TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr.no. Date Topic Sign

1. 25/08/2019 Displaying different LED patterns with Raspberry Pi.

Displaying Time over 4-Digit 7-Segment Display

2. 06/09/2019
using Raspberry Pi.

3. 11/09/2019 Raspberry Pi Based Oscilloscope.

4. 20/09/2019 Controlling Raspberry Pi with Telegram.

5. 25/09/2019 Setting up Wireless Access Point using Raspberry Pi.

6. 29/09/2019 Raspberry Pi GPS Module Interfacing.

Interfacing Raspberry Pi with 16x2 LCD using I2C

7. 30/09/2019
module.
IoT based Web Controlled Home Automation using
8. 01/10/2019
Raspberry Pi.

9. 04/10/2019 Interfacing Raspberry Pi with Pi Camera.

10. 10/10/2019 Interfacing Raspberry Pi with RFID.

11. 12/10/2019 Installing Windows 10 IoT Core on Raspberry Pi

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

1 Displaying different LED patterns with Raspberry Pi.

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
import time

x=1
numTimes=int(input("Enter tottal number of times to blink"))
speed=float(input("Enter length of each blink(seconds) : "))

GPIO.setwarnings(False)
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(5,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(10,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(19,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(26,GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.setup(29,GPIO.OUT)

def Blink(numTimes,speed):
for i in range(0,numTimes):
GPIO.output(5,True)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))

GPIO.output(10,True)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))

GPIO.output(19,True)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))

GPIO.output(26,True)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))

GPIO.output(29,True)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))

GPIO.output(29,False)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))
time.sleep(speed)

GPIO.output(26,False)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

time.sleep(speed)

GPIO.output(19,False)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))
time.sleep(speed)

GPIO.output(10,False)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))
time.sleep(speed)

GPIO.output(5,False)
print ("Iteration ", (i+1))
time.sleep(speed)

Blink(numTimes,speed)
print("Done")
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

2 Displaying Time over 4-Digit 7-Segment Display using Raspberry Pi.

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Control 4 digits-7 segments LED display with TM1637 controller

Connection
scheme
Raspberry
1. TM1637 RPI
Pi Function RaspberryFunction
Board Pin Pin
Connect the
LED to
2. GND Ground 14 GND your
Raspberry
Pi according
to + 5V the
3. VCC 4 5V following
Power
diagram:

4. DI0 Data In 18 GPIO 24

5. CLK Clock 16 GPIO 23

TM1637 script
In order to control the LED, we use a special script with pre-defined functions. Various
functions are available in the script, for example you can display numbers and adjust the
intensity of the LEDs. Download the script with the command:

wget https://raspberrytips.nl/files/tm1637.py

Code:

import sys
import time
import datetime
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

import tm1637

#CLK -> GPIO23 (Pin 16)

#Di0 -> GPIO24 (Pin 18)

Display = tm1637.TM1637(23,24,tm1637.BRIGHT_TYPICAL)

Display.Clear()
Display.SetBrightnes(1)

while(True):
now = datetime.datetime.now()
hour = now.hour
minute = now.minute
second = now.second
currenttime = [ int(hour / 10), hour % 10, int(minute / 10), minute % 10 ]

Display.Show(currenttime)
Display.ShowDoublepoint(second % 2)

time.sleep(1)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Raspberry Pi Based Oscilloscope

3
Project Requirements
The requirement for this project can be classified into two:

1. Hardware Requirements
2. Software Requirements

Hardware requirements
To build this project, the following components/part are required;

1. Raspberry pi 2 (or any other model)

2. 8 or 16GB SD Card
3. LAN/Ethernet Cable
4. Power Supply or USB cable
5. ADS1115 ADC
6. LDR (Optional as its meant for test)
7. 10k or 1k resistor
8. Jumper wires
9. Breadboard
10. Monitor or any other way of seeing the pi’s Desktop(VNC inclusive)

Software Requirements
The software requirements for this project are basically the python modules
(matplotlib and drawnow) that will be used for data visualization and the Adafruit
module for interfacing with the ADS1115 ADC chip. I will show how to install these
modules on the Raspberry Pi as we proceed.
While this tutorial will work irrespective of the raspberry pi OS used, I will be using
the Raspberry Pi stretch OS and I will assume you are familiar with setting up the
Raspberry Pi with the Raspbian stretch OS, and you know how to SSH into the
raspberry pi using a terminal software like putty. If you have issues with any of this,
there are tons of Raspberry Pi Tutorials on this website that can help.
With all the hardware components in place, let's create the schematics and connect the
components together.

