some gestures such as signals are universally
recognised. Different gestures can be offensive from culture to
culture. Not all gestures are universally recognized.

CHCCCS011

Meet Personal Support Needs

1) What should you do about all this?

Ans. I will ask her about the reason that why she is not enjoying her
meal. I will ask her what she likes to eat for next time. we can provide
her favourite food. I will encourage her to eat.

2) What should you do about all this?

 Ans. I will try to wake him up before breakfast and if he still doesn’t
want to wake up. Then I will ask him that when he wakes up call the
buzz and I will make a hot cup of coffee for him. So he can enjoy his
hot drink.

Activity 17

1.Name 2 activities of daily living that are difficult when a person has
poor mobility?
Ans.
 showering, sponging etc.
 toileting

2.Name 2 benefits of walking?

Ans.
 Keep bones strong
 Preserve muscle mass and strength

3.State 3 things the carer can do to ensure the safety of a client who
is using walking aid?
Ans.
 Check the walking aid is in good order
 Brakes are working
 Make sure that tyres are in good condition for ease of pushing
and more comfortable ride.

Activity 18

You have been asked to check Fred’s walking frame and Mary’s stick to
ensure that they are in good order. Explain what you are checking?
 Breaks should be working
 Wheels are properly managed
 Foot pad should be there to support their feet

Activity 19

i. List 5 features of a hospital bed.

Ans. A hospital bed is a that bed which is specially designed for
hospitalized patients or others in need of some form of health care.
These beds have special features both for the comfort and well-being
of the patient and for the convenience of the health care workers.
 Common features include adjustable height for the entire bed, head,
and the feet with the adjustable side rails, electronic buttons to
operate both the bed and other nearby electronic devices.

ii. List the 3 things to always do when looking after a client in a

hospital bed?
Ans.
 Ensure that the brakes have been applied
 Adjust the height of the bed to protect your back
 Before leaving, adjust the bed to meet the needs of the client.

iii. List 5 general principles of bed making.

Ans.
 A well-made bed should be neat, comfortable, free of wrinkles,
and readily adaptable to the specific needs of an individual
patient.
 When making a bed, use good body mechanics and make each
movement purposeful
 Handle all linen in order to reduce dust and spread of
microorganisms. Do not shake or fan out the clean or soiled
linen. Hold the soiled linen away from your uniform and place it
in the laundry hamper.
 Provide clean blankets for each new hospital patient. Use
cotton blankets for safety and economy of laundering
 Following Army Medical Department Policy, use plastic
protective cover on all mattresses and pillows.

CHCCCS015

Provide Individual Support

i. Make a list of the help Mrs. Solin may need from a care worker.
Ans. Mrs. Solin required to help the activities of daily living which
includes:
 Dressing, undressing
 Washing
 Mobility
 Assistance to maintain healthy skin and prevent change
 Social lifestyle: cultural and spiritual

ii. What abilities does she have?

Ans. She can walk a few steps with the help of wheelchair.
iii. How can the care worker provide support for Mrs. Solin while
expecting her wishes and helping her to feel independent?
Ans. The care worker provide support to Mrs. Solin according to her
condition with understanding of the healthy body and lifestyle and
how ageing and arthritis impacts a person’s activities of daily living,
independence, social network and relationships.

iv. Identify a problem that Mrs. Solin has that you do not have the
skills and training to manage?
Ans. Mrs. Solin has been suffering from arthritis as a consequence
she had pain and weakness in her joints like hips, knees and ankles.
So she used walking belt or lifting sling for moving one place to
another. Staff have not proper trained then she/he need more training
so that they feel more confident regarding their job responsibility.

v. Why have you chosen this problem?

Ans. Because in this situation staff should not hurt to client with
physically or psychologically because she already suffering from
worse pain. So proper training is must to manage her physical pain.

vi. Who should be involved in creating the care plan?

Ans.
 The supervisor
 Client
 Care worker and other relevant team
 RN

vii. The nursing process is used to plan and implement care of Mrs.
Solin. How does the care contribute to the nursing process?
Ans. The role of the staff worker to contribute in nursing process and
implement the plan to put into practice all of the strategies for the care
which are documented in the plan of the care moreover report on the
effectiveness or the lack of effectiveness. The care worker will use
the plan of car to deliver care to Mrs. Solin which is planned by her
and supervisor.

viii. Mrs. Solin becomes angry when care workers prevent her from
attending some activities because they think that she is too
weak. What ae Mrs. Solin rights in this situation? What should
she do if management fails to remedy the situation?
Ans. Mrs. Solin have the right to complian against the staff workers if
she is not satisfy with their sevices. She can complaint to supervisor
and sometimes complaint can’t be resolved by the service provider or
 supervision then she has the right to contact the age care complaints
commissioner. This is a free service for aged clients.

Question part 2

ix. What other strategies should you use to keep her trust?
Ans. In developing a trust and effective relationship with clients, we
have to follow these things:
 Introduce yourself
 Knowing and remembering to use the client preferred name
strategies will assist.
 In making them feel at ease with you
 Using a respectful tone of voice
 Asking your client how they would like things to be done
 Respecting the clients home and environment
 Respecting the client’s personal belongings
 Providing privacy for dressing and undressing
 Being sensitive to the clients cultural and spiritual and sexual
needs
 Respecting the clients right
 Maintaining an effective working relationship with the client’s
family, friends or advocates.

x. Mrs. Solin needs 2 people to assist with transfer and walking. What
can you do to help to maintain the mobility that she has? The policy
manual at you facility states that the staff are not allowed to use
walking belts with residents. What can be done to accommodate
Mrs. Solin wishes?
Ans. Mrs solin need 2 people to assist with transfers and walking because she
feels pain and weakness due to arthritis so sling lifter is used by two person
one move the lifter end other provide support to the patient. Moreover on
walker both people help her to stand and give proper position one move the
walker other provide physical support to prevent falling to her. It facilities are
not allowed to using walking belts with residents we can use other lifters like
sling lifter and wheelchair to move Mrs. Solin from one place to another.

Case Study
1. List the people who need to be involved in developing the individual
plan.
Ans.
 Supervisor
  Care worker
 Dietician
 Pharmacists
 Psychiatrist
 Doctor

2. List 5 problem she has.

Ans.
 Depression
 Hypersonic
 Lack of physical activities
 Instinctual disability
 Apathetic

3. In which part of her life is she showing a positive attitude?

Ans. She is showing positive attitude for surfing internet and gain
knowledge from different websites.

4. What can you do to implement the plan to address your 5 identified

problems and promote her positive attitude?
Ans. We can report to our supervisor about her condition and report on the
effectiveness and lack of effectiveness to promote her positive attitude.

5. Jo asks you what she can do if she doesn’t like a care worker. What is
your reply?
Ans. No, It is not part of my job if we were not there for your help then you
can call supervisor or director of your age care facility to tell your problem if
not resolved by staff members.

6. You have tried to get to start bowling again but she says that she is not
going to there ever again what is your response?
Ans. Encourage the patients to do any activities and enhance her confidence
and say that you can play and win if you will try to start bowling.

7. Jo asks you to take her to the pub because she wants to pick up a block
of the right what is your response.
Ans. Mrs. Jo has been suffering from the mental problem or depression, so
care worker should ignore in this type of conversation and provide
psychological support to client and tell her about disadvantages if she will
go outside from the care.
8. How does your response enhance the trust between you and Jo?
Ans. Positive communication and be considerable and respectful at all time
and enhance the trust between me and Jo.

9. Jo used to put on maker pond you have convinced her that it would be
fun if you were to help her yet made up. Research if necessary and if
the item required applying makeup, including eye makeup.
Ans.
 Brushes
 Eye shades stick
 Sponge

10. Jo’s mom is worried that she is not eating what information might she
have that could help to stimulate jo’s appetite.
Ans. She has information about her daughter to stimulate appetite from
care worker which is provided by diet according to dietician plan.

11. Jo doesn’t do any house work but she likes to her house to be clean
and tidy, she tells that she didn’t know where to start. How can you
help her?
Ans. We will provide help for maintain furniture in proper place and avoid
any furniture in the walking way to prevent any injury and also help for
cleaning her room as well as help to start cleaning from less dirty place.

12. Jo has a large scar on her head and mouth of her hair is missing. She
pretends that she has cancer and now has to wear a scarf because her
hair won’t grow back. Her friend tells you that they don’t believe her
about the cancer. What do you say to them and why?
Ans. It is necessary to loss her hair due to cancer as say on her head, her
hair can be loosed due to other problem like she already suffering from
depression or lack of nutrition. So it can be the reason behind the loss hair.

13.Jo still talks about dying although she is starting to do more of her
favourite activities. What will you do?
Ans. We will encourage going to her favourite activities because it will help
away from her negative through which is dymy or she can’t enjoy life the
way she used to.
 14. Jo has started to eat more regularly she tells that she looks forward to
the days that you are her care worker you always come on time not
like that other one. What do these things tell you about the standard
of your work? Explain.
Ans. As a care worker standard of work which includes:-
 Training that the worker has received
 Law and regulation
 Particulates relating to the situation
 Needs of others in the situation
 Current trends in the industry
 Community values and attitudes

15. Jo is still not going to bowling. Who should you talk to about this? Do
you think she should make the offer to go? Explain.
Ans. May be her mother or other career tell her current condition but if we
look at Jo she take efforts to going to bowling but she cannot play properly
due to weakness or psychological problem or due to look of interest in any
activities.

16. How do you report to your supervisor about problem and successes
with the implementing the plan?
Ans. We will provide report to our supervisor by orally or writing. According
to her like dislike of effectiveness or lack of effectiveness.

17. How are written records kept safe?

Ans. We will write record kept safe in files or hand-disk and save on
computer with client name and ID number.

18. How is verbal exchange kept confidential?

Ans. We will communicate with client and other staff with positive and
other staff with positive and respectful way as well as use proper language
which is comfort with client and others.

CHCAGE005
Provide Support for People with Dementia

Short Question Answer

1. Provide a brief description of the following types of dementia.
Ans.
Alzheimer’s disease: Alzheimer’s disease is a physical brain disease that
cause dementia, resulting in impaired memory, thinking behaviour. This
disease is characterised by two abnormalities in the brain. Which are
amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
Dementia with Lewy bodies: This is a common neurodegenerative disease
of ageing. This disease cause gradual brain damage. For reasons not fully
understood, it occurs when there is an abnormal build-up of a protein
called alphasynuclien in brain cells.
Vascular dementia: Vascular dementia is a general term describing problem
with reasoning, planning, judgement, memory and other thinking skills that
are significant enough to interfere with daily social or occupational
functioning.
Frontotemporal dementia: FTD is a progressive damage to the frontal and
or temporal lobes of the brain. This damage can lead to difficulty
recognizing objects or understanding or expressing language FTD is
sometimes called front temporal lobar degeneration.
Alcohol related dementia: This dementia describes a syndrome involving
impairments in thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday
task. Excessive alcohol consumption for many years can sometimes result in
brain damage.
Huntington’s disease: Huntington’s is an inherited disease that cause the
progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain. Huntington’s disease has
a board impact on a person’s function abilities and usually result in
movement, thinking and psychiatric disorders.
Parkinson’s disease: A slowly progressive neurologic disease that is
characterized by a fixed inexpressive face, tremor at rest, slowing of
voluntary movements, gait with short accelerating steps, peculiar posture
and muscle weakness.

