MATHS IN FOCUS 11

MATHEMATICS ADVANCED
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 8: Exponential and logarithmic
functions

Exercise 8.01 Exponential functions

Question 1

a (0, 1), (1, 2)

b (0, 1), (1, 4)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 1

c (0, 3), (1, 5)

d (0, 0), (1, 1)

e (0, 3), (1, 6)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 2

f (–1, 1) (0, 4)

g y = 3(42x) – 1

The ‘3’ gives a steeper graph and the ‘– 1’ shifts the graph down 1 unit from the
origin, so the horizontal asymptote is x = –1. y-intercept 2.

(–1, –0.8125)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 3

h f(x) = –2x

This is a reflection of the graph of y = 2x in the x-axis. y-intercept –1.

(1, –2)

i y = 2(4–x)

The ‘2’ gives a steeper graph and the ‘–x’ reflects the graph across the y-axis.
y-intercept 2 × 1 = 2.

(–2, 32)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 4

j y = –3(5–x) + 4

The ‘–3’ gives a steeper graph and reflects it across the x-axis. The ‘–x’ reflects the
graph across the y-axis and the ‘+ 4’ shifts the graph up 4 units from the origin.
Horizontal asymptote y = 4. y-intercept –3 × 1 + 4 = 1.

(–1, –11)

Question 2

a Domain: (–∞, ∞), range: (0, ∞)

b Domain: (–∞, ∞), range: (5, ∞)

c Domain: (–∞, ∞), range: (0, ∞)

d Domain: (–∞, ∞), range: (–∞, 1)

Question 3

a f ( g ( x ) )= y= 23 x − 4

b g ( f ( x ) )= y= 3 ( 2 x ) − 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 5

Question 4

a y = 4(3x) + 1

The ‘4’ gives a steeper graph and the ‘+ 1’ shifts the graph up 1 unit from the origin.
Horizontal asymptote y = 1. y-intercept 4 × 1 + 1 = 5.

(1, 13)

b i This is the graph in a reflected across the y-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 6

 ii This is the graph in a reflected across the x-axis.

iii This is the graph in a reflected across the x- and y-axes.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 7

Question 5

a (0, 450), (1, 1210), t ≥ 0 as t represents time.

b When t = 0, N = 450(30) = 450. Initial sales = 450.

c i When t = 3, N = 450(30.9 × 3) = 8738.56…

≈ 8739.

ii When t = 5, N = 450(30.9 × 5) = 63 133.25…

≈ 63 133.

iii When t = 10, N = 450(30.9 × 10) = 8 857 350.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 8

Exercise 8.02 Euler’s number, e

Question 1

x = 2, y = 2

x = 3, y = 2e

Question 2

a e1.5 = 4.48

b e −2 = 0.14

c 2e0.3 = 2.70

1
d = 0.05
e3

e −3e −3.1 =
−0.14

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 9

Question 3

a x = 0, y = 2

x = 1, y = 5.4

b x = 0, y = 2

x = 1, y = 3.7

c y = –ex is a reflection of y = ex in the x-axis.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 10

d y = e–x is a reflection of y = ex in the y-axis.

e y = –e–x is a reflection of y = ex in the x- and y-axes.

Question 4

Domain (–∞, ∞)

Range (–2, ∞)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 11

Question 5

x3 + 3
a f(g(x)) = e

g(f(x)) = ( e x ) + 3 = e3 x + 3
3
b

Question 6

a (0, 25), (1, 68), t ≥ 0 as t represents time.

b i When t = 3, V = 25(e0.7 × 3) = 204.1542…

≈ 204.2.

ii When t = 8, V = 25(e0.7 × 8) = 6760.6601…

≈ 6760.7.

c No, because it predicts that the volume never stops increasing.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 12

Question 7

a When t = 10, M = 150(e–0.014 × 10) = 130.4037…

≈ 130.4 g

b When t = 50, M = 150(e–0.014 × 50) = 74.4877…

≈ 74.5 g

c When t = 250, M = 150(e–0.014 × 250) = 4.5296…

≈ 4.5 g

Question 8

a (0, 873), (6, 547), t ≥ 0 as t represents time.

b i When t = 0, N = 873(e–0.078 × 0) = 873

ii When t = 5, N = 873(e–0.078 × 5) = 591.0706…

≈ 591

iii When t = 10, N = 873(e–0.078 × 10) = 400.1884…

≈ 400

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 13

Question 9

a When t = 0, T = 23 + 125(e–0.06 × 0) = 23 + 125 = 148°C

b i When t = 2, T = 23 + 125(e–0.06 × 2) = 133.8650 …

≈ 133.9°C

ii When t = 5, T = 23 + 125(e–0.06 × 5) = 115.6022 …

≈ 115.6°C

iii When t = 10, T = 23 + 125(e–0.06 × 10) = 91.6014 …

≈ 91.6°C

iv When t = 120, T = 23 + 125(e–0.06 × 120) = 23.0933 …

≈ 23.1°C

c As t → ∞, 125(e–0.06t) → 0, so T → 23.