Circuit Diagram:
To convert the analog input signals to digital signals which can be visualized with the
Raspberry Pi, we will be using the ADS1115 ADC chip. This chip becomes important
because the Raspberry Pi, unlike Arduino and most micro-controllers, does not have an
on-board analog to digital converter(ADC). While we could have used any raspberry pi
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

compatible ADC chip, I prefer this chip due to its high resolution(16bits) and its well
documented datasheet and use instructions by Adafruit. You can also check
our Raspberry Pi ADC tutorial to learn more about it.

ADS1115 and Raspberry Pi Connections:

VDD – 3.3v
GND – GND
SDA – SDA
SCL – SCL
With the connections all done, power up your pi and proceed to install the
dependencies mentioned below.
Install Dependencies for Raspberry Pi Oscilloscope:
Before we start writing the python script to pull data from the ADC and plot it on a
live graph, we need to enable the I2C communication interface of the raspberry pi
and install the software requirements that were mentioned earlier. This will be done in
below steps so its easy to follow:
Step 1: Enable Raspberry Pi I2C interface
To enable the I2C, from the terminal, run;

sudo raspi-config

When the configuration panels open, select interface options, select I2C and click
enable.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Step 2: Update the Raspberry pi

The first thing I do before starting any project is updating the Pi. Through this, I am
sure every thing on the OS is up to date and I won’t experience compatibility issue
with any latest software I choose to install on the Pi. To do this, run below two
commands:

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

Step 3: Install the Adafruit ADS1115 library for ADC

With the update done, we are now ready to install the dependencies starting with the
Adafruit python module for the ADS115 chip. Ensure you are in the Raspberry Pi
home directory by running;

cd ~

then install the build-essentials by running;

sudo apt-get install build-essential python-dev python-smbus git

Next, clone the Adafruit git folder for the library by running;

git clone https://github.com/adafruit/Adafruit_Python_ADS1x15.git

Change into the cloned file’s directory and run the setup file;

cd Adafruit_Python_ADS1x15
sudo python setup.py install

After installation, your screen should look like the image below.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Step 4: Test the library and 12C communication.

Before we proceed with the rest of the project, it is important to test the library and
ensure the ADC can communicate with the raspberry pi over I2C. To do this we will
use an example script that comes with the library.
While still in the Adafruit_Python_ADS1x15 folder, change directory to the examples
directory by running;

cd examples

Next, run the sampletest.py example which displays the value of the four channels on
the ADC in a tabular form.
Run the example using:
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

python simpletest.py

If the I2C module is enabled and connections good, you should see the data as shown
in the image below.

If an error occurs, check to ensure the ADC is well connected to the PI and I2C
communication is enabled on the Pi.

Step 5: Install Matplotlib

To visualize the data we need to install the matplotlib module which is used to plot all
kind of graphs in python. This can be done by running;

sudo apt-get install python-matplotlib

You should see an outcome like the image below.

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Step6: Install the Drawnow python module

Lastly, we need to install the drawnow python module. This module helps us provide
live updates to the data plot.
We will be installing drawnow via the python package installer; pip, so we need to
ensure it is installed. This can be done by running;

sudo apt-get install python-pip12

We can then use pip to install the drawnow package by running:

sudo pip install drawnow

You should get an outcome like the image below after running it.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

With all the dependencies installed, we are now ready to write the code.
Python Code for Raspberry Pi Oscilloscope:
The python code for this Pi Oscilloscope is fairly simple especially if you are familiar
with the python matplotlib module. Before showing us the whole code, I will try to
break it into part and explain what each part of the code is doing so you can have
enough knowledge to extend the code to do more stuffs.
At this stage it is important to switch to a monitor or use the VNC viewer, anything
through which you can see your Raspberry Pi’s desktop, as the graph being plotted
won’t show on the terminal.

With the monitor as the interface open a new python file. You can call it any name
you want, but I will call it scope.py.

sudo nano scope.py

With the file created, the first thing we do is import the modules we will be using;

import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from drawnow import *
import Adafruit_ADS1x15

Next, we create an instance of the ADS1x15 library specifying the ADS1115 ADC

adc = Adafruit_ADS1x15.ADS1115()

Next, we set the gain of the ADC. There are different ranges of gain and should be
chosen based on the voltage you are expecting at the input of the ADC. For this
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

tutorial, we are estimating a 0 – 4.09v so we will be using a gain of 1. For more info on
gain you can check the ADS1015/ADS1115 datasheet.

GAIN = 1

Next, we need to create the array variables that will be used to store the data to be
plotted and another one to serve as count.