2. Explain the term ‘younger onset dementia’.

Ans. The term younger onset dementia is used to describe any form of
dementia that develops in people under the age of 65. It appears when
people are more likely to be employed fulltime, be raising a family or be
financially responsible for a family.
3. Describe how amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause
dementia.
Ans. Amyloid is a general term for protein fragments that the body
produces normally. Plaques are abnormal clumps of a protein called beta
amyloid and are found outside the neurons and neurofibrillary tangles are
insoluble twisted fibres found inside the brain cells. Plaque and tangles
cause dementia as plaque disrupt the neurotransmitters within the synapse
which prevents transmission of messages and tangles disrupts the transport
of nutrients within the neuron that leads to the cell death.

4. What is a ‘person centred approach to care’?

Ans. Person-centred approach is a way of thinking and doing thinks that
sees people using health and social services as equal partners in planning
developing and monitoring care to make sure it meets their needs. It is
about to identifying personal feelings, beliefs or attitudes that improves
caring relationships.

5. Briefly describe 5 signs of abuse or neglect.

Ans.
 Fearful and anxious behaviour
 Withdrawal or depression
 Confusions over finances
 Poor personal hygiene
 Inadequate nutrition

6. Briefly outline how he dementia can affect communication.

Ans.
 Difficulties finding word to communicate
 Not understanding what other said and misinterprets the message
 They may talk fluently but nor making sense what they said
 Being unable to read and write
 They may get ignored by other people
 Difficulties of expressing emotions appropriately

7. Explain how you can encourage and assist the person with dementia to
maintain the level of independence?
Ans.
 Assist them to do different activities
 Encourage them to get socializing
 Assist them to do household duties
 Encourage them to do some physical and mental exercises
 Encourage them to dressing and undressing themselves
 Assist them to involve in spiritual activities
 8. Provide a brief description of 5 behaviours of concern.
Ans.
 Social with drawl
 Verbal disruption
 Repetitive action or questions
 Sexually inappropriate behaviour
 Refusal to accept services

Brochure preparation:

1. Briefly describe the changes in cognitive functioning that can be

associated with dementia.
Ans.
Brain injury: the damage of nerve cells caused by accidents or other
traumatic factors could cause permanent loss of motor function, speech
etc. As we know, brain injury is the damage to cerebral tissues caused by
accidents, traumas, etc. Since the brain cells are the most sensitive to
shortage of blood and oxygen supply so that any injury to brain can cause
dementia.
Alcohol: Excessive consumption of alcohol over may years can sometimes
result in brain damage that produces symptoms of dementia. Alcohol
related dementia may be diagnosed when alcohol abuse is determined to
be the most likely cause of dementia symptoms. This can affect memory,
learning, reasoning and other mental functions, as well as personality,
mood and social skills and this problem that usually develops gradually.
Cognitive function: Dementia is also associated with cognitive functioning.
These are some changes in cognitive function which is associated with
dementia.
 Memory loss
 Unable to make decisions
 Communication difficulties
 Inability to plan something
 Not being able to express their feeling
 Losing the best memories

2. Briefly explain 5 possible impacts of the progression of dementia on

the person, their family and friends.
Ans. The impacts of the progression of dementia on the person, their family
and friends.
 a. Cognitive impacts:
 Difficulty in recognizing people and places
 Difficult in finding the way to home
 Poor memory, concentration, attention
 Easily confused and muddled
b. Functional impacts:
 Difficulty in completing the everyday tasks and activities of independent
living
 Problem following social cues
 Slower reaction
c. Behaviour impacts:
 Loss of social skills
 Over active response to changes or stimuli in the environment
 Repetitive behaviour patterns
 Physical or verbal aggression
d. Psychological impacts:
 Irritability
 Mood swings
 Anxiety
 Loss of motivation

Research 1

Read the section 1.5 planning and leadership and briefly outline the key
areas that guide and enables high quality of dementia care to be delivered.
Ans. The key areas guide and enable high quality dementia care to be
delivered. Does the organization have a clear person centered model of
dementia?
Is this evident in the day to day care delivery?
Is there on-going assessment of residents and review of the delivery of care?
Is there a plan for improvement or future development that encompasses high
quality dementia care?

Case Study:
1. a. Explain to sure what frontotemporal dementia is and the part of
the brain affected?
Ans. I will explain to sue that, frontotemporal dementia is damage of
frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. If affects the brain and brings so
many changes like:
a. Fixed mood and behaviour, appearing selfish and unable to adapt to
new situations
b. Change the personality
c. Lack of motivation, abandoning hobbies or avoiding social contact
d. A decline in self-care and personal hygiene
e. Distractibility and impulsiveness
f. Difficulties in judgemental, organization and planning

b. Explain to sur the symptoms ad changes she may notice in her mother.
Ans.
 Being unable to decide what she is going to buy
 Inappropriate decisions
 Unusual dressing up
 Communication difficulties
 Not being able to decide about cooking

c. Explain the impact that dementia can have on sue?

Ans.
 Communication difficulties
 Unable to make decisions
 Inappropriate behaviour
 Aggressive

2. a. how will you demonstrate person-centred care when attending to

Mary’s need?
Ans. Understanding to what is happening to Mary is critical and knowing
how to respond to her is vital. I will approach Mary in calmer manner to
help reduce the sense of confusion anxiety and frustration due to dementia.
I will value and respect Mary regardless of her cognitive ability and make
sure not to discriminate her due to her condition. I will treat Mary as an
individual since everyone is very different ad has her own unique history,
personality, belief system, range of experiences, physical and mental health
status. I will look at the world through her eyes of Mary. I will provide social
environment that supports psychological needs. I will also collect as much
information s possible about Mary and keep on collecting more information
through detailed observations and documentation. This information
includes social history, likes, pets, health needs, fears and hobbies. I also
have to follow policies and procedures of my organization these include
the:
 The requirement of the Aged Care Act 1997
  The Charter of resident’s rights and responsibilities
 The requirement of the Aged Care Standards and Accreditation
Agency.
 Professional and ethical requirements

b. You arrive at Mary’s home and state “I am going to give you a shower
now& quote; Mary gets upset. Why Mary gets upset?
Ans. Mary gets upset because:
 My approach to Mary was very unprofessional and sounded very
forceful. I did not address Mary by her name; I did not introduce myself
to Mary. Even though I have been there before it does not necessarily
mean that Mary will remember me especially with her dementia. She
probably gets upset by seeing a stranger at her house at an unexpected
time.
 Better way of indicating that I am going to shower you Mary is through a
calmer and polite introduction to Mary. Then start by talking other stuff
for example what day is it, the weather, significance of the day, anything
going on. Avoid confronting manner or tone as that can leave Mary
confused, upset and agitated. Good communication system is an
essential part of any relationship; it is certainly a key element in working
successfully with a person who has dementia.

3. Body language and non-verbal communication

Ans.
 Body language is very important in helping Mary understand a
message. Since Mary has dementia, she may be able to read
unspoken messages from carers can care workers through their body
language. It is also important that body language is consistent with
any verbal message being given
 Non-verbal communication in Mary’s situation is very important
because Mary can understand actions more than words. Therefore, it
is important to develop methods of non-verbal communication for
example use of gesture, eye contact, facial expressions, body
language, and time spent with Mary and providing attention. Hand
gestures and facial expressions may be used to help Mary to
understand me as Care worker e.g. warm smile and laughter can
often communicate more than words, touching and holding Mary’s
hand and pointing or demonstrating can be very helpful at times.
 4. Explain how you would use ‘reality orientation’ to guide Mary to
wearing.
Ans. Something more appropriate to the day and weather. I will gently
remind Mary that we are already in winter and it is very cold that she will
need to wear some warm clothes to avoid her getting a cold or any type of
freezing weather related illness. I will use reality orientation through
reminding Mary that we are already in winter that’s why it is used to wear
in summer wear dresses. I will also write some posters with ‘winter season’
on them and if possible add day, and month. I will remain calm whilst
talking in a gentle manner; I will keep mu sentence short and simple whilst
focusing on one idea at a time. I will also tell Mary that ‘sue your daughter
would like you to put on some warm clothes.

5.
a. Why it is important for herb to have respite from his caring role?
Ans. It is important because Herb is doing 24 hours care of Mary as he is the
primary care. Caring for a loved one with dementia can be very stressful
and has an impact on Herb’s health and social situations. Herb has been
reported to have has a stroke before needs a break and needs time to look
after himself. Herb might not complain of looking after Mary because of
fear of feeling guilty therefore, he might be trapped in this burden and will
need a break. Herb needs a respite because this job is tiring and he can
easily be fatigues since 24-hours care of Mary can be very challenging and
exhausting.

b. Other activities I can do with Mary if we cannot go in the garden.

Ans. The care worker can take Mary for a drive to the hills and or to the beach
as she likes these places as well. The best thing to do is not to argue with Mary
and respect her wishes of not wanting to play cards on that day and do not
order Mary around because this will make the situation worse. The care
worker can also take Mary for shopping and may also initiate cleaning of
Mary’s house and give Mary very small tasks during cleaning then reward Mary
with a positive facial expression, a smile and positive encouraging comments.
Mary and l can also look at labeling her cupboards and drawers for the benefit
of Mary to easily recognize them.

6. What I will do on the arrival?

Ans. I will stay and speak in calm, reassuring voice. I will use distractions
and avoidance behaviours as these are the most useful approaches. I will
try and sit down and have a drink together or go on for a walk. If you feel
 unsafe; safe stand out of reach, do not try to restrain the person unless if
it’s absolutely necessary, because restraining can make matters worse. It is
also very important to find out why Mary is in an aggressive mood, what
could have triggered it and is there a calmer solution to the problem
because every person with dementia reacts to the circumstances in a
different way. The care worker will need to stay with client, reassuring her
and give her psychological support.

7. Explain what you will do in this situation?

Ans. I will stay near to her and calmly ask Mary how old is you now. When
she tells me her age I will tell her that if your age is 90 then how old is your
mother. Do you think Mary your mother will steel alive?

