Jilid 2, Edisi 1.

e-ISSN 2735-2234

Jurnal EVOLUSI

Please cite this article as: Termizi, M.A.N., Herwan, M.N.N., Ibrahim, M.S. (2021). The preliminary study: beauty standards on social media and
body dissatisfaction. Jurnal Evolusi 2 (1).

THE PRELIMINARY STUDY: BEAUTY STANDARDS ON SOCIAL MEDIA AND BODY

DISSATISFACTION
1
AMEERA NATASYA BT MOHD TERMIZI
2
NUREENA NABILAH BINTI MOHD HERWAN
3
MUHAMAD SHAMSUL IBRAHIM*
shamsul@kuptm.edu.my

Corresponding author*

1,2,3
Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT
ARTICLE INFO
The media is responsible for portraying beauty standards that influence both men and women.
Social media features depict a double-edged sword that would influence human behaviour in, Keywords:
either way, the positive or negative. Many social media are equipped with various filters to Peer Influence,
meet the beauty standards as shown in the media. Society members who perceive beauty
Social Comparison,
standards at the extreme level must use a filter before post their pictures online. However, in a
Body Dissatisfaction,
real-life, they would spend a fortune on aesthetic correction and gymnasium to meet the beauty
standard set by the media. The researcher conducted a pre-test to 100 respondents to ensure the Internalisation,
instrument reliability before the actual data collection. The reliability test indicated a value of Social Media
0.716 shown that the instrument is reliable for the actual data collection. The item's validity is
confirmed via content validity assessment with the content expert. The study also conducted a
pre-analysis to determine the possible result for the actual data collection. The pre-analysis
finding indicated that internalisation and peer influence are the factors to influence respondents’
perceives of body dissatisfaction. The pre-analysis finding is slightly contradicted with
suggested hypotheses. Thus, the study expects the for the actual data collection, the finding
would show different results from the pre-analysis finding.

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Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The body image refers to the behaviour and emotions of individuals towards the respect of their bodies. It can be seen
in today’s society that most adolescents are chasing the “body goal” type, which can be defined as thin, long legs and
for some, natural beauty. Throughout the last decade, Blogs are a popular and influential forum for overweight women
in the United States to grow and further build discursive strategies to counter gendered anti-fat discourses developed
by the media, legislatures, and the field of medicine and public health institutions (Afful & Ricciardelli, 2015).
While in Sweden, mental health problems among young women is the most common problem they are facing today
(Bertilsson & Gillberg 2017). Social media influence can lead adolescents to internalize society standards as desirable
for themselves, increasing the likelihood that they will suffer from body dissatisfaction (Uchôa et al, 2019).
Social media has been researched and found to be a double-edged sword, influencing human beings. Media are
portraying beauty standards that are making women feel dissatisfied with their appearance. It depends on the form of
exposure at a much higher degree of impact during adolescence than at any other stage of the human life cycle,
regardless of background, influence of friends and self-esteem of a person (Ahmad, Idris, & Jing ,2019). In some
countries, the connection between physical self-concept and body image revealed that women's body dissatisfaction
has resulted in a rise in eating disorders. (Alipoor, Goodarzi, Nezhad, & Zaheri, 2009). A study shows that 90% of
women wished to alter some part of their physical bodies, the most important of which were their body shape and
weight. (Etcoff, Orbach, Scott & D’Agostino, 2004; Calogero, Boroughs & Thompson, 2007)
Body dissatisfaction can cause eating disorders to women who are trying to change their appearance in order to look
like the portrayed women in social media. According to (Cash and Deagle, 1997) in an extensive meta-analysis,
reported that body image dissatisfaction is an important risk factor for the etiology of anorexia nervosa.
This study aims is to identify social comparison, internalization and peer influence affect the perception of their body
image through social media and how powerful social media influence to body dissatisfaction of adolescents.
Thus, the problem has been appropriately addressed. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the
relationship between social comparison, internalization, peer influence and body dissatisfaction.
In a scholarly setting, many studies on body image have been carried out on women. Women attending college are
unhappier than teenagers, middle-aged women, and men with their overall appearance and body image. Concerning
physical activity patterns among physically active college women, this study is essential in the development of body
image and self-esteem. A conceptual framework with an exploratory research design was adopted to achieve a deep
understanding of the matter. Social media plays an important role in the self-image of people by informing and
reflecting what people think is beautiful or appealing. This journal inspects social media role in the perception of beauty
ideal and how those ideals affect the individual behaviour.