Val = [ ]
cnt = 0

Next, we make know our intentions of making the plot interactive known so as
to enable us plot the data live.

plt.ion()

Next, we start continuous ADC conversion specifying the ADC channel, in this case,
channel 0 and we also specify the gain.
It should be noted that all the four ADC channels on the ADS1115 can be read at the
same time, but 1 channel is enough for this demonstration.

adc.start_adc(0, gain=GAIN)

Next we create a function def makeFig, to create and set the attributes of the
graph which will hold our live plot. We first of all set the limits of the y-axis
using ylim, after which we input the title of the plot, and the label name before we
specify the data that will be plotted and its plot style and color using plt.plot(). We can
also state the channel (as channel 0 was stated) so we can identify each signal when the
four channels of the ADC are being used. plt.legend is used to specify where we want
the information about that signal(e.g Channel 0) displayed on the figure.

plt.ylim(-5000,5000)
plt.title('Osciloscope')
plt.grid(True)
plt.ylabel('ADC outputs')
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

plt.plot(val, 'ro-', label='lux')

plt.legend(loc='lower right')

Next we write the while loop which will be used constantly read data from the ADC
and update the plot accordingly.
The first thing we do is read the ADC conversion value

value = adc.get_last_result()

Next we print the value on the terminal just to give us another way of confirming the
plotted data. We wait a few seconds after printing then we append the data to the list
(val) created to store the data for that channel.

print('Channel 0: {0}'.format(value))
time.sleep(0.5)
val.append(int(value))

We then call drawnow to update the plot.

drawnow(makeFig)

To ensure the latest data is what is available on the plot, we delete the data at index 0
after every 50 data counts.

cnt = cnt+1
if(cnt>50):
val.pop(0)

That’s all!
The complete Python code is given at the end of this tutorial.

Raspberry Pi Oscilloscope in Action:

Copy the complete python code and paste in the python file we created earlier,
remember we will need a monitor to view the plot so all of this should be done by
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

either VNC or with a connected monitor or screen.

Save the code and run using;

sudo python scope.py

If you used a different name other than scope.py, don’t forget to change this to match.
After a few minutes, you should see the ADC data being printed on the terminal.
Occasionally you may get a warning from matplotlib (as shown in the image below)
which should be suppressed but it doesn’t affect the data being displayed or the plot in
anyway. To suppress the warning however, the following lines of code can be added
after the import lines in our code.

Import warnings
import matplotlib.cbook
warnings.filterwarnings(“ignore”, category=matplotlib.cbook.mplDeprecation)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Code:
import time
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
#import numpy
from drawnow import *
# Import the ADS1x15 module.
import Adafruit_ADS1x15
# Create an ADS1115 ADC (16-bit) instance.
adc = Adafruit_ADS1x15.ADS1115()
GAIN = 1
val = [ ]
cnt = 0
plt.ion()
# Start continuous ADC conversions on channel 0 using the previous gain value.
adc.start_adc(0, gain=GAIN)
print('Reading ADS1x15 channel 0')
#create the figure function
def makeFig():
plt.ylim(-5000,5000)
plt.title('Osciloscope')
plt.grid(True)
plt.ylabel('ADC outputs')
plt.plot(val, 'ro-', label='Channel 0')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

while (True):
# Read the last ADC conversion value and print it out.
value = adc.get_last_result()
print('Channel 0: {0}'.format(value))
# Sleep for half a second.
time.sleep(0.5)
val.append(int(value))
drawnow(makeFig)
plt.pause(.000001)
cnt = cnt+1
if(cnt>50):
val.pop(0)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

4 Controlling Raspberry Pi with Telegram.

Step 1: Open Telegram app in your system or mobile

Open Telegram app in your system or mobile\
1.2 Start "BotFather"

1.3 Open "BotFather"

1.4 Start "BotFather"

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

/start
1.5 Create a new Bot

1.6 Obtain access token

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

3.3 Install "Python Package Index"

sudo apt-get install python-pip

Note: Make sure Pi has internet access

3.4 Install "telepot"

sudo pip install telepot

Step 4: Run the Python Code

4.1 Clone the git
git clone https://github.com/salmanfarisvp/TelegramBot.git
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

4.2 Paste your Bot Token here

bot = telepot.Bot('Bot Token')
Note: 1.6 for more details
4.3 Run the Code
python telegrambot.py
All set, now time to connect the Pi and LED.
Step 5: Connect LED to Pi