CHCCCS023

Support Independence and Wellbeing

1. What are the basic human needs?
Ans. There are 5 levels of Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Maslow’s
hierarchy is most often displayed as a pyramid. The lowest levels of pyramid
are made up of the most basic needs, while the most complex needs are at
the top of the pyramid. Physiological & safety needs can be regarded
as the basic human needs because existence of human depends on meeting
those needs.
Physiological needs: These include the most basic needs, such as water, air,
food and sleep. These are very important for survival. In addition to eating,
drinking and having adequate shelter and clothing, Maslow also suggested
that sexual reproduction was a basic physiological need.
Security needs: These include the needs for safety and security, things such
as health care, safe neighbourhood, and shelter from the environment.

2. What is self-actualization?
Ans. This is the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Self-actualizing
people are concerned with their personal growth, they are self-aware, less
concerned with the opinions of others. Self-actualization occurs when you
maximize your potential, doing the best that you are capable of doing. A
self-actualizer is a person who is living fully and creatively using his or her
potentials.
3. Discuss needs theory and human development theory in the context of
the care worker role.
Ans. NEED THEORY: when Abraham Maslow introduced his hierarchy of
needs model, the bulk of today’s elderly were just toddlers. When applied
to needs of elderly, it shows five areas that contribute to quality of life for
the aging rather than the common health care focus of longevity of life.
Knowing what the hierarchy of needs is for elders can help family and
caregivers assist their elders in achieving the highest level of satisfaction,
self-esteem and self-actualization. Care workers need to be aware of the
many needs the elderly and actively provide opportunities to help their
elders rise up each level of the hierarchy to the point where life is truly
cherished rather than just survived. Development theory: As a care worker
understanding development tasks can help us assist our client to
successfully pass through various stages. Each stage is influenced by the
individual’s biology, his psychology and sociology. We need to understand
development tasks as follow.
Development Tasks of Infancy and Early Childhood:
1. Learning to walk
2. Learning to take solid foods
3. Learning to talk
Learning to control the elimination of body wastes
Middle Childhood:
1. Learning physical skills necessary for ordinary games
2. Building wholesome attitudes towards oneself as a growing organism
3. Learning to get along with age-mates
4. Developing fundamental skills in reading, writing and calculating
5. Developing concepts necessary for everyday living
6. Achieving personal independence
7. Developing attitudes towards social groups and institutions
Developmental Tasks of Adolescence:
1. Achieving new and more mature relations with age-mates of both sexes
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Accepting one &#39s physique and using the body effectively
4. Achieving emotional independence of parents and other adults
5. Preparing for marriage and family life
6. Preparing for an economic career
7. Acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a guide to behaviour;
developing an ideology
8. Desiring and achieving socially responsible behaviour
Developmental Tasks of Early Adulthood:
1. Selecting a mate
2. Achieving a masculine or feminine social role
3. Learning to live with a marriage partner
4. Starting a family
5. Rearing children
6. Managing a home
7. Getting started in an occupation
8. Taking on civic responsibility
9. Finding a congenial social group
Development Tasks of Middle Age:
1. Achieving adult civic and social responsibility
2. Establishing and maintaining an economic standard of living
3. Assisting teenage children to become responsible and happy adults
4. Developing adult leisure-time activities
5. Relating oneself to one’s spouse as a person
6. Accepting and adjusting to the physiologic changes or middle age
7. Adjusting to ageing parents
Development Tasks of Later Maturity:
1. Adjusting to decreasing physical strength and health
2. Adjusting to retirement and reduced income
3. Adjusting to death of a spouse
4. Establishing an explicit affiliate

4. What does the term client well-being mean to you as care support
worker?
Ans. The client well-being is a holistic health care for me, in the holistic care
we care for all parts of an individual’s health. All aspects of well-being
should be included.
Physical wellbeing: can increase mobility, release stress, promote sleep.
Emotional wellbeing: by expressing feelings they can release tensions and
stress
Psychological wellbeing: increase self-esteem and self-worth
Spiritual wellbeing: by continuing religious practice
Cultural wellbeing: maintaining cultural practices, dress, food and language
Sexual wellbeing: privacy and opportunity for sexual expression
Social wellbeing: human needs for interaction with others.
The care worker client relationship is an interaction aimed to enhance the
well-being of a ‘client’, which may be an individual, a family, a group, or a
community. Health and well-being of client requires that each person is
cared for individually. Each person have to choose their own way to satisfy
their cultural, emotional, spiritual needs and care workers are responsible
for respecting these preferences. The career and client relationship is
composed of various elements:
1. By promoting each client’s capacity to live as independently as possible
2. By promoting client’s wellness and active participation
3. Provides timely, flexible and targeted services that are capable of
maximizing each client’s independence
4. By identifying their recreational activities which they can enjoy
5. Each client has their different cultural and spiritual preferences, by
understanding those needs
6. By creating environment which suits their needs
7. By understanding and supporting their emotional well-being.

5. List 10 individual client characteristics that will affect the way that you
provide care?
Ans.
 Reduced mobility and strength
 Lack of exercise
 Change of medications
 Impaired visual activity, hearing loss
 Impaired cognition and confusion
 Loss of loved ones depression
 Social isolation
 Unhappiness
 Change of residence
 Frustration

6. List 5 basic requirements for good health and state one reason why
each is important.
Ans. Five activities are necessary for maintaining physical. Mental and social
health:
Physical activities: can increase mobility and improve muscle strength
Emotional activities: include discussion about issues and expression of
feelings which can release tension and relieve stress.
Psychological activities: maintaining abilities and continuing familiar
lifestyle enhances a person’s sense of self-worth and self-esteem
Spiritual activities: meet the needs of spirituality by continuing religious
practices
Cultural activities: meet needs of belonging, participating, sharing with
others. Involves being able to maintain cultural practices such as dress food
and language.

7. What protective factors should be in place to support your client’s

well-being?
Ans. As care workers we need to maintain and promote well-being:
1. Support client’s health
2. Identifying and supporting social and recreational activities
3. Understanding and supporting emotional and psychological well-being
4. Supporting and accommodating client’s cultural and spiritual
preferences
5. Creating a supportive environment to suit needs and preferences.

8. List 10 indicators for suspecting abuse for each indicator state type of
abuse suspected.
Ans.
PHYSICAL ABUSE
1. Hitting
2. Causing pain and injury
EMOTIONAL ABUSE
1. Humiliation
2. Bullying
3. Harassment
FINANCIAL ABUSE
1. Forced financial transaction
2. With holding money
SEXUAL ABUSE
1. Unwanted touching
2. Unwanted sexual discussion
NEGLECT
1. Physical needs
2. Social and emotional needs

9. What are some of the factors likely to pose a risk to your client’s well-
being?
Ans. The following factors are:
1. Clients identify will be strongly ties to the occupation
2. Retirement can a traumatic event in a client life
3. Reduction in financial resources.
10. Refers to your legal and ethical unit resources as well as the current
unit. Discuss South Australian requirements for reporting child and
elder abuse.
Ans. There are no mandatory reporting laws for elder abuse anywhere in
Australia.
 In circumstances where people are unable to make their own
decisions, full consideration of intervention strategies needs to be
undertaken prior to any action.
 A written repoirt as capacity as a medical issue and must be
determined by a GP.
 the children protection act 1993 requires organization to put in place
policies and procedures to ensure appropriate reports of abuse and
neglect are made by mandated notifies.

11. What do you understand by the term consumer directed care?

Ans. Consumer Directed Care (CDC) is a service delivery designed to give
more choice and flexibility to consumers. Consumers who receive a Home
Care Package will have more control over the types of care and services
they access and the delivery of those services, including who delivers the
services and when. In Consumer-Directed Care (CDC), also known as ‘self-
directed’ or ‘person-directed’ care, older people have authority for making
care-related decisions about their own lives, to the extent that they desire
and are able to do so. This means that older people who receive CDC can
make a variety of care decisions that have historically been decided by care
providers.

12. Why is person centred care the government’s preferred model for
service delivery?
Ans. Person-centred care is a way of thinking and doing things that sees
the people using health and social services as equal partners in planning,
developing and monitoring care to make sure it meets their needs. This
means putting people and their families at the centre of decisions and
seeing them as experts, working alongside professionals to get the best
outcome. There are many different aspects of person-centred care,
including:
 Respecting people’s values and putting people at the centre of
care
 Taking into account people preferences and expressed needs
 Coordinating and integrating care
  Working together to make sure there is good communication,
information and education making sure people are physically
comfortable and safe
 Emotional support
 Involving family and friends
 Making sure there is continuity between and within services
 Making sure people have access to appropriate care when they
need it.

13. Conduct research into how NDIS services funded?

Ans.
NDIS Principles:
 People with disability have the same right as other members of the
community to realize their potential
 People with disability, their families and carers should have certainty
they will receive the care and support they need
 People with disability should be supported to exercise choice in the
pursuit of their goals and the planning and delivery of their supports
 The role of families and carers in the lives of people with disability is to
be acknowledged and respected.
The NDIS principles align with the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the National Disability Strategy.
Three key pillars are:
 Insurance approach
 Choice and control
 Community and mainstream
The NDIS is here to help you by:
 Accessing services and supports provided by the health, education,
housing and justice systems. These are referred to as mainstream
services
 Accessing community services and supports such as sporting clubs,
community groups, libraries or charities
 Supporting your informal care arrangements, this is the care and help
you get from your family and friends
 Receiving supports funded by the NDIS
Accessing the NDIS:
 People with disability who meet the access requirements will become
participants
 People with disability enter the NDIS through multiple channels
 There will be a gradual intake of participants around Australia
 People in areas where the NDIS is active can contact the NDIA to ask
questions and request an Access Request Form
Disability Requirements: To access the NDIS a person must have
permanent disability which has a significant impact on everyday life and on
their ability to participate in the community and will mean they will need
ongoing supports.
Types of funded supports:
 Most participants will access a blend of informal, mainstream and
funded supports.
 Supports that are NDIS funded must be reasonable and necessary and
must:
 focus on the participant’s goals and aspirations
 foster greater independence, social and economic participation
 evidence based o represent value for money
 Choice of and control over NDIS funded supports means safeguards may
be required to reduce risk of harm, abuse or neglect of the participant.

 What doesn’t the NDIS fund?

