UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY PESHAWAR
Department of Computer Science and Information Technology
Operating System (Theory)
Assignment # 01
Instructor: Dr. Imran Rasheed
Submitted by:
Name: Zeeshan Haider
Registration no: 19PWBCS0681
Semester: 5th (Fall 2021)
Class Roll no: 04
Section: B (CS&IT)
Date: 19-Nov-2021
Q1: what are the types of Operating system?
Answer:
Types of Operating Systems
An Operating System performs all the basic tasks like managing files,
processes, and memory. Thus operating system acts as the manager of all the
resources, i.e. resource manager. Thus, the operating system becomes an
interface between user and machine.
Types of Operating Systems: Some widely used operating systems are as
follows
1. Batch Operating System –
This type of operating system does not interact with the computer directly.
There is an operator which takes similar jobs having the same
requirement and group them into batches. It is the responsibility of the
operator to sort jobs with similar needs.
Advantages of Batch Operating System:
It is very difficult to guess or know the time required for any job to complete.
Processors of the batch systems know how long the job would be when it is
in queue
Multiple users can share the batch systems
The idle time for the batch system is very less
It is easy to manage large work repeatedly in batch systems
Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
The computer operators should be well known with batch systems
Batch systems are hard to debug
It is sometimes costly
The other jobs will have to wait for an unknown time if any job fails
Examples of Batch based Operating System: Payroll System, Bank
Statements, etc.
2. Time-Sharing Operating Systems –
Each task is given some time to execute so that all the tasks work
smoothly. Each user gets the time of CPU as they use a single system.
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. The task can be
from a single user or different users also. The time that each task gets to
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execute is called quantum. After this time interval is over OS switches
over to the next task
Advantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Each task gets an equal opportunity
Fewer chances of duplication of software
CPU idle time can be reduced
Disadvantages of Time-Sharing OS:
Reliability problem
One must have to take care of the security and integrity of user programs
and data
Data communication problem
Examples of Time-Sharing OSs are: Multics, Unix, etc.
3. Distributed Operating System –
These types of the operating system is a recent advancement in the
world of computer technology and are being widely accepted all over the
world and, that too, with a great pace. Various autonomous
interconnected computers communicate with each other using a shared
communication network. Independent systems possess their own
memory unit and CPU. These are referred to as loosely coupled
systems or distributed systems. These system’s processors differ in size
and function. The major benefit of working with these types of the
operating system is that it is always possible that one user can access
the files or software which are not actually present on his system but
some other system connected within this network i.e., remote access is
enabled within the devices connected in that network.
Advantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of one will not affect the other network communication, as all systems
are independent from each other
Electronic mail increases the data exchange speed
Since resources are being shared, computation is highly fast and durable
Load on host computer reduces
These systems are easily scalable as many systems can be easily added to
the network
Delay in data processing reduces
Disadvantages of Distributed Operating System:
Failure of the main network will stop the entire communication
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To establish distributed systems the language which is used are not well
defined yet
These types of systems are not readily available as they are very expensive.
Not only that the underlying software is highly complex and not understood
well yet
Examples of Distributed Operating System are- LOCUS, etc.
4. Network Operating System –
These systems run on a server and provide the capability to manage
data, users, groups, security, applications, and other networking
functions. These types of operating systems allow shared access of files,
printers, security, applications, and other networking functions over a
small private network. One more important aspect of Network Operating
Systems is that all the users are well aware of the underlying
configuration, of all other users within the network, their individual
connections, etc. and that’s why these computers are popularly known
as tightly coupled systems
Advantages of Network Operating System:
Highly stable centralized servers
Security concerns are handled through servers
New technologies and hardware up-gradation are easily integrated into the
system
Server access is possible remotely from different locations and types of
systems
Disadvantages of Network Operating System:
Servers are costly
User has to depend on a central location for most operations
Maintenance and updates are required regularly
Examples of Network Operating System are: Microsoft Windows Server
2003, Microsoft Windows Server 2008, UNIX, Linux, Mac OS X, Novell
NetWare, and BSD, etc.
5. Real-Time Operating System –
These types of OSs serve real-time systems. The time interval required to
process and respond to inputs is very small. This time interval is
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called response time. Real-time systems are used when there are time
requirements that are very strict like missile systems, air traffic control
systems, robots, etc.
Two types of Real-Time Operating System which are as follows:
Hard Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are meant for applications where time constraints are very strict
and even the shortest possible delay is not acceptable. These systems are
built for saving life like automatic parachutes or airbags which are required to
be readily available in case of any accident. Virtual memory is rarely found in
these systems.
Soft Real-Time Systems:
These OSs are for applications where for time-constraint is less strict.
Advantages of RTOS:
Maximum Consumption: Maximum utilization of devices and system, thus
more output from all the resources
Task Shifting: The time assigned for shifting tasks in these systems are
very less. For example, in older systems, it takes about 10 microseconds in
shifting one task to another, and in the latest systems, it takes 3
microseconds.
Focus on Application: Focus on running applications and less importance
to applications which are in the queue.
Real-time operating system in the embedded system: Since the size of
programs are small, RTOS can also be used in embedded systems like in
transport and others.
Error Free: These types of systems are error-free.
Memory Allocation: Memory allocation is best managed in these types of
systems.
Disadvantages of RTOS:
Limited Tasks: Very few tasks run at the same time and their concentration
is very less on few applications to avoid errors.
Use heavy system resources: Sometimes the system resources are not so
good and they are expensive as well.
Complex Algorithms: The algorithms are very complex and difficult for the
designer to write on.
Device driver and interrupt signals: It needs specific device drivers and
interrupts signals to respond earliest to interrupts.
Thread Priority: It is not good to set thread priority as these systems are
very less prone to switching tasks.
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Examples of Real-Time Operating Systems are: Scientific experiments,
medical imaging systems, industrial control systems, weapon systems, robots,
air traffic control systems, etc.
6. Mobile OS:
Mobile operating systems are those OS which is especially that are designed
to power smartphones, tablets, and wearables devices.
Some most famous mobile operating systems are Android and iOS, but others
include BlackBerry, Web, and watchOS.
Q2: What are the main purpose of Operating system?
Answer:
Main Purpose of Operating System
Some typical operating system purpose/functions may include managing
memory, files, processes, I/O system & devices, security, etc.
Below are the main functions of Operating System:
In an operating system software performs each of the function:
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1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and
delete processes. It also provides mechanisms for synchronization and
communication among processes.
2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the
task of allocation and de-allocation of memory space to programs in
need of this resources.
3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as
organization storage, retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.
4. Device Management:- Device management keeps tracks of all devices.
This module also responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller.
It also performs the task of allocation and de-allocation of the devices.
5. I/O System Management:- One of the main objects of any OS is to
hide the peculiarities of that hardware devices from the user.
6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of
storage which includes primary storage, secondary storage, and cache
storage. Instructions and data must be stored in primary storage or
cache so that a running program can reference it.
7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a
computer system against malware threat and authorized access.
8. Command interpretation:- This module is interpreting commands
given by the and acting system resources to process that commands.
9. Networking:- A distributed system is a group of processors which do
not share memory, hardware devices, or a clock. The processors
communicate with one another through the network.
10. Job accounting:- Keeping track of time & resource used by
various job and users.
11. Communication management:- Coordination and assignment of
compilers, interpreters, and another software resource of the various
users of the computer systems
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Features of Operating System (OS)
Here is a list important features of OS:
Protected and supervisor mode
Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
Program Execution
Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
Handling I/O operations
Manipulation of the file system
Error Detection and handling
Resource allocation
Information and Resource Protection
The End
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