Step 6: Send Command

6.1 Start our Bot
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

6.2 Send "on" & "off"

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Look at your Pi, you can see the LED on and off when you send "on" and "off" to our bot.
Code:

import sys
import time
import random
import datetime
import telepot
import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

#LED
def on(pin):
GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.HIGH)
return
def off(pin):
GPIO.output(pin,GPIO.LOW)
return
# to use Raspberry Pi board pin numbers
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
# set up GPIO output channel
GPIO.setup(11, GPIO.OUT)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

def handle(msg):
chat_id = msg['chat']['id']
command = msg['text']

print 'Got command: %s' % command

if command == 'on':
bot.sendMessage(chat_id, on(11))
elif command =='off':
bot.sendMessage(chat_id, off(11))

bot = telepot.Bot('Bot Token')

bot.message_loop(handle)
print 'I am listening...'

while 1:
time.sleep(10)

5 Setting up Wireless Access Point using Raspberry Pi

Required Components:
The following components will be needed to set up a raspberry pi as a wireless access
point:

1. Raspberry Pi 2
2. 8GB SD card
3. WiFi USB dongle
4. Ethernet cable
5. Power supply for the Pi.
6. Monitor (optional)
7. Keyboard (optional)
8. Mouse (optional)

Steps for Setting up Raspberry Pi as Wireless Access Point:

Step 1: Update the Pi
As usual, we update the raspberry pi to ensure we have the latest version of everything.
This is done using;
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

sudo apt-get update

followed by;

sudo apt-get upgrade

With the update done, reboot your pi to effect changes.

Step 2: Install “dnsmasq” and “hostapd”

Next, we install the software that makes it possible to setup the pi as a wireless access
point and also the software that helps assign network address to devices that connect to
the AP. We do this by running;

sudo apt-get install dnsmasq​

followed by;

sudo apt-get install hostapd​

or you could combine it by running;

sudo apt-get install dnsmasq hostapd

Step 3: Stop the software from Running

Since we don’t have the software configured yet there is no point running it, so we
disable them from running in the underground. To do this we run the following
commands to stop the systemd operation.

sudo systemctl stop dnsmasq

sudo systemctl stop hostapd

Step 4: Configure a Static IP address for the wireless Port

Confirm the wlan port on which the wireless device being used is connected. For my
Pi, the wireless is on wlan0. Setting up the Raspberry Pi to act as a server requires
us to assign a static IP address to the wireless port. This can be done by editing
the dhcpcd config file. To edit the configuration file, run;
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf

Scroll to the bottom of the config file and add the following lines.

interface wlan0
static ip_address=192.168.1.200/24 #machine ip address

After adding the lines, the config file should look like the image below.

Note: This IP address can be changed to suit your preferred configuration.

Save the file and exit using; ctrl+x followed by Y

Restart the dhcpcd service to effect the changes made to the configuration using;

sudo service dhcpcd restart

Step 5: Configure the dhcpcd server

With a static IP address now configured for the Raspberry Pi wlan, the next thing is for
us to configure the dhcpcd server and provide it with the range of IP addresses to be
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

assigned to devices that connect to the wireless access point. To do this, we need to
edit the configuration file of the dnsmasq software but the config file of the software
contains way too much info and a lot could go wrong If not properly edited, so instead
of editing, we will be creating a new config file with just the amount of information
that is needed to make the wireless access point fully functional.
Before creating the new config file, we keep the old on safe by moving and renaming
it.

sudo mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.old

Then launch the editor to create a new configuration file;

sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

with the editor launched, copy the lines below and paste in or type directly into it.

interface = wlan0 #indicate the communication interface which is usually wlan0 for wire
less
dhcp-range = 192.168.1.201, 192.168.1.220, 255.255.255.0,24h #start addr(other than m
achine ip assigned above), end addr, subnet mask, mask

the content of the file should look like the image below.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Save the file and exit. The content of this config file is just to specify the range of IP
address that can be assigned to devices connected to the wireless access point.
With this done, we will be able to give an identity to devices on our network.
The next set of steps will help us configure the access point host software, setup the
ssid, select the encrytpion etc.

Step 6: Configure hostapd for SSID and Password

We need to edit the hostapd config file(run sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf) to
add the various parameters for the wireless network being setup including the ssid
and password. Its should be noted that the password (passphrase) should be between 8
and 64 characters. Anything lesser won’t work.

interface=wlan0
driver=nl80211
ssid=piNetwork
hw_mode=g
channel=7
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

wmm_enabled=0
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=mumbai123 # use a very secure password and not this
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

The content of the file should look like the image below.