The limiting temperature is 23°C, which is room temperature.

Question 10

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 14

Question 11

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 15

Exercise 8.03 Differentiation of exponential functions

Question 1

a d
dx
( 9e x ) = 9e x

b d
dx
( −e x ) =
−e x

c d x
dx
( e + x2 ) = ex + 2 × x2 − 1 = ex + 2 x

d
dx
( 2 x3 − 3x 2 + 5 x − e x ) = 3 × 2 x3 − 1 − 2 × 3x 2 − 1 + 5 x1 − 1 − e x

= 6x2 − 6x + 5 − ex

e d
dx (( e + 1) ) =3 × e × ( e + 1)
x 3 x x 3− 1
=3e x ( e x + 1)
2

f d
dx (( e + 5) ) =7 × e × ( e + 5)
x 7 x x 7 −1
=7e x ( e x + 5 )
6

g d
dx (( 2e − 3) ) =×
x
2 2e × ( 2e − 3)
2 x x 2 −1
=4e x ( 2e x − 3)

d
dx
( xe x ) = x × e x + 1× e x
= xe x + e x
= e x ( x + 1)

d  e x  e x × x − e x ×1
 =
( x)
2
dx  x 
xe x − e x
=
x2
e x ( x − 1)
=
x2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 16

j

(
d 2 x
dx
x e ) = 2 x × e x + x 2e x

= 2 xe x + x 2e x
= xe x ( 2 + x )

d x
dx
( e ( 2 x + 1)=) 2 ( 2 x + 1) × e x + ( 2 x + 1) e x
0

= 2e x + ( 2 x + 1) e x
= e x ( 2 + 2 x + 1)
= e x ( 2 x + 3)

d  e x  e × ( 7 x − 3) − 7 × e
x x

 =
dx  7 x − 3  ( 7 x − 3)
2

e x ( 7 x − 3 ) − 7e x
=
( 7 x − 3)
2

ex (7 x − 3 − 7)
=
( 7 x − 3)
2

e x ( 7 x − 10 )
=
( 7 x − 3)
2

d  5x  5 × ex − 5x × ex
 =
dx  e x  (ex )
2

5e x − 5 xe x
=
e2 x
5e x (1 − x )
=
e2 x
5 (1 − x )
=
ex

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 17

Question 2

dy
a = 2e 2 x
dx

dy
b = −e − x
dx

dy
c =
2 × 3e3 x =
6e3 x
dx

dy
d = −7e7 x
dx

dy
e =−3 × 2e 2 x + 2 x =
−6e 2 x + 2 x
dx

dy
f = 2e 2 x − −2e −2 x
dx

= 2e 2 x + 2e −2 x
= 2 ( e 2 x + e −2 x )

dy
g −5e − x − 3
=
dx

h u = x, v = e4x

du dv
= 1, = 4e 4 x
dx dx

1× ( e 4 x ) + ( 4e 4 x ) × x
dy
=
dx

= e4 x (1 + 4 x )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 18

i u = 2e3x – 3, v = x + 1

du dv
= 6e3 x , =1
dx dx

dy 6e
3x
( x + 1) − 1× ( 2e3 x − 3)
=
( x + 1)
2
dx
6 xe3 x + 6e3 x − 2e3 x + 3
=
( x + 1)
2

6 xe3 x + 4e3 x + 3
=
( x + 1)
2

j u = 9e3x + 2, du = 27e3 x
dx

y = u5

dy
= 5u 4
du

dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
= 5u 4 × 27e3 x
= 5 ( 9e3 x + 2 ) × 27e3 x
4

= 135e3 x ( 9e3 x + 2 )
4

Question 3

f ( x ) = x3 + 3x − e x
f ′ ( x )= 3 x 2 + 3 − e x
1) 3 (1) + 3 − e1
f ′ (=
2

= 3 + 3 − e1
= 6−e

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 19

Question 4

y = ex
y′ = e x
m = e1
m=e

Question 5

y = e2 x
y′ = 2e 2 x
5, y′ 2=
When x = = e 2 × 5 2e10
1
Gradient of normal = −
2e10

Question 6

y = 4e x
y′ = 4e x
m = 4e1.6
m = 19.81

Question 7

y = −e x
x = 1, y = −e
y′ == −e x
m = −e1
m = −e
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
y − −e = −e ( x − 1)
y + e =−ex + e
y = −ex