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIAL COMPARISON AND BODY DISSATISFACTION
The social comparison process involves comparing themselves with others to evaluate their own attitudes, skills and
traits. As a matter of fact, individuals often look to others as comparison standards on how to behave, think, and feel to
smoothly coordinate the economic exchange, political action and social relationships (Baldwin and Mussweiler, 2018).
There's also some evidence that stories can influence recipients' self-perceptions, motivations, and actions in ways that
are consistent to the story and its characters, which is known as assimilation process. (Sestir and Green, 2010; Appel,
2011; Gabriel and Young, 2011; Richter et al., 2014). With close friends, such similarities will be more common, while
in more distant relationships, different comparisons will be more common. Close friends should not only be objectively
similar, but also want to avoid comparing themselves to other close friends. Thus, the study hypothesised that,

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Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

H1: There is a relationship between social comparison and body dissatisfaction.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INTERNALISATION WITH BODY DISSATISFACTION

The internalisation of the feminine beauty image depicted in the media by women was
connected to perceptions that beauty would enhance important aspects of everyday life, including happiness, adaptati
on, social skills, romantic ability, and job opportunity. After the formation of objectification theory, research has shown
self-objectification is linked to a slew of physical and mental health hazards in women, including depressive symptoms,
sexual and emotional activity problems, and internalising impacts such as negative body image and depression
(Tiggeman, 2011). Given that some of these results have a disproportionate impact on women, a thorough
understanding on self-objectification might improve the understanding and approach to women's health. As such, this
literature review seeks to explore how self-objectification relates to body dissatisfaction.
While some research has found a clear correlation between self-objectification and restrained or disordered eating, it
has also been revealed that the link is mediated by internalizing problems such as self - objectification, stress, and
appearance anxiety (White, 2013). Therefore, the study created the following hypothesis.
H2: There is a relationship between internalisation and body dissatisfaction.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEER INFLUENCE WITH BODY DISSATISFACTION

Peer influence can be defined as a conversation and criticism that links accepting norms and values. Adolescent girls
invest more time with their peers and admire their attitudes, values and actions (Van Tergouw, 2011). Therefore, peers
influence most of the choices and acceptances of teenagers towards the body, they can be accepted in a negative or a
positive way.
Previous research has discussed that peer influence does correlate to body dissatisfaction. Research shows that the
correlation between the perception of their peer's body dissatisfaction by girls and their level of body dissatisfaction.
The study results found that the girls are dissatisfied with their body more when their peers are unhappy with their body
satisfaction after a regression study was made (Dohnt & Tiggemann, 2005; Giles, 2013). Another study found that peer
discussions about beauty play a major role in body image problems (Jones et al., 2004; Thompson et al., 2007; Matera,
Nerini & Stefanile, 2013). Shroff and Thompson (2006) and Giles (2013) agreed that peer influence is a possible stake
factor for body image disturbances, self-esteem and mental ilnesses. Hence, the study considers there is a probable
relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction and shown below;
H3: There is a relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction.
Therefore, the study developed a conceptual framework (refers to figure 1) to help reducing body dissatisfaction among
women. The independent variables consist of social comparison, internalisation and peer influence. In contrast, the
dependent variable is body dissatisfaction.