Feel free to change the ssid and password to suit your needs and desire.
Save the config file and exit.

After the config file has been saved, we need to point the hostapd software to where
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

the config file has been saved. To do this, run;

sudo nano /etc/default/hostapd

find the line with daemon_conf commented out as shown in the image below.

Uncomment the DAEMON_CONF line and add the line below in between the quotes
in front of the “equal to” sign.

/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

Step 7: Fire it up
Since we disabled the two software initially, to allow us configure them properly, we
need to restart the system after configuration to effect the changes.
Use;

sudo systemctl start hostapd

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

sudo systemctl start dnsmasq

Step 8: Routing and masquerade for outbound traffic

We need to add routing and masquerade for outbound traffic.
To do this, we need to edit the config file of the systemctl by running:

sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf

Uncomment this line net.ipv4.ip_forward=1(highlighted in the image below)

Save the config file and exit using ctrl+x followed by y.

Next we move to masquerading the outbound traffic. This can be done by making
some changes to the iptable rule. To do this, run the following commands:

sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE

then save the Iptables rule using:

sudo sh -c "iptables-save > /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat"

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Step 9: Create Wireless Access Point on startup:

For most wireless access point application, it is often desired that the access point
comes up as soon as the system boots. To implement this on the raspberry pi, one of
the easiest ways is to add instructions to run the software in the rc.local file so we put
commands to install the iptable rules on boot in the rc.local file.
To edit the rc.local file, run:

sudo nano /etc/rc.local

and add the following lines at the bottom of the system, just before the exit 0 statement

iptables-restore < /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat

Step 9: Reboot! and Use

At this stage, we need to reboot the system to effect all the changes and test the
wireless access point starting up on boot with the iptables rule updated.
Reboot the system using:

sudo reboot

As soon as the system comes back on, you should be able to access the wireless access
point using any Wi-Fi enabled device and the password used during the setup.
Accessing the Internet from the Raspberry Pi’s Wi-Fi Hotspot
To implement this, we need to put a “bridge” in between the wireless device and the
Ethernet device on the Raspberry Pi (the wireless access point) to pass all traffic
between the two interfaces. To set this up, we will use the bridge-utils software.
Install hostapd and bridge-utils. While we have installedhostapd before, run the
installation again to clear all doubts.

sudo apt-get install hostapd bridge-utils

Next, we stop hostapd so as to configure the software.

sudo systemctl stop hostapd

When a bridge is created, a higher level construct is created over the two ports being
bridged and the bridge thus becomes the network device. To prevent conflicts, we need
to stop the allocation of IP addresses by the DHCP client running on the Raspberry Pi
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

to the eth0 and wlan0 ports. This will be done by editing the config file of the dhcpcd
client to include denyinterfaces wlan0 and denyinterfaces eth0 as shown in the image
below.
The file can be edited by running the command;

sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf

Note: From this point on, ensure you don’t disconnect the Ethernet cable from your
PC if you are running in headless mode as you may not be able to connect via SSH
again since we have disabled the Ethernet port. If working with a monitor, you have
nothing to fear.
Next, we create a new bridge called br0

sudo brctl addbr br0

Next, we connect the ethernet port (eth0) to the bridge (br0) using;

sudo brctl addif br0 eth0

(Note: if eth0 doesn’t exists use ifconfig command to list all Ethernet adapters and use th
e name from list)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Next, we edit the interfaces file using sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces so various
devices can work with the bridge. Edit the interfaces file to include the information
below;

#Bridge setup
auto br0
iface br0 inet manual
bridge_ports eth0 wlan0​

Lastly we edit the hostapd.conf file to include the bridge configuration. This can be
done by running the command: sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf and editing the
file to contain the information below. Note the bridge was added below the wlan0
interface and the driver line was commented out.

interface=wlan0
bridge=br0
ssid=piNetwork
hw_mode=g
channel=7
wmm_enabled=0
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=mcctest1
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

With this done, save the config file and exit.

To effect the changes made to the Raspberry Pi, reboot the system. Once it comes
back up, you should now be able to access the internet by connecting to the
Wireless access point created by the Raspberry Pi. This of course will only work if
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

internet access is available to the pi via the Ethernet port.

6
Raspberry Pi GPS Module Interfacing.

sudo nano /boot/config.txt

###############
dtparam=spi=on
dtoverlay=pi3-disable-bt
core_freq=250
enable_uart=1
force_turbo=1
#############
sudo systemctl stop [email protected]
sudo systemctl disable [email protected]

sudo systemctl enable [email protected]

sudo apt-get install minicom

sudo pip install pynmea2
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

sudo cat /dev/ttyAMA0

code:
import time
import serial
import string
import pynmea2
import RPi.GPIO as gpio
gpio.setmode(gpio.BCM)
port = "/dev/ttyAMA0" # the serial port to which the pi is connected.