Ans. There are rules for the NDIS that mean some supports cannot be
funded in an NDIS plan. The NDIS will not fund:
o Support that are not related to a person’s disability
o Supports that are funded by a different mechanism or system, such as
Medicare or the Health System
o Day-to-day living costs that everyone pays for such as food, electricity
and water
o Things that may cause harm
Managing Funding:
 The type of funds management a participant chooses can vary
depending on their circumstances
 Different options can be chosen for different supports
 Plans may have a combination of the options
 NDIA can limit self-management where there is financial or personal risk
 NDIS and the education system
 The NDIS will fund supports to enable participants to attend school
education, where the supports assist the participant to engage in a
range of community activities.
This may include assistance with self-care at school or specialist transport
and aids that are related to the student’s disability.
 The education system is responsible for assisting students with their
educational attainment
  Individual and families also have a role in funding education-related
supports, such as purchasing school uniforms and paying course fees.

14. Discuss factors that affect the health and well-being of the clients that
you will be caring for in your chosen area.
Ans. The social, economic, cultural and physical environment in which
people live their lives has a significant effect on their health and wellbeing.
Although genetics and personal behaviour play a strong part in determining
an individual's health, good health starts where we live, where we
work and learn, and where we play.
o As care workers we need to maintain and promote wellbeing and
support the clients to engage with relevant social networks and the
wider community.
o Care workers do this by:
1. Supporting client’s health.
2. Identifying and supporting social and recreational activities.
3. Understanding and supporting emotional and psychological wellbeing.
4. Supporting and accommodating client’s cultural and spiritual
preferences.
5. Supporting and accommodating client’s sexual expressions.
6. Completing documentation in the correct manner.

15. Discuss the effects that societal attitudes have on sexual well-being of
clients in your care.
Ans.

1. Client should be encouraged to express their individuality and

sexuality as part of being on independent unique and worthwhile
human being.
2. When a person ages or a disability it affects their expression of
identity and sexuality.
3. They may be receiving assistance with personal grooming and
dressing
4. It is important as to dress and groom in person as they request as
that signifies their identity and sexuality
5. Staff must not impose his/her values on what they wear or how they
wish to be groomed.
6. If a person can express in their own identity and sexuality then it
enhances their feelings of wellbeing.
16. List 5 major symptoms of depression.
Ans. Although depression may occur only one time during your life, usually
people have multiple episodes of depression. During these episodes,
symptoms occur most of the day, nearly every day and may include:
 Feelings of sadness, tearfulness, emptiness or hopelessness
 Angry outbursts, irritability or frustration, even over small matters
 Loss of interest or pleasure in most or all normal activities, such as
sex, hobbies or sports
 Sleep disturbances, including insomnia or sleeping too much
 Tiredness and lack of energy, so even small tasks take extra effort
 Changes in appetite — often reduced appetite and weight loss, but
increased cravings for food and weight gain in some people
 Anxiety, agitation or restlessness
 Slowed thinking, speaking or body movements
 Feelings of worthlessness or guilt, fixating on past failures or blaming
yourself for things that & your responsibility
 Trouble thinking, concentrating, making decisions and remembering
things
 Frequent or recurrent thoughts of death, suicidal thoughts, suicide
attempts or suicide
 Unexplained physical problems, such as back pain or headaches

17.
a. Sarat is 67 years old Sudanese refugee who cannot speak English and is
having great difficulty learning. She lives alone and gets help to do her
cleaning because she has arthritis.
Ans. Staff and care worker should provide training to participate in the
society like he/she can provide language training and necessary therapy to
relieve joints. Assisting her with activities such as shopping. Assist her with
all daily activities.

b. Robert is a 23 year old with moderate autism who has met a girl likes
and wants to ask out to movies. His social skills are poor. To promote
the sexual skills and health and encourage involvement, listen Robert
personal ideas and opinion. Identify and encourage positive
relationship with girl.
Ans. Offering gentle verbal encouragement and ensuring the personal
interests are addressed are useful strategies for supporting participation in
recreational activities.
c. Jean is 80 years old woman who is an alcoholic and insists on going out
to pub everyday after lunch. She is in your facility because she was not
coping at home. She often hits staff when she returns.
Ans. Jean may need more support to help cope with that situation. There
are many support services such as counselling, alcoholic support group,
social workers. Provide counselling to jean about behaviour change and
cope with staff. Patient should involve in social and recreational activities to
divert her mind.

d. Brian has always played darts with his mates at the RSL club on Friday
afternoons. He has entered residential care after his left leg was
amputated because of the complications of diabetes. The dart board is
now too high for him.
Ans. By observing brain condition that he can participate or not. Brain can
participate in the game with the help of wheelchair. Maintain balance
between brain bodies by providing support. It can help to prevent falls.

18. What are some of the legal and ethical requirements you will need to
consider when you are helping these clients?
Ans. Protect the rights of the client when delivering services. Client rights
are protected by legislation, codes of ethics and standards. From these,
organizations develop policies and procedures which are the guidelines that
operate in the workplace. Some examples of client rights are:
 The right to privacy
 The right to access all information held about them by the service
 The right to confidentiality
 The right to be treated with respect and dignity and to have their
social, cultural and physical needs met
 The right to informed choice
 The right to complain about the service being receive
Principles of ethical decision-making:
o Ethical dilemmas are characterized by the ‘what if’ question and are
often situations where there seems to be no clear solution to the
problem. So given the complex nature of ethical dilemmas, how do we
resolve them and respond professionally and appropriately with our
clients and colleagues?
Ans. All professional ethical codes and guidelines are based on care and
respect for the client at all times. In order to ensure that the decisions you
make are ethical you need to:
 be very clear on the guidelines of your particular profession
 be familiar with and guided by all relevant legislation
 be familiar with and guided by all relevant standards which further
define how the legislation is applied
 be aware of your employing agency’s code of conduct, which is
reflected in their policy and procedures. This may be specifically
linked to the client group you are working with
 demonstrate a commitment to a moral standard of professional
behaviour, which you uphold at all times have a system in place
which allows you to explore all sides of an ethical dilemma and
examine the consequences of any action and/or decisions you may
make.
Work practice and Stereotypes: It is important that you explore your
personal beliefs and become more aware of the way you view older
people and people with disabilities. This will assist you in your work to:
develop objectivity and avoid stereotyping develop a better
understanding of clients as individuals identify individual needs and use
a client centred approach encourage clients independence improve
communication skills plan and implement services appropriately work
professionally and ethically.
Tip: don’t allow stereotypes to cloud your vision!
Discrimination:
This section will explore some strategies for developing cultural
sensitivity and effective communication practices with older people from
Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) backgrounds. You will also
gain an understanding of why it is important to accept the cultural and
spiritual practices of clients in the workplace.
As a care worker you must understand the implications of anti-
discrimination legislation. Every day at work you will be in dealing with
people from varied backgrounds and different issues. By being aware of
the anti-discrimination guidelines you will be a more effective worker.
Many Australians frequently stereotype other Australians from
marginalized or minority groups. These groups include people from non-
Australian or CALD backgrounds that do not fit a typical ‘Australian
stereotype’. We often form a negative view about people we think are
different. This contributes to their isolation from community life.
Care workers often use culturally inappropriate attitudes even when
they are trying to be helpful. These stereotypes and attitudes are often
based on assumptions and false beliefs because of what we have seen in
the media, or from stories we’ve heard from other people. Care workers
 often just lack knowledge and sensitivity about culturally appropriate
ways of working with CALD groups.
Being fair and consistent:
It is essential that workers be fair and consistent when working with
clients. This means not letting your personal biases and opinions impact
on the way you interact with clients, regardless of their race, culture,
religion, gender, age, disability or even the way they look. If we treat
some clients differently based on any of the areas mentioned above
then we are being discriminatory. Discrimination is illegal in Australia—
you can be sued if you discriminate against people in any of these ways.
It is essential you know about the anti-discrimination laws that exist in
Australia if you intend to work as a care worker with older people and
people with disabilities. Anti-discrimination also forms part of care
workers’ requirements for working in an ethical and professional
manner.

19.
a. Describe how could you support Joyce to engage with a relevant social
network and the wider community.
Ans. We should encourage care to Joyce for such as physically,
psychologically and emotionally. Staff should encourage the Joyce to
involve in physical activities by providing passive exercise like improve
muscle strength to reduce falls. Provide motivation to cop up with disease
condition and maintain confidence for maintaining self-esteem. Staff can
support for going from one place to other because she had fall now scared
of walking. Encourage client to participate in group activities

b. What could you do to support her physical health?

Ans. Assist Joyce with physical activities like walking and showering.
Because she has lack of confidence resulting from prior falls or vision
impairment.

c. How might you support her psychological well-being?

Ans. Joyce may be sad or depressed due to physical illness, so in this
situation we can help her by talking and maintaining her positive behaviour,
by participating in other recreational activities, group quiz and other
activities.

d. Research Warlpiri customs and spiritually. How could you support her
cultural and spiritual preferences?
Ans. Care worker should respect the client’s religious and cultural activities.
 Staff should fulfill her spiritual need by continuing religious practices as
participating in the ceremonies by provide proper environment for
ceremony.
 Encourages the Joyce to participate and sharing thoughts with others
and involves to maintain cultural practices such as dress, food and
language. Use her naïve language by facial expression or by body
language if staff is not familiar with her language.

e. How could you help Joyce create a suitable environment in her room to
meet her needs and preferences?
Ans. The bedroom is a private space that, at times, must be shared by care
staff. Successful design in bedrooms includes:
 using furniture which is familiar to residents; providing opportunities
for residents to personalize their room
 ensuring rooms are large enough to minimise clutter, with
unobtrusive/camouflaged storage space which allows residents to
make manageable choices in their personal area
 using easily cleaned but warm, non-slip floor covering
 providing rooms that are individually recognisable from the outside
and provide orientation to the general environment when leaving.

f. How could you support Joyce to maintain her dignity?

Ans. Dignity is concerned with how people feel, think and behave in
relation to the value of themselves and others. To treat someone with
dignity is to treat them in a way that is respectful of them and as valued
individuals. In a care situation, dignity may be promoted or lessened by
physical environment, organization cultures, attitudes and behaviour of the
nursing team or others. When dignity is present, people feel in control,
valued, confident, comfortable and able to make decisions for them.
Dignities in Care Principles:
 Zero tolerance of all forms of abuse
 Support people with the same respect you would want for yourself or
a member of your family
 Treat each person as an individual by offering a personalized service
 Enable people to maintain the maximum possibly level of
independence, choice, and control
 Listen and support people to express their needs and wants
 Respect people’s privacy
 Ensure people feel able to complain without fear of retribution
  Engage with family members and careers as care partners
 Assist people to maintain confidence and a positive self-esteem
 Act to alleviate people & loneliness and isolation.

g. What are the main risks to Joyce health and well-being?

Ans. Joyce has been suffering from physical problem like kidney failure or
diabetes. It will affect the physical and mental health due to critical chronic
illness.

h. What documentation would help to assess her needs?