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Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
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dericative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors.
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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

Figure 1: Conceptual Framework

3.0 METHODOLOGY
The study used an online survey to collect respondent feedback through a questionnaire in Google form. The
questionnaire was easy access for respondents since it used an online approach by clicking a link distributed via
WhatsApp.
Female KUPTM KL students were the target respondent of this study. Numerous students from different courses
participated in the survey provided. The questionnaire consisted of 40 questions divided into four sections for each
variable using the 5-points Likert Scale to record the respondents’ feedback starting from 1 – strongly disagree to 5 -
strongly agree.
The study used a purposive sampling technique. The purposive sampling method can be defined as a type of non-
probability sampling that is most effective when it is necessary to study a certain cultural field (Tongos, 2007). In terms
of ages, cultures, jobs or life experiences, Homogenous Sampling would be equivalent. The idea is to focus on this
exact similarity and how it relates to the subject being studied (Etikan, Musa & Alkassim, 2016). To access a specific
subset of individuals, researchers use this method, as all participants in a study are selected because they fit a specific
profile.
Before collecting the data, this study directed a preliminary study to lessen biases and questionnaire validity and
reliability issues. Other than that, this study also conducted a content validity test approved by the content expert to
make sure all items are valid to be measured by each variable.
The reliability test used the Cronbach Alpha value to measure the consistency of the items for each variable. Cronbach
(1951), was created to provide a measure of a scale's or test's internal accuracy, represented as a number between 0 and
1, which is used for items whose responses are on a scale (Quansah, 2017). This study is considered consistent because
the reliability test value is 0.716.
A basic statistical analysis was conducted descriptively in the study. The results were presented at frequencies. Also,
the study carried out an inferential analysis using a correlation test to test the research hypothesis.

Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)

Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

4.0 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1: Respondent Demographic
Measurement Item Percentage, %
Age 19-22 57.4
23-26 37.6
27-30 5.0
Course BK201 44.6
BE203 23.8
AB201 6.9
BE201 10.9
BE101 4.0
CC101 3.0
BK101 6.9
How often Internet use per 1-3 hours 6.9
day 3-5 hours 19.8
More than 8 hours 73.3

Weight 35-45 21.8

46-55 27.7
56-65 26.8
66-75 16.8
80kg and more 6.9

Table 1 indicates the respondent demographic. The demographic analysis shows 73.3% respondent spend over 8 hours
using internet per day while the rest spend less than 5 hours a day by seeing the amount of respondents who spend so
many hours using the Internet can actually prove that they are not satisfied with their body as there are many
contributions on the social media towards beauty standards. Respondents may feel insecure or uncomfortable seeing
the portrayed beauty standard and the more they look into it, the more they will feel affected. This could lead to many
dangerous health conditions as respondents feel the need to change their body conditions.
Table 2: Social comparison

Items N Mean Std

Deviation
(SC10) I think that, when the comparison's goal is self-evaluation, it may be a 101 3.95 .817
threat to self-esteem
(SC8) I think that the social comparison results higher levels of anger and 101 3.92 .966
depression
(SC7) I think that there are negative effects on young women’s self-perception 101 3.87 .902
of physical attractiveness and self-esteem
(SC6) I think that individual compares oneself with someone superior to them 101 3.85 .953

(SC9) I think that as they get older, young women are more likely to engage in 101 3.76 .907
social comparison with models presented in advertisements
(SC3) I think that individuals don’t only compare themselves with others who 101 3.72 .850
are similar to them
(SC1) I think that purchasing products will help you to improve shortcomings 101 3.68 .859
in physical attractiveness

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Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

(SC5) I think that adolescent years show a decline in the perception of their 101 3.59 .896
attractiveness in line with their increase in age
(SC4) I think that evaluating your physical appearance is based on what others 101 3.49 1.064
judge as ideal beauty
(SC2) I think that self-evaluation is based on social comparison with others 101 3.36 1.110

Social Comparison can be identified as a behavior of oneself that involves comparing that will evaluate the acceptances
in their appearance or personality, the respondent agreed that if social comparison is seen as a self-evaluation, it may
threat the self-esteem (M=3.95, SD = .817), resulting in depression and increase the level of anger (M=3.92, SD=.966)
and also gives negative effects on young women’s perception that relates to their body image (M=3.89 SD=.902).
Table 3: Internalisation