#create a serial object

ser = serial.Serial(port, baudrate = 9600, timeout = 0.5)
while 1:
try:
data = ser.readline()
# print data
except:
print("loading")
#wait for the serial port to churn out data

if data[0:6] == '$GPGGA':
msg = pynmea2.parse(data)
print msg
time.sleep(2)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

7 Interfacing Raspberry Pi with 16x2 LCD using I2C module.

Step 1 – Connect LCD Screen to the Pi

The I2c module can be powered with either 5V or 3.3V but the screen works best if it
provided with 5V. However the Pi’s GPIO pins aren’t 5V tolerant so the I2C signals
need to be level shifted. To do this I used an I2C level shifter.

This requires a high level voltage (5V) and a low level voltage (3.3V) which the device
uses as a reference. The HV pins can be connected to the screen and two of the LV pins
to the Pi’s I2C interface.

Level I2C
Shifter Pi Backpack

LV 3.3V –

LV1 SDA –

LV2 SCL –

GND GND GND

HV 5V VCC

HV1 SDA

HV2 SCL

While experimenting I found that it worked fine without the level shifting but I couldn’t
be certain this wasn’t going to damage the Pi at some point. So it’s probably best to play
it safe!

Step 2 – Download the Example Python Script

The example script will allow you to send text to the screen via I2C. It is very similar to
my scripts for the normal 16×2 screen. To download the script directly to your Pi you
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

can use :
wget https://bitbucket.org/MattHawkinsUK/rpispy-misc/raw/master/python/lcd_i2c.py

Step 3 – Enable the I2C Interface

In order to use I2C devices you must enable the interface on your Raspberry Pi. This can
be done by following my “Enabling The I2C Interface On The Raspberry Pi” tutorial. By
default the I2C backpack will show up on address 0x27.

Step 4 – Run LCD Script

The script can be run using the following command :

sudo python lcd_i2c.py

Code:

import smbus
import time

# Define some device parameters

I2C_ADDR = 0x27 # I2C device address
LCD_WIDTH = 16 # Maximum characters per line

# Define some device constants

LCD_CHR = 1 # Mode - Sending data
LCD_CMD = 0 # Mode - Sending command

LCD_LINE_1 = 0x80 # LCD RAM address for the 1st line

LCD_LINE_2 = 0xC0 # LCD RAM address for the 2nd line
LCD_LINE_3 = 0x94 # LCD RAM address for the 3rd line
LCD_LINE_4 = 0xD4 # LCD RAM address for the 4th line

LCD_BACKLIGHT = 0x08 # On
#LCD_BACKLIGHT = 0x00 # Off

ENABLE = 0b00000100 # Enable bit

# Timing constants
E_PULSE = 0.0005
E_DELAY = 0.0005

#Open I2C interface

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

#bus = smbus.SMBus(0) # Rev 1 Pi uses 0

bus = smbus.SMBus(1) # Rev 2 Pi uses 1

def lcd_init():
# Initialise display
lcd_byte(0x33,LCD_CMD) # 110011 Initialise
lcd_byte(0x32,LCD_CMD) # 110010 Initialise
lcd_byte(0x06,LCD_CMD) # 000110 Cursor move direction
lcd_byte(0x0C,LCD_CMD) # 001100 Display On,Cursor Off, Blink Off
lcd_byte(0x28,LCD_CMD) # 101000 Data length, number of lines, font size
lcd_byte(0x01,LCD_CMD) # 000001 Clear display
time.sleep(E_DELAY)

def lcd_byte(bits, mode):

# Send byte to data pins
# bits = the data
# mode = 1 for data
# 0 for command

bits_high = mode | (bits & 0xF0) | LCD_BACKLIGHT

bits_low = mode | ((bits<<4) & 0xF0) | LCD_BACKLIGHT

# High bits
bus.write_byte(I2C_ADDR, bits_high)
lcd_toggle_enable(bits_high)

# Low bits
bus.write_byte(I2C_ADDR, bits_low)
lcd_toggle_enable(bits_low)

def lcd_toggle_enable(bits):
# Toggle enable
time.sleep(E_DELAY)
bus.write_byte(I2C_ADDR, (bits | ENABLE))
time.sleep(E_PULSE)
bus.write_byte(I2C_ADDR,(bits & ~ENABLE))
time.sleep(E_DELAY)

def lcd_string(message,line):
# Send string to display

message = message.ljust(LCD_WIDTH," ")

lcd_byte(line, LCD_CMD)

for i in range(LCD_WIDTH):
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

lcd_byte(ord(message[i]),LCD_CHR)

def main():
# Main program block

# Initialise display
lcd_init()

while True:

# Send some test

lcd_string("RPiSpy <",LCD_LINE_1)
lcd_string("I2C LCD <",LCD_LINE_2)

time.sleep(3)

# Send some more text

lcd_string("> RPiSpy",LCD_LINE_1)
lcd_string("> I2C LCD",LCD_LINE_2)

time.sleep(3)

if __name__ == '__main__':

try:
main()
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
finally:
lcd_byte(0x01, LCD_CMD)
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

8
IoT based Web Controlled Home Automation using Raspberry Pi

Code:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

from time import sleep
relay_pin = 26
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)
GPIO.setup(relay_pin, GPIO.OUT)
GPIO.output(relay_pin, 1)

try:
while True:
GPIO.output(relay_pin, 0)
sleep(5)
GPIO.output(relay_pin, 1)
sleep(5)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
GPIO.cleanup()
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

9
Interfacing Raspberry Pi with Pi Camera.

To capture image:
import picamera
from time import sleep

#create object for PiCamera class

camera = picamera.PiCamera()
#set resolution
camera.resolution = (1024, 768)
camera.brightness = 60
camera.start_preview()
#add text on image
camera.annotate_text = 'Hi Pi User'
sleep(5)
#store image
camera.capture('image1.jpeg')
camera.stop_preview()
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

To capture video:
import picamera
from time import sleep
camera = picamera.PiCamera()
camera.resolution = (640, 480)
print()
#start recording using pi camera
camera.start_recording("/home/pi/demo.h264")
#wait for video to record
camera.wait_recording(20)
#stop recording
camera.stop_recording()
camera.close()
print("video recording stopped")
To Play the video:
Omxplayer demo.h264
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

10
Interfacing Raspberry Pi with RFID.

I2C Communication Instructions for Raspberry Pi

1. Open I2C of the Raspberry Pi :

sudo raspi-config

Select 5 Interfacing Options -> I2C -> yes.

2. Install some dependent packages

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get install libusb-dev libpcsclite-dev i2c-tools

3. Download and unzip the source code package of libnfc

cd ~
wget http://dl.bintray.com/nfc-tools/sources/libnfc-1.7.1.tar.bz2
tar -xf libnfc-1.7.1.tar.bz2
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

4. Compile and install

cd libnfc-1.7.1
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc
make
sudo make install

5. Write the configuration file for NFC communication

cd /etc
sudo mkdir nfc
sudo nano /etc/nfc/libnfc.conf

Check the following details of the file etc/nfc/libnfc.conf:

# Allow device auto-detection (default: true)
# Note: if this auto-detection is disabled, user has to set manually a device
# configuration using file or environment variable
allow_autoscan = true

# Allow intrusive auto-detection (default: false)

# Warning: intrusive auto-detection can seriously disturb other devices
# This option is not recommended, user should prefer to add manually his device.
allow_intrusive_scan = false

# Set log level (default: error)

# Valid log levels are (in order of verbosity): 0 (none), 1 (error), 2 (info), 3 (debug)
# Note: if you compiled with --enable-debug option, the default log level is "debug"
log_level = 1

# Manually set default device (no default)

# To set a default device, you must set both name and connstring for your device
# Note: if autoscan is enabled, default device will be the first device available in
device list.
#device.name = "_PN532_SPI"
#device.connstring = "pn532_spi:/dev/spidev0.0:500000"
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

device.name = "_PN532_I2c"
device.connstring = "pn532_i2c:/dev/i2c-1"

6. Wiring

Toggle the switch to the I2C mode

SEL SEL
0 1
H L
Connect the devices:

PN532 Raspberry
5V 5V 4
GND GND 6
SDA SDA0 3
SCL SCL0 5

7. Run i2cdetect –yes 1 to check whether the I2C device is recognized.

If yes, it means both the module and the wiring work well.
Then type in nfc-list to check the NFC module:
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Run nfc-poll to scan the RFID tag and you can read information on the card:

SPI Communication Instructions for Raspberry Pi

1. Open SPI of the Raspberry Pi:

sudo raspi-config

Select 9 Advanced Options -> SPI -> yes.