Ans.
 Care plan
 Fall risk assessment and management plan
i. Evelyn wants to see what is being written about her cousin. Discuss
how you will handle her request and the reasons for your actions?
Ans. As a care worker it is important to follow client care plan and perform the
duties. In critical situation speak politely with evenly and find out reason why
he wants to see her reports. In this situation you need to find out why she
wants to see reports and contact supervisor. Supervisor will make final
decision.

CHCCCS025

Support Relationship with Carers and Families

1. Explain the role of career.

Ans. Careers provide informal care and support to a family member or
friend who has a disability, mental illness, drug or alcohol dependency,
chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. For both support workers
and host providers, responsibilities and duties include: providing care and
support to clients with a disability, whom are frail aged and/or their
families/careers. Activities include but are not limited to personal care:-
showering, dressing, toileting, meal preparation, transport to
appointments, social support and companionship, domestic assistance,
medication prompts.
- Work in line with the Care Plan and contribute to stakeholder
meetings as requested (support workers) or maintain a diary whilst
the client is on placement (host home providers)
 - Support new staff by acting as ‘buddy’ and reporting back to the
coordinator as requested
- Advocate on behalf of clients if necessary
- Observe and report changes in client’s health and wellbeing
- Sign and adhere to the code of conduct at all times
- Follow organisational policies and procedures
- Comply with relevant legislation (e.g. Disability Services Act 2006,
WHS legislation etc.)
- Supply Carers Link with true, correct and professionally written
documentation
- Attend Careers Link training sessions as directed
Some carers provide 24 hours nursing to a family member with high care
needs. They help with daily needs and activities like feeding, bathing, dressing,
toileting, lifting and moving and administering medications.
Other carers support people who are fairly independent, but may need
someone to keep an eye on them, or help them with tasks like banking,
transport, shopping and housework.
Most carers give comfort, encouragement and reassurance to the person they
care for, oversee their health and wellbeing, monitor their safety and help
them stay as independent as possible. Carers help the person they care for to
have a good quality of life.
Often the extent of the support provided by carers isn’t &#39 obvious to those
around them. Even family and friends can underestimate the amount of time
and energy spent caring, particularly when the kinds of assistance given aren’t
&#39 physical.

2. How is caring relationship where the client has dementia likely to

change over time?
Ans. Dementia is not a specific illness or disease. It involves a variety of
symptoms associated with impaired thinking, memory, and communication.
Symptoms associated with imp Regardless of the cause, symptoms of
dementia tend to worsen over time. The rate of progression varies from
person to person. Genetics, age, and overall health may play a role in how fast
the disease Progresses. There might be a risk of care relationship breakdown
because dementia symptoms change over time. The nature of care relationship
generally change over time and it is important to identify not only that the
relationship is changing but also the key changes that might include a risk of
the care relationship breaking down, so that the supervisor can be informed.
Dementia is not a specific illness or disease. It involves a variety of symptoms
associated with impaired thinking, memory, and communication.
Key changes that might include a risk of care relationship breakdown:
- worsening carer health
- worsening health or behaviour of the person with support needs
- loss of formal or informal support
- high level of carer stress
- high intensity care
- Conflict in relationship with family or service providers.

3. What are the legal and ethical issues do service providers needs to take
into account when supporting clients and careers?
Ans.
 When and organization collects health information, the information
must be collected for lawful purpose.
 The consumer must be told why their health information is being
collected, what will be done with it and who else might see it. The
consumer must also be told how they can see and correct their
health information and any consequences if they decide not to
provide it.
 The organization can only disclose the consumer’s health information
for the purpose it was collected

4. Write an essay of 1000 words about the concept of family care giving in
the context of what type of families provide care, issues of careers and
strategies and resources that might be required?
Ans. Family caregiver & quote is anyone who provides any type of physical
and/or emotional care for an ill or disabled loved one at home. Loved ones
in need of care, could be suffering from a physical or mental illness,
disability, substance misuse, or other conditions. 
There are different types of family caregivers:
 Parents
 Adult children
 Spouses
 Family members
 Neighbours
 Friends
Regardless of how you became a caregiver, you are about to take on a new
role for which you may not feel prepared. It is normal for you to feel
nervous or overwhelmed about what is expected of you. You may
experience a number of mixed emotions including anxiety, anger, and
 sadness. At the same time, you will probably feel the desire to care for your
loved one the best way you can.
At a time when hospitals are releasing patients earlier, the elderly are living
longer, and people are living with many chronic illnesses, more family
members and friends are caring for loved ones at home. Often, people find
themselves having to perform new and unfamiliar tasks. These may include
giving medicines, assisting with meals, and performing medical and nursing
procedures.
Examples of possible task can be: 
 Personal care
 Emotional support
 Medical care
 Household management
 Supervision
Society, advocacy groups, the health care industry and the government all
have definitions for “Family caregiver.” In simple terms, a family caregiver is
someone who is responsible for attending to the daily needs of another
person. Family caregivers are responsible for the physical, emotional and often
financial support of another person who is unable to care for him/herself due
to illness, injury or disability. The care recipient may be a family member, life
partner or friend.
Family caregivers are sometimes described as “informal,” a term professional
use to describe those who care for family members or friends in the home,
typically without pay. “Formal” caregivers, including home health care
providers and other professionals, are trained and paid for their services.
Family caregivers: The backbone of long-term care It is a myth that most of our
nation’s elderly are cared for in nursing homes or health care institutions.
Family members and friends primarily provide most long-term care at home in
the United States: 58% of care recipients.
50 or older live in their own home and 20% live with their caregiver. Only 11%
live in a nursing home or assisted living facility. Caregiving delivered via family
and friends results in significant savings to the government, health care
institutions and agencies that would otherwise be responsible for delivering
care. In fact, the contributions represented by the care delivered by informal
and family caregivers add up to about $375 billion each year.
Who are care recipients?

In the context of care giving, care recipients are primarily defined as adults
aged 18 or older who require regular help with one or more activities of daily
living (ADLs). These may include basic activities, such as bathing or dressing, or
medical care requiring specialized equipment in the home. Those who care for
children with special needs is also recognized as family caregivers as their
responsibilities are unique and more time-intensive than general parenting.
“Grandparent caregivers” raising grandchildren may also qualify for
government and private agency aid programs. These family caregivers have
special legal needs to protect their rights and those of their grandchildren.
Virtually any illness, whether acute or chronic, or injury may result in a person
requiring a family caregiver. People may require temporary, long-term or
indefinite care. When asked, caregivers often simply cite “old age” as the
primary reason a recipient requires care. Health conditions that commonly
lead to the need for a caregiver include: ß Chronic brain disorders, such as
dementia, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease ß Cancer ß Mental
health and psychiatric disorders; Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD or ADHD) ß
cardiovascular diseases such as stroke or heart attack ß Injury, such as
traumatic brain or spinal cord injury ß Developmental disability, mental
retardation, or autism ß Chronic diseases associated with ongoing disability,
such as diabetes, severe arthritis, HIV/AIDS.
Helpful tips for Family Caregivers: Care giving can require an enormous
physical and emotional commitment, as well as some basic skills. The pages
that follow provide tips and information on where to start. Create a safe
environment at home. Conduct a home safety inspection of your loved one’s
home or your own if you are caring for someone there. For example, check for
adequate lighting, install grab bars in the bathroom and hook up a cordless
phone for emergencies. Home safety checklists are available on the Internet
and from the AARP. (Go to www.aarp.org, and search Home Safety Caregiving
Checklist.) Get caregiver training. For example, learn the correct way to
transfer a loved one from a bed to a wheelchair. This can help you avoid
serious injury to yourself and the person for whom you are caring.
Maintain Medical Records: Keep a current, complete list of all medications and
physicians, along with notes on medical history. Be sure to take this if you
accompany your loved one to doctors’ visits. Most care recipients (93%) take at
least one prescription drug. It’s important to keep a list of all medications the
care recipient is currently taking. Be sure to also record the dosage or strength,
such as 10 mg; for what condition the drug is taken; and how often it is taken,
such as twice a day. A drug regimen may change often, so be sure to make
regular updates. Pharmacists in particular are valuable resources for
medication information. If your loved one has access to a personal health
record (PHR), use it to record symptoms, doctor visits, medications and other
important health information.
Learn about the disease: Find out all you can about the disease the care
recipient has, its treatments and the prognosis. Armed with this information,
you and your family will have a better idea what to expect in the future and
how you can help. This information can help you with planning.
Learn how to communicate with healthcare professionals: In order to be a
better advocate for your loved one, understand and use the terminology that
doctors, nurses, discharge planners, therapists and other health care
professionals use in discussing the case. Be calm but firm in advocating for
being a part of the health care and support service decision making team.
Minimize stress, especially during holidays: Holidays can be especially
stressful for both caregivers and care recipients. Try to reduce stress, simplify
activities, relax, slow the pace and ensure that there is plenty of quiet time to
reminisce. Get the extended family involved in care giving. Organize and hold a
family meeting involving all decision makers.
Ask for help with household activities: Seek help with yard work and other
household tasks. Consider asking a friend or neighbour for help. Hire someone
to mow the lawn. Look into delivery services for groceries or drugstore items.
Delegate to friends and family. Remember; be specific when asking for help
from family and friends: “Can Jill come for a couple of hours on Saturdays to
stay with Grandma while I do the shopping?” or “Can George mow the lawn
every other week now that Dad can’t do it any longer?”
Manage your time: Keep an appointment book or calendar to schedule your
daily activities, including doctors’ visits. Some computer programs or personal
devices can help you schedule and manage your time. Consider using an online
calendar you can share with other family members on the Internet, such as
Google Calendar. Seek help that meets your situation.
Each care giving situation is unique: For example, if you care for someone who
is not living with you and lives a long distance away, you may face special
logistical, financial and emotional challenges. Seek out resources that meet
your special long-distance needs; for example, consider using a geriatric care
manager.