Items N Mean Std

Deviation

(IT4) I believe that women are more concerned than men of their body image 101 3.97 .854
and not control their weight
(IT8) I believe that this matter may result in depression 101 3.92 .808

(IT6) I believe that this ideal created by society, refers to the observer’s 101 3.89 1.009
perspective of their physical appearance
(IT10) I believe that there are certain degrees of longing among young women 101 3.77 .760
to assimilate their appearances
(IT2) I believe that there is a distinction between internalisation and awareness 101 3.68 .812

(IT5) I believe, im experiencing a significant increase in body-focused anxiety 101 3.65 1.053

(IT9) I believe that the excessive attention towards physical appearance further 101 3.65 .888
diminishes the individual’s other parts of cognitive and behavioural functioning
(IT1) I believe in beauty ideals defined by society and took actions to meet these 101 3.46 1.171
ideals
(IT3) I believe that the level of internalisation can highly predict body image 101 3.45 .985

(IT7) I believe that the ideals im trying to reach is impossible to achieve 101 3.26 1.146

Internalization of beauty standards causes people to overestimate the length between their own bodies and the ideal,
resulting in body dissatisfaction when the ideal isn't met. The respondent agreed that women are more concerned about
their body image compare to men (M=3.97, SD=.854), the respondent also agreed that this may cause depression
(M=3.92, SD=808).
Table 4: Peer influence

Items N Mean Std

Deviation

(PI5) You and your friends always talk about what can you do to look your best 101 3.75 .984

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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

(PI6) You and your friends talk about how to look attractive 101 3.74 .945

(PI3) You and your friends talk about how it is important always to look 101 3.73 .968
attractive

(PI1) You and your friends talk about how your bodies would look in clothes 101 3.70 1.063

(PI2) You and your friends talk about what would you like your bodies to look 101 3.62 1.085
like
(PI4) You and your friends talk about your figures 101 3.57 1.089

(PI8) Your friends mention that you should go on diet 101 3.13 1.369

(PI7) Your friends mention that you would look better if you were thinner 101 3.07 1.366

(PI9) Your friends mention you should build up muscles 101 3.00 1.342

(PI10) Your friends mention that you would look better if you had a more 101 2.64 1.262
muscular build

Conversation within peers can influence oneself into evaluating and accepting their body both negative and positive
way. The respondent agreed that them and their peers agreed to have common conversation on how to look their best
(M=3.75, SD=.984), how to look attractive (M=3.74, SD=.945) and how important it is to always look their best
(M=3.73, SD=.968).
Table 5: Body dissatisfaction

Items N Mean Std Deviation

(BD1) I think i am satisfied with my face (facial features, complexion) 101 3.36 1.188

(BD2) I think I am satisfied with my hair (colour, thickness, texture) 101 3.34 1.169

(BD7) I think i am satisfied with my height 101 3.20 1.349

(BD5) I think i am satisfied with my upper torso (chest or breast, shoulder, 101 3.13 1.101
arms)
(BD8) I think i am satisfied with my overall appearance 101 3.08 1.197

(BD10) I think i am satisfied when I see myself in the mirror 101 3.00 1.200

(BD3) I think I am satisfied with my lower torso (buttocks, hips, thighs, 101 2.93 1.134
legs)
(BD6) I think i am satisfied with my weight 101 2.91 1.305

(BD9) I think i am satisfied with my muscle tone 101 2.83 .960

(BD4) I think I am satisfied with my mid-torso (waist, stomach) 101 2.70 1.145

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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

Body Dissatisfaction is a satisfaction of oneself and it is proven that women and men are insecure about their particular
body parts. The respondent agreed that they are more satisfied with their facial features, complexion (M=3.36,
SD=1.188) and their hair color, thickness and texture (M=3.34,SD=1.169), the respondents also responded that they
are mostly unsatisfied with their mid torso such as waist and stomach (M=2.70, SD=1.145)
Table 6: Guildford Rule of Thumb Table