2. Install some dependent packages

sudo apt-get update

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

sudo apt-get install libusb-dev libpcsclite-dev i2c-tools

3. Download and unzip the source code package of libnfc

cd ~
wget http://dl.bintray.com/nfc-tools/sources/libnfc-1.7.1.tar.bz2
tar -xf libnfc-1.7.1.tar.bz2

4. Compile and install

cd libnfc-1.7.1
./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc
make
sudo make install

5. Write the configuration file for NFC communication

cd /etc

sudo mkdir nfc

sudo nano /etc/nfc/libnfc.conf

Check the following details of the file etc/nfc/libnfc.conf:

# Allow device auto-detection (default: true)

# Note: if this auto-detection is disabled, user has to set manually a device
# configuration using file or environment variable
allow_autoscan = true

# Allow intrusive auto-detection (default: false)

# Warning: intrusive auto-detection can seriously disturb other devices
# This option is not recommended, user should prefer to add manually his device.
allow_intrusive_scan = false

# Set log level (default: error)

# Valid log levels are (in order of verbosity): 0 (none), 1 (error), 2 (info), 3 (debug)
# Note: if you compiled with --enable-debug option, th e default log level is "debug"
log_level = 1
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

# Manually set default device (no default)

# To set a default device, you must set both name and connstring for your device
# Note: if autoscan is enabled, default device will be the first device available in
device list.
device.name = "_PN532_SPI"
device.connstring = "pn532_spi:/dev/spidev0.0:500000"
#device.name = "_PN532_I2c"
#device.connstring = "pn532_i2c:/dev/i2c-1"

6. Wiring
Toggle the switch to the SPI mode
SEL0 SEL1
L H
Connect the devices:
PN532 Raspberry
5V 5V
GND GND
SCK SCKL
MISO MISO
MOSI MOSI
NSS CE0
7. Run ls /dev/spidev0.* to check whether the SPI is opened or not.
If yes, it means both the module and the wiring work well.
Then type in nfc-list to check the NFC module:
/dev/spidev0.0 /dev/spidev0.1
If two devices are detected, it means the SPI is already opened.
Then type in nfc-list to check the NFC module:

For Raspberry Pi 3, you may be appear the following error

 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

You should modifiy the libnfc.conf

sudo nano /etc/nfc/libnfc.conf

then modify 500000 to 50000:

device.connstring = "pn532_spi:/dev/spidev0.0:50000"

Run nfc-poll to scan the RFID tag and you can read information on the card:

Code:
import subprocess
import time

def nfc_raw():
lines=subprocess.check_output("/usr/bin/nfc-poll",
stderr=open('/dev/null','w'))
return lines

def read_nfc():
lines=nfc_raw()
return lines

try:
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

while True:
myLines=read_nfc()
buffer=[]
for line in myLines.splitlines():
line_content=line.split()
if(not line_content[0] =='UID'):
pass
else:
buffer.append(line_content)
str=buffer[0]
id_str=str[2]+str[3]+str[4]+str[5]
print (id_str)

except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass

11 Installing Windows 10 IoT Core on Raspberry Pi.

To get up and running you need a few bits and pieces:

1. Raspberry Pi 3.
2. 5V 2A microUSB power supply.
3. 8GB or larger Class 10 microSD card with full-size SD adapter.
4. HDMI cable.
5. Access to a PC.
6. USB WiFi adapter (older models of Raspberry Pi) or Ethernet cable.

At this point, the HDMI cable is only to plug the Raspberry Pi into a display so you can
make sure your install worked. Some Raspberry Pi starter kits include everything you
need, but the list above covers the power, display, and something to install Windows 10
IoT Core on.

1. Go to the Windows 10 developer center.

2. Click Get Windows 10 IoT Core
Dashboar
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

d to download the necessary application.

3. Install the application and open it.

4. Select set up a new device from the sidebar.
5. Select the options as shown in the image below. Make sure you select the correct drive
for your microSD card and give your device a name and admin password.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

6. Select the WiFi network connection you want your Raspberry Pi to connect to, if
required. Only networks your PC connects to will be shown.
7. Click download and install.

The application will now download the necessary files from Microsoft and flash them to
your microSD card. It'll take a little while, but the dashboard will show you the progress.
 T.Y.B.Sc. (I.T.) 2019

Once the image has been installed on the microSD card, it's time to eject it from your PC
and go over to the Raspberry Pi. First connect up the micro USB cable and power supply,
HDMI cable and USB WiFi adapter or Ethernet cable. Connect the HDMI cable to your
chosen display, insert the microSD card into the Raspberry Pi and power it up.