CHCPAL001

Deliver Care Services Using Palliative Approach

Assessment Task 2
Case Study:

1. What is your opinion as part of the multidisciplinary team in providing

the best quality of life for Charles and his family?
Ans.
 Focusing and honouring Charles wish
 Counselling with his family
 Respecting Charles decision
 Counselling with his wife and son that has right to choose his way
 Discussion with family, Charles and other health supports

2. What are the legal and ethical implications for you and the
multidisciplinary team?
Ans. Ethically:
 We respect Charles decision
 We follow him as he says
Legally:
 Let Charles choose his decision
 Discussion with his family, Charles and health specialist

3. What issue would the family be facing? Consider all family members?
Ans.
 Charles wife must be very aggressive
 Charles wife and sons may think that he took wrong decision
 Charles daughter may get stuck because of two different decision
 Charles himself may get depressed because of his wife and son’s
decision

4. What re the implications of Charles advancing Alzheimer’s?

Ans.
 Having trouble with family stress and anxiety
 Decision making issues
 Unable to proper communication

5. Why do are workers always follow client’s care plan?

Ans.
 To get the detail information of client
 To provide quality service
 To maintain client’s daily routine
  To be updated about any changed regarding client

Assessment Task 3

End of life phase needs for Ms. lee Consideration and your role
Cultural aspects of needs Respecting their cultural
Ms. Lee’s physical signs of end of life Maintain palliative care
phase
Ms. Lee’s physical symptoms Counselling with health specialist
management and comfort care about Ms. Lee’s health
Ms. Lee’s emotional responses Reassurance
Social needs including Discussing about Ms. Lee’s condition
communication with family with his family, friends and health
specialist
Spiritual needs of Ms. Lee Pray to god in which they believe

Assessment Task 4

1. How would you define pain?

Ans. Pain is a physical symptom with spiritual, cultural, social, psychological
dimensions. Pain is always subjective.

2. What are the differences between acute and chronic pain?

Ans.
 Acute pain does not last longer more than six months whereas
chronic pain may last for longer periods
 Acute pain has specific and identifiable cause like fall and slip nut
sometime chronic pain does not have identified cause.

3. Identify your role in care planning and how document pain in your
workplace?
Ans. my role would be observing the client closely and identify the type of
pain and other symptoms. I should write the document through
communication with client. I should observe any changes in client’s health
and document or notify RN or supervisor.

Case Study:

1. Identify three reasons that could make it difficult to assess Mrs.

Josef’s pain?
Ans.
 Dementia could be the important reason which makes difficult to
assess her pain
 Language is the another factor which cause communication deficit
and could not get proper information
 Fatigue and anxiety could have painful body

2. Identify steps to assess Mrs. Josef’s pain?

Ans.
 Getting help from her family for decision
 Get the interpreter for Mrs. Josef to translate the communication

3. What are the effects of Mrs. Josef’s persistent pain?

Ans.
a. Effects on Mrs. Josef’s social interaction?
 Not being able to go to community because of her pain
 Not being able to communicate with people because of dementia
and other diseases

b. Effects on Mrs. Josef’s emotions?

Ans.
 Frustration
 Fear
 Anger
 Depressed

c. Effects on Mrs. Josef’s family.

Ans.
 Planning difficulties
 Lacking of time management

d. Effects on care workers.

Ans.
 Understanding deficit
 Hard to handle due her multiple pains

e. How could you provide comfort to Mrs. Josef when treating her
pain with non-pharmacological support?
Ans.
 Re-positioning frequently
  Messaging
 Light exercise
 Devotional therapy

CHCDIV001

Work with Diverse People

1. Pick two visible aspects of your and explain the importance of them to
you.
Ans. Culture is the collection of behaviours and beliefs that distinguish one
group of people from other. The main two visible aspects of my culture is
respecting elders and giving them importance in our family especially their
decisions. Another one is respecting religious beliefs of other people and
participating and visiting them on their religious festivals etc. I helped me to
develop good attitude and personality and I’m sure that it would help in the
long run.

2. Pick two invisible aspects of your culture and explain the importance of
them to you.
Ans. The invisible aspect of my culture is informal rules and social
engagement, family values, values of education. This helped me to grow as
law abiding citizen by giving importance to family and society.

3. Think about the culture that is different from yours. Describe any
practices that are unique to the culture.
Ans. One unique practices: China is blubbing bride – here the bride weep
for one hour before the day of marriage or even starts a month before. The
bride’s mother and other member join in her and their collective wailing
blends with traditional songs.

4. In what ways can respect cultural diversity be demonstrated in the

workplace.
Ans. By valuing individual culture, the workers can respect cultural
diversity. Consider every person’s culture, believes and religion don’t try to
hurt them. Try to adapt to new changes and situation without causing any
difficulties to co-workers.
5. Describe what is mean by the term cultural competence.
Ans. It is a set of congruent behaviours, attitude and policies that come
together in a system, agency or among professionals and enable that
system, agency or other professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural
situation.

6. If language barriers are a problem, what action might be taken to

resolve this.
Ans. When communicating with people for whom English is not the first
language, be patient, speak clearly, but do not shout. Use signage,
appropriate body language, gestures, draw diagrams, or pictures etc. also
by using interpreters we can resolve problem caused by language.

7. Give examples of cross-cultural misunderstandings that might affect

your work and workplace.
Ans. While collecting history from a patient a particular slang or coloration
might cause to skip some important information which would be essential
for the treatment. It happens because communication is not clear enough
or it can only understand by that particular community.

8. How could these be resolved.

Ans. To resolve: be aware of the fact that many people in the world are
different from you. Do not expect other people to automatically share your
values. Be aware of the fact that your own culture influences you
understanding of every part of your day-to-day lives. Respect the fact that
other people are different and respect their right to do things differently.
Try to avoid stereotype and labelling people. Treat people as individuals.
Finally accepts the fact you will never fully understand a culture which is
not your own.

Research Project 1

Chinese culture: is one of the world’s oldest cultures. In Asia, customs and
traditions varies between provinces, cities and even town as well.

Food: the staple food of Chinese cooking include rice and noodles. They will
rarely use milk product.
Dress: different social class used different fashion trends. Colour yellow and
red was usually reserved for high class people in early days. Still they use
different symbols to decorate dress.
 Religion & beliefs: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism are the main religions

Language: they belong to sino- Tibetan family language. Mandarin is the

standard designed language.

Recreation: they have a well develop musical culture since early periods
such as Xun, Pipa etc. games like yo-yo, Mah Jong are famous in china.

Communication: Humour is important and much appreciated in China. Non-

verbal communication plays a vital role like polite nods, prefer not to touch
but accepted when unavoidable.

Attitude and values: The family is very important social unit in China.
Chinese people define themselves through their relation to other, that
means complete only if they can integrate successfully with others.

Project 2 Cultural Diversity

Cultural diversity is the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a

society. The phrase cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures
respect each other's differences. To become culturally competent and to respect
each other’s culture at workplace we should follow these ways:
 Value diversity
 Be aware that everyone has their own cultural view
 Consider the role of culture in everyday interactions
 Continue learning about different cultures
 Adapt services to individual needs
To respect each other’s culture at workplace we should have meeting, interacting,
communicating and work together to fill the gap between different cultures. We
should not use slang, jargon or technical terms to communicate because that
makes difficult to understand for people from different culture. We should always
communicate in clear and plain language.
To manage cross cultural misunderstanding at workplace we (carers) should have
cultural awareness and respect. Being a careworker we should try to approach the
problem as a professional challenge and not a personal attack. If this type of
situation takes place, we should find the strategies to resolve the difficulties.
Misunderstanding can occur because of poor communication, lack of patience or
because of people make judgements based on their own cultural values. So we need
to maintain the communication strategies to reduce the risk of misunderstandings
at workplace.

HLTWHS002

Follow Safe Work Practices for Direct Client Care.

Activity 1

1. The responsibilities of South Australia employers and employees for

workplace health and safety are determined by the laws?
Ans. The responsibilities of South Australia employers and employees for
workplace health and safety are determined by commonwealth laws and
state legislation.

2. There are 2 instrument of the laws that set standards for WH&S in
workplace. What are they?
Ans. There are two instruments of the law that set standards for WH&S in
workplace are:
 Regulations
 Codes of practice

3. List 5 WH&S responsibilities of the employee according to the laws.

Ans.
 Report any incidents or hazard at work to their manager or
supervisor
 Carry out their roles and responsibilities as detailed in the relevant
health and safety policies and procedures
 Obey and reasonable instruction aimed at protecting their health and
safety while at work
 use any equipment provided to protect their health and safety while
at work.
 Assist in the identification of hazards, the assessments of risks and
the implementation of risk control measures.

4. What are some problems that community care workers are likely to
meet in their places of work?
 Ans. There are some problems that community care workers are likely to
meet in their places of work are:
 The frailty and physical disabilities of clients
 The right of clients to remain independent

5. Who is your place of work is responsible for your safety?

Ans. PCBU is responsible for our safety in work place.

6. List 3 WH&S rights that are important to care workers.

Ans. Any 3 WH&S rights that are important to care workers are:
 Proper induction/orientation to the workplace
 Training about emergency procedures
 Training about the use of equipment and substance

7. When you are a new employee what training should be provided?

Ans. New employee should be adequately trained to maintain their own
safety and the safety for others also.

8. Why is it important to have WH&S meeting and why should a staff

representative attend these meetings?
Ans. It is important to have WH&S meeting to support or to protect the
right of employees and the staff representative attend these meeting
because they are the members of WH&S Committee.

9. What are some responsibilities of staff WH&S representative?

Ans. Some of the responsibilities of the staff WH&S representative are:
 Inspect the workplace for WH&S hazards and to have a consult
accompany them on such an inspection.
 Inspect the scene of any WH&S incidents
 Be advised of any near miss, hazard or incident
 Carry out investigation.

HLTAAP001

Recognise Healthy Body Systems

Activity 1
 1. What is anatomy?
Ans. study of the structure of the body and its parts including the position
of body parts.

2. What is physiology?
Ans. Study of the functions and its parts.

3. From the smallest to largest name the living structures that make up
the human body.
Ans. It is convenient to consider the structures of the body in terms of
fundamental levels of organization that increase in complexity such as
(from smallest to largest): chemicals, cells, tissues, organs, organ system
and an organism.

4. Name the systems of the human body.

Ans. The 11 human body systems include:
 Integumentary system
 Skeletal system
 Muscular system
 Lymphatic system
 Respiratory system
 Digestive system
 Nervous system
 Endocrine system
 Cardiovascular system
 Urinary system
 Reproductive system

5. Name some of the functions of human body.

Ans.
Organ System Functions
Integumentary  Barrier to invading organisms
and chemicals
 Temperature control
Skeletal  Supports and moves body
 Protects internal organs
 Mineral storage
 Blood formation
Muscular  Locomotion
 Heat production
Nervous  Co-ordinates activities of other
organ systems
 Responds to sensations
Endocrine Regulates body function by chemicals
(hormones)
Cardiovascular  Returns tissue fluid to blood
 Defends against foreign
organisms
Respiratory Oxygen/carbon dioxide exchange
Lymphatic  Returns tissue fluid to blood
 Defends against foreign
organisms
Digestive  Processes foods
 Absorption of nutrients into
body
Urinary  Elimination of wastes
 Regulates pH and volume of
blood
Reproductive  Produces germs cells (eggs and
sperm)
 Environment for growth of
fetus (female)

6. What is the smallest living unit in the human body?

Ans. The cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of living
organisms, which can exist on its own. Therefore, it is sometimes called the
building block of life.