Value, r Strength
<0.2 Negligible Relationship
0.2 to 0.4 Low Relationship
0.4 to 0.7 Moderate Relationship
0.7 to 0.9 High Relationship
>0.9 Very High Relationship

Table 7: The result of the correlation test for the level of Social comparison and Body dissatisfaction

r P < .05 Result

Social Comparison Body Dissatisfaction .092 .362 Not Significant

The correlation test finding for the level of Social comparison and Body dissatisfaction is shown in table 7. The analysis
concludes that H1 is not supported. The relationship between the social comparison and body dissatisfaction is not
correlated and shows a low relationship. The direction of the relationships is negative. This can be explained that the
respondents do not compare themselves to the point they feel dissatisfied with their bodies. Therefore, other people’s
attitudes, skills and traits do not involve with social comparison process in KUPTM students.
Table 8: The result of the correlation test for the level of Internalisation and Body dissatisfaction

r P < .05 Result

Internalisation Body Dissatisfaction -.275 .005 Significant

The correlation test finding for the level of internalisation and Body dissatisfaction is shown in table 8. The analysis
concludes that H2 is supported. The relationship between internalisation and body dissatisfaction is correlated and
shows a moderate relationship. The direction of the relationships is positive. A valid explanation for this is respondents
feel dissatisfied with body image because of their own perceptions of not reaching the set beauty standards depicted in
social media. Hence, respondents believe that internalisation relates to body dissatisfaction.
Table 9: The result of the correlation test for the level of Peer Influence and Body dissatisfaction

r P < .05 Result

Peer Influence Body Dissatisfaction -.191 .056 Significant

The correlation test finding for the level of peer influence and body dissatisfaction is shown in table 9. The analysis
concludes that H3 is not supported. The relationship between peer influence and body dissatisfaction is not correlated
and shows a low relationship. This may be because respondents believe body dissatisfactions has no connections with
peers. For that reason, peers do not influence most of the choices and acceptances of teenagers towards the body.
5.0 CONCLUSION

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 Jurnal Evolusi. Jilid 2, Edisi 1. e-ISSN 2735-2234

In summary of the obtained result, the study concludes these main points. The results indicate evidence of
internalisation and body dissatisfaction. The discussed objectives are to determine social comparison, internalisation
and peer influence towards body dissatisfaction.
This study aims to measure respondent’s knowledge towards themselves on their emotions and thoughts and its
relationship to the level of beauty standards. The method that was used in this study to collect the data information is
the survey method in which the questionnaire was created using Google Form. The study used a quantitative research
type to analyse the questionnaire that was given to the targeted respondents, where it will be based on the numerical
data. The data collection included the process of using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) application
in order to get the correct results that can be used to transform to a table format and the analysis of numerical data. This
is to build up a relationship of this study easily and to store data.
For future researchers doing a similar study, it is suggested that they widen the demographic section. This will result
to a better research outcome. Due to a narrow demographic profile, this study did not fully achieve its hypothesis. Other
than that, researchers may focus on feedback from respondents for easy access in answering the questionnaire.
Respondent’s feedback is very important, and if it is not counted properly, it could affect the overall results. Analysis
tools are considered as limitations that researchers face because they use Google Form as a method to distribute
questionnaires.
This is happening because respondents tend to not contribute to answering the questions that have been given sincerely.
This matter could result of reaching the right amount of target, but not fulfilling the study objectives. Deeper
understandings towards this subject are important by browsing all the possible resources to inspect various features
related with the chosen title. This way, researchers can decide whether this subject is applicable to all the suggested
points above.

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Copyright: © 2021 The Author(s)

Published by Kolej Universiti Poly-Tech MARA Kuala Lumpur
This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribute (CC BY 4.0) license. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create
dericative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors.
The full terms of this license may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
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