7. Give an example of an organelle. Where are organelles found?

Ans. Certain organelles can only be found in plant cells and certain
organelles can only be found in animal cells. Examples of organelles found
in eukaryotic cells include: the endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough
ER), the Golgi complex, lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes and
ribosomes.

8. Name the molecule that contains our genetic material.

Ans. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).

9. Name 4 main types of tissues. Give an example of where each might be

found.
 Ans. There are 4 basic types of tissues:
 Connective tissues
 Muscle tissues
 Nervous tissues
 Epithelial tissues
Connective tissues support other tissues and binds them together (bone,
blood and lymph tissues). Epithelial tissues provide a covering (skin, the
lining of the various passages inside the body).

10. Why do care workers need to know the function of each body system?
Ans. By understanding how the systems interact, you determine the proper
care for each individual patient and their specific symptoms. With a
foundation of anatomy and physiology, you will have the building blocks to
make proper decisions and provide accurate and quality care.

Activity 2

1. How much blood does the average adult have?

Ans. There are around 10.5 pints (5litres) of blood in the average human
adult body, although this will vary depending on various factors.

2. What percentage of blood is

a. Plasma – A mixture of about 55% plasma
b. Red blood cells – Accounting for about 40 to 45% of its volume.
c. White blood cells and platelets – White blood cells make up about
1% and platelets less than 1%.

3. What is the normal colour of plasma?

Ans. Plasma is normally yellow due to bilirubin, carotenoids, haemoglobin
and transferrin.

4. What is the largest component of plasma (by volume)?

Ans. Plasma is the liquid component of blood, in which the red blood cells,
white blood cells and platelets are suspended. It constitutes more than half
of the blood’s volume and consists mostly of water that contains dissolved
salts and proteins. The major protein in plasma is albumin.

Activity 3

1. When should blood clot?

Ans. Blood clotting is an important process that prevents excessive bleeding
when a blood vessel is injured. Platelets (a type of blood cell) and proteins
in your plasma (the liquid part of blood) work together to stop the bleeding
by forming a clot over the injury.

2. What cells are needed for the clotting of blood?

Ans. The main job of platelets, or thrombocytes, is a blood clotting.
Platelets are much smaller in size than the other blood cells.

3. Which organ produces the other clotting factors needed for blood to
clot?
Ans. Serve liver disease can reduce reproduction of clotting factors and
increase risk of excessive bleeding. Because the liver needs vitamin K to
make some of the clotting factors, vitamin K deficiency can cause excessive
bleeding.

4. Give the correct anatomical names for red and white blood cells.
Ans. Red blood cells also called erythrocyte and white blood cells also
known as leukocyte or white corpuscle.

5. What is the main function of red blood cells?

Ans. Red blood cells carry oxygen from our lungs to the rest of our bodies.
Then they make the return trip, taking carbon dioxide back to our lungs to
be exhaled.

6. What is the main function of white blood cells?

Ans. They protect you against illness and disease. Think of white blood cells
as your immunity cells. In a sense, they are always at war. They flow
through your bloodstream to fight viruses, bacteria and other foreign
invaders that threaten your health.

7. What is the function of haemoglobin?

Ans. Hemoglobin is essential for transferring oxygen in your blood from the
lungs to the tissues. Myoglobin, in muscle cells, accepts, stored, transports
and release oxygen.

8. How is the most carbon dioxide carried in the blood?

Ans. The majority of carbon dioxide is transported as part of the
bicarbonate system. Carbon dioxide diffuses into red blood cells.
Bicarbonate leaves the red blood cells and enters the blood plasma. In the
 lungs, bicarbonate is transported back into the red blood cells in exchange
for chloride.

Activity 4

1. What are the 5 types of blood vessels?

Ans.
 Veins
 Venules
 Capillaries
 Arteries
 Arterioles

2. How are veins structurally different from arteries?

Ans. Veins have a relatively thin layer of smooth muscle in the wall, and
often the veins have a misshapen or collapsed look, whereas arteries
maintain a tight cylindrical shape. Veins also have valve flaps to keep the
blood from moving backward in the vessel. These valves resemble the
semilunar valves of the heart.

3. Describe the systemic circulation.

Ans. The systemic circulation provides the functional blood supply to all
body tissue. It carries oxygen and nutrients to the cells and picks up carbon
dioxide and waste products. Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood
from the left ventricle, through the arteries, to the capillaries in the tissues
of the body.

4. Describe the pulmonary circulation.

Ans. pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs.
It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release
carbon dioxide. The oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart.

Activity 5

1. What are the functions of the following of the hearts?

a. The myocardium – is a specialized type of muscle tissue that forms
the heart. This muscle tissue, which contracts and releases
involuntarily, is responsible for keeping the heart pumping blood
around the body.
 b. The atrium – the left atrium is one of the 4 chambers of the heart,
located on the left posterior side. Its primary roles are to act as a
holding chamber for blood returning from the lungs and to act as
pump to transport blood to other areas of the heart.
c. The ventricle – the right ventricle pumps the oxygen-poor blood to
the lungs through the pulmonary valve. The left atrium receives
oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the left ventricle
through the mitral valve. The left ventricle pumps the oxygen-rich
blood through the aortic valve out to the rest of the body.
d. The valve – the valves prevent the backward flow of blood. These
valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two
ventricles. They act as one-way inlets of blood on one side of a
ventricle and one-way outlets of blood on the other side of the
ventricle.

2. What is the function of cardiovascular system?

Ans. The main function of the cardiovascular system is therefore to
maintain blood flow to all parts of the body, to allow it to survive. Veins
deliver used blood from the body back to the heart.

Activity 6

1. State the 4 functions of the lymphatic system.

Ans. Your lymphatic system is the part of immune system that has many
functions. They include protecting your body from illness-causing invaders,
maintaining body fluid levels, absorbing digestive tract fats and removing
cellular waste.

2. How are lymph capillaries different from blood capillaries?

Ans. Lymphatic capillaries are slightly larger in diameter than blood
capillaries and have closed ends. Their unique structure permits interstitial
fluid to flow into them but not out. The ends of the endothelial cells that
make up the wall of a lymphatic capillary overlap.

3. Name 2 things removed from lymph in the nodes.

Ans. Lymph node biopsy – just one node is removed to check for cancer
cells. Sentinel lymph node – this is the first lymph node your cancer is likely
to spread to. Sentinel lymph node biopsy – removal of the sentinel lymph
node.
 4. Name 2 organs, other than the lymph nodes and vessels that form the
lymphatic system.
Ans. The spleen and thymus are lymphatic organs that monitor the blood
and detect and respond to pathogens and malignant cells. The lymphatic
systems plays an important role in the absorption of fats from the intestine.

Activity 7

1. Intact skin and mucous membrane protect against the invasion of

micro-organisms. Give an example of how each of these tissues that
defend us.
Ans. Skin is a barrier that serves as one of the body’s first lines of defence
against harmful microbes. Specialized immune cells within skin tissues help
to fight invading organisms. Yet the skin hosts diverse communities of
beneficial bacteria, collectively known as skin microbiota.

2. Name 2 immune system responses to infection in the body.

Ans. The innate immune response is a rapid reaction. Innate immune cells
recognize certain molecule found on many pathogens. These cells also react
to signalling molecules released by the body in response to infection.
Through these actions, innate immune cells quickly begin fighting an
infection.

3. Which white blood cells are involved in destruction of cancer cells?

Ans. Cytotoxic T cells are activated by cytokines. They can attach to cancer
and kill them. Derived from activated cytotoxic T cells, memory T cells are
long-lived and antigen-experienced. One memory T cell can produce
multiple cytotoxic T cells.

Activity 8

1. What organs of the urinary system are responsible for the

maintenance of blood?
Ans.
 The renal system eliminates wastes from the body, controls level of
electrolytes and metabolites, controls the osmoregulation of blood
volume and pressure, and regulates blood pH.
 The renal system organs include the kidneys, ureter, bladder and
urethra.
2. Name the microscopic structure that produce urine.
Ans. Nephron, functional unit of the kidney, the structure that actually
produces urine in the process of removing wastes and excess substances
from the blood.

3. Name 3 processes used by these structure to produce urine.

Ans. There are three main steps of urine formation: glomerular filtration,
reabsorption and secretion. These processes ensure that only waste and
excess water are removed from the body.

4. What is the name of the organ used to store urine?

Ans. Bladder. This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower
abdomen. It is held in place by ligaments that are attached to other and the
pelvic bones. The bladder’s walls relax and expand to the store urine, and
contract and flatten to empty urine through the urethra.

5. How much urine does a normal adult excrete each day?

Ans. The normal range of urine output is 800 to 2,000 millilitres per day if
you have a normal fluid intake of about 2 litres per day. However, different
laboratories may use slightly different values.

6. Describe healthy urine.

Ans. generally fresh urine has a mild smell but aged urine has a stronger
odour similar to that of ammonia. The pH of normal urine is generally in the
range 4.6-8, with a typical average being around 6.0. Much of the variation
occurs due to diet.

7. What structure is immediately below the male bladder?

Ans. The male urethra passes through the prostate gland immediately
inferior to the bladder before passing below the public symphasis. The
length of the male urethra varies between men but averages 20cm in
length.

8. Explain the fact that women are more likely to suffer from bladder
infections than men.
Ans. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kidney Diseases, women are more likely to develop UTIs because they have
a shorter urethra than men. Bacteria don’t have to travel very far to reach
and infect a woman’s bladder.
 9. Which of the sphincter muscles of the urethra is under voluntary
control?
Ans. The internal urethral sphincter provides voluntary control of urination.
Any damage to these muscles can lead to urinary incontinence.

Activity 9

1. What are the structural divisions of nervous system?

Ans. The nervous system can be divided into two major regions: the central
and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system is the brain
and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system is everything else.

2. What are the functional divisions of nervous system?

Ans. The nervous system can be functionally divided into 3 actions:
sensation, integration and response. The nervous system is involved in
receiving information about the environment around us and generating
responses to that information.

Activity 10

1. Complete the following statements about the Central Nervous System.

a. The correct abbreviation for the Central Nervous System is?
Ans. The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a part of the nervous system
consisting primarily of the brain and the spinal cord.

b. The two main parts of the CNS are?

Ans. The nervous system has two parts: The CNS is made up of the brain
and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves
that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

c. The three layers of tissues covering the Central Nervous System.

Ans. The brain and the spinal cord are covered by three layers of
meninges, or protective coverings: the dura mater, the arachnoid mater
and the pia mater. Cerebrospinal fluid surrounds the brain, cushioning it
and providing shock absorption to prevent damage.

d. The special fluid circulating around the brain and the spinal card is
called.
 Ans. The cerebrospinal fluid circulate in the subarachnoid space around
the brain and the spinal cord, and in the ventricles of the brain. Image
showing the location of CSF highlighting the brain’s ventricular system.

2. What are the 2 kinds of matter in the brain and the spinal care?
Ans. Together, the gray and white matter of your brain and spinal cord help
from spinal tracts. These pathways send nerve signals from your brain to
the rest of your body.

3. What parts of the eye are indicated?

Ans.
 Iris
 Cornea
 Pupil
 Sclera
 Conjunctiva

Activity 11

1. How do the urinary and endocrine systems contribute to the

functioning of the musculo-skeletal system?
Ans. All the muscles in your urinary system work together so you can
urinate. The dome of your bladder is made of smooth muscles. You can
release urine when those muscles tighten. When relax, you can hold in your
urine. The endocrine system signals the muscular system to contract.
Signals from the muscular system tell the endocrine system to keep
activating the muscular system. This continues until the baby is born.

2. List 3 factors essential for normal bone growth and health.

Ans. Three calcium-regulating hormones plays an important role in
producing healthy bone.
 Parathyroid hormone or PTH, which maintains the level of calcium
and stimulates both resorption and formation of bone
 Calcitriol, the hormone derived from vitamin D, which stimulates the
intestine to absorb enough calcium and phosphorus and also affects
bone directly
 Calcitonin, which inhibits bone breakdown and may protect against
excessively high levels of calcium in the blood.

3. What is the function of:

  Tendons: A tendon is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches
muscle to bone. Tendons may also attach muscle to structures
such as eyeball. A tendon serves to move the bone or structure.
 Ligament: A ligament is a fibrous connective tissue which attaches
bone to bone, and usually serves to hold structures together and
keep them stable.

4. What are the anatomical names of:

a. The 2 bones in the lower leg?
Ans. The lower leg is comprised of two bones, the tibia and the
smaller fibula.

b. The strongest and longest bone in the body?

Ans. The femur is the only bone located within the human thigh. It is
both the longest and the strongest bone in the human body,
extending from the hip to the knee.

c. The collar bone.

Ans. The clavicle extends between the manubrium of the sternum
and the acromion of the scapula. It is classed as a long bone and can
be palpated along its length.

5. How do muscles move bone?

Ans. Muscles move body parts by contracting and then relaxing. Muscles
can pull bones, but they can’t push them back to the original position. So,
they work in pairs of flexors and extensors. The flexor contracts to bend a
limb at a joint.

6. Which body system controls our movements?

Ans. The cerebrum controls voluntary movement, speech, intelligence,
memory, emotion and sensory processing.

7. Name a joint in the body which is a:

Ans.
 Ball and socket joint: also called spheroidal joint, in vertebrate
anatomy, a joint in which the rounded surface of a bone moves
within a depression on another bone, allowing greater freedom of
movement than any other kind of kind of joint.
 Hinge joint: A hinge joint is a common class of synovial joint that
includes the ankle, elbow and the knee joints. Hinge joints are
 formed between two or more bones where the bones can only move
along one axis to flex or extend.

Activity 12

1. What cells produce the following?

Ans.
a. Epidermal cells: three main populations of cells reside in the
epidermis: keratinocytes, melanocytes and Langerhans cells.
Keratinocytes are the predominant cells in the epidermis, which are
constantly generated in the basal lamina and go through maturation,
differentiation and migration to the surface.

b. Melanin: melanin is synthesized by cells in the skin and hair follicles

called melanocytes. Two major classes of melanin are known:
eumelanin, a brown-black pigment; and pheomelanin, an orange-to-
red pigment. Melanin is stored in cytoplasmic organelles within
melanocytes called melanosomes.

2. What is the name of the substance that hardens skin cells?

Ans. As cells multiply and make keratin to harden the structure, they’re
pushed up the follicle and through the skin’s surface as a shaft of hair.

3. Identify 2 ways that the skin protects the body.

Ans. It protects us and helps to keep us healthy by: maintaining the balance
of fluids in the body. Binding in moisture when necessary and preventing
moisture loss. Regulating body temperature: it insulates our body,
conserves heat in cold conditions and perspires to cool the body down
when it gets hot.

Activity 13

1. What are the main organs of respiratory system?

Ans. The respiratory system is the network of organs and tissues that help
you breathe. It includes your airways, lungs and blood vessels. The muscles
that power your lungs are also part of the respiratory system.

2. What 2 gasses are exchanges in the alveoli of these organs?

 Ans. The function of the respiratory system is to move two gases: oxygen
and carbon dioxide. Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli in
the lungs and the capillaries that envelop them.

3. What happens to air as it passes through the nose and upper airways?
Ans. Air is inhaled through the nostrils and warmed as it moves further into
the nasal cavities. Scroll-shaped bones, the nasal conchae, protrude and
form spaces through which the air passes. The conchae swirl the air around
to allow the air time to humidity, warm and be cleaned before it enters the
lungs.

4. What is the name of 2 layer covering surroundings the main respiratory

system?
Ans. The pleural membrane is thin, slippery and has two layers. The outer,
or parietal, pleura lines the inside of the rib cage and the diaphragm while
the inner, visceral or pulmonary, layer covers the lungs. Between the two
layers is the intrapleural space, which normally contains fluid secreted by
the membranes.

5. What is the name of tube that joints the larynx to the bronchi?
Ans. In insects, a few land arachnids, and myriapods, the trachea is an
elaborate system of small, branching tubes that carry oxygen to individual
cells; in most land vertebrates, the trachea is the windpipe, which conveys
air from the larynx to the two main bronchi, with the lungs and their air
sacs as the ultimate.

Activity 15

1. Name the process by which food is moved through digestive system.

Ans. Food moves through your Gl tract by a process called peristalsis. The
large, hollow organs of your Gl tract contain a layer of muscle that enables
their walls to move the movements pushes food and liquid through your Gl
tract and mixes the contents within each organ.

2. What is absorbed from the large bowel to pass into blood?

Ans. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon
(large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic—about 5.6 to 6.9.

3. State 2 functions of liver.

 Ans. Some of the more well-known functions include the following:
production of bile, which helps carry away the waste and break down fats in
the small intestine during digestion. Production of certain protein for blood
plasma. Production of cholesterol and special proteins to help carry fats
through the body.

4. Why does the lining of the stomach constantly produce mucous?

Ans. Gastric mucus is a glycoprotein that serves two purposes: the
lubrication of food masses in order to facilitate movement within the
stomach and the formation of a protective layer over the lining epithelium
of the stomach cavity.

5. What does the pancreas produce to aid the digestion of food?

Ans. During digestion, your pancreas makes pancreatic juices called
enzymes. These enzymes break down sugar, fats and starches. Your
pancreas also helps your digestive system by making hormones. These are
chemical messengers that travel through your blood.

6. The pancreas produces two important hormones. What are they?

What do they do?
Ans. Glucagon and insulin work in tandem to control the balance of glucose
in the bloodstream. Other hormones produced by the pancreas include
pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin. They are believed to play a part
in regulating and fine-tuning the insulin and glucagon-producing cells.

7. 2 kinds of digestion happen in the digestive tract, what are they?

Ans. There are two kinds of digestion: mechanical and chemical. Mechanical
digestion involves physically breaking the food into smaller pieces.
Mechanical digestion begins in the mouth as the food is chewed. Chemical
digestion involves breaking down the food into simpler nutrients that can
be used by the cells.

Activity 16

1. The secondary sex characteristics of male include:

Ans. For males, secondary characteristics include facial and chest hair,
increased body hair, pelvic build (lack of rounded hips), upper body
muscular build, and the ability to generate muscle mass at a faster rate than
the female.
 2. What are the functions of male reproductive system?
Ans. The male reproductive system is a grouping of organs that make up a
man’s reproductive and urinary systems. These organs do the following jobs
within your body: they produce maintain and transport sperm (the male
reproductive cells) and semen (the protective fluid around the sperm)

3. Describe some female secondary sex characteristics.

Ans. For female, secondary sex characteristics include relative lack of body
hair, thicker hair on the head (in some cases), rounded hips/figure, a
decreased ability to generate muscle mass at a fast rate, decreased upper
body strength, breasts, ability to nurse children, a menstrual cycle, and
increased body fat.

4. What are the functions of female reproductive system?

Ans. The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several
functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for production, called
the ova. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of
fertilization.

5. The Central Nervous System is made up of:

Ans. The CNS is made up of brain and spinal cord.

6. What essential life process happens in alveoli of the lungs.

Ans. Gas exchange takes place in the millions of alveoli in the lungs and the
capillaries that envelop them. As shown below, inhaled oxygen moves from
the alveoli to the blood in the capillaries, and carbon dioxide moves from
the blood in the capillaries to the air in the alveoli.

Activity 17

1. State 1 function of grey matter in the CNS.

Ans. The grey matter serves to process information in the brain. Structures
within the grey matter process signals generated in the sensory organs or
other areas of the grey matter. This tissue directs sensory stimuli to nerve
cells in the CNS where synapses induce a response to the stimuli.

2. State 1 function of white matter in the CNS.

Ans. Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects learning and
brain functions modulating the distribution of action potentials, acting as a
relay and coordinating communication between different brain regions.
White matter is named for its relatively light appearance resulting from the
lipid content of myelin.

3. Name 2 processes that the brain controls to keep us alive.

Ans. Together, these three parts of the brain help keep us alive by
controlling our breathing, digestion and blood circulation.

4. What are the 4 functions of hormones?

Ans. They help in body growth, development, metabolism, sexual function,
reproduction etc. what happens to the body when these hormones will
release in more or less quantity. This article deals with the list of important
hormones necessary for our body functions.

5. Name 3 functions of skin.

Ans.
 Protection
 Thermoregulation
 Sensation

6. What are the 2 functions of the urinary system?

Ans. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes
and metabolites and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body’s
drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.

7. What are the 2 functions of the reproductive system?

Ans. Its function includes producing gametes called eggs, secreting sex
hormones, providing a site for fertilization, gestating a fetus if fertilization
occurs, giving birth to a baby, and breastfeeding a baby after birth. The only
thing missing is sperm.

8. What makes a healthy lifestyle? What are the 3 important elements of

a healthy lifestyle and why they are important in healthy lifestyle?
Ans. Components of a healthy lifestyle:
 Good diet
 Physical exercise
 Good sleeping pattern
 Personal hygiene no bad habits or addication
 Health education
 Safe environment
 Physical fitness
Components of unhealthy lifestyle:
 Malnutrition
 Unhealthy diet
 Smoking
 Alcohol consuming
 Drug abuse
 Stress