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 20

Question 8

y = ex
=
x 3,=
y e3
y′ = e x
m = e3
1
Gradient of normal = −
e3
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
1
y − e3 =− 3 ( x − 3)
e
e (y−e ) =
3 3
− ( x − 3)
e3 y − e6 =− x + 3
x + e3 y − 3 − e 6 =0

Question 9

=P 3e1.4t + 12 569
P (=
0 ) 3e0 + 12 569
P ( 0 )= 3 + 12 569
P ( 0 ) = 12 572

b i

=P 3e1.4t + 12 569
P′ =
3 ×1.4e1.4t =
4.2e1.4t
P′ ( 3) = 4.2e1.4 × 3
P′ ( 3) = 280 insects/week

ii

=P 3e1.4t + 12 569
P′ = 4.2e1.4t
P′ ( 7 ) = 4.2e1.4 × 7
P′ ( 7 ) = 75 742 insects/week

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 21

Question 10

x = 2e 4 t
x ( 0 ) = 2e0
x ( 0) = 2 m

x = 2e 4 t
v= x=′ 8e 4t
v (10 ) = 8e 40 ms −1

v= x=′ 8e 4t
a= v=′ 32e 4t
a ( 2 ) = 32e8
a ( 2 ) ≈ 95 390.7 ms −2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 22

Question 11

=x 6e −0.34t − 5
x (=
0 ) 6e 0 − 5
x ( 0 )= 6 − 5
x ( 0 ) = 1 cm

=x 6e −0.34t − 5
v = x′ = 6 × ( −0.34 ) e −0.34t
= −2.04e −0.34t
v ( 0 ) = −2.04e0
v ( 0 ) = −2.04 cms −1

=x 6e −0.34t − 5
x ( 4 ) 6e
−0.34( 4 )
= −5
= 6e −1.36 − 5
x ( 4 ) ≈ −3.46 cm

v = x′ = −2.04e −0.34t
v ( 9 ) = −2.04e −
0.34( 9 )

= −2.04e −3.06
≈ −0.096 cm s −1

v = x′ = −2.04e −0.34t
a = v′ = −2.04 ×− 0.34e −0.34t = 0.6936e −0.34t
a ( 2 ) = 0.6936e −
0.34( 2 )

≈ 0.35 cm s −2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 23

Question 12

a i When t = 3, V = 3e0.8 × 3 = 33.0695 …

≈ 33.1 mm3

ii When t = 5, V = 3e0.8 × 5 = 163.79445 …

≈ 163.8 mm3

dV
b = 3(0.8 × e0.8t) = 2.4e0.8t
dt

i When t = 3, dV = 2.4e0.8 × 3 = 26.4556 …

dt

≈ 26.5 mm3 s–1

ii When t = 5, dV = 2.4e0.8 × 5 = 131.03556 …

dt

≈ 131.0 mm3 s–1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 24

Question 13

a i When t = 5, P = 34 500e0.025 × 5 = 39 093.62163 …

≈ 39 094

ii When t = 10, P = 34 500e0.025 × 10 = 44 298.87688 …

≈ 44 299

dP
b = 34 500(0.025 × e0.025t) = 862.5e0.025t
dt

i When t = 5, dP = 862.5e0.025 × 5 = 977.34 …

dt

≈ 977 people/year

ii When t = 10, dP = 862.5e0.025 × 10 = 1107.471922 …

dt

≈ 1107 people/year

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 25

Question 14

a i When t = 1, D = 3e–0.017 × 1 = 2.9494 …

≈ 2.95 m

ii When t = 2, D = 3e–0.017 × 2 = 2.8997 …

≈ 2.90 m

iii When t = 3, D = 3e–0.017 × 3 = 2.8508 …

≈ 2.85 m

dD
b = 3(–0.017 × e–0.017t) = –0.051e–0.017t
dt

i When t = 1, dD = –0.051e–0.017 × 1 = –0.05014 …

dt

≈ –0.050 m/month

ii When t = 2, dD = –0.051e–0.017 × 2 = –0.04929 …

dt

≈ –0.049 m/month

iii When t = 3, dD = –0.051e–0.017 × 3 = –0.04846 …

dt

≈ –0.048 m/month

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 26

Exercise 8.04 Logarithms

Question 1

log 2 16 = x
16 = 2 x
24 = 2 x
x=4

log 4 16 = x
16 = 4 x
42 = 4 x
x=2

log 5 125 = x
125 = 5 x
53 = 5 x
x=3

log 3 3 = x
3 = 3x
31 = 3x
x =1

log 7 49 = x
49 = 7 x
72 = 7 x
x=2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 27

f

log 7 7 = x
49 = 7 x
71 = 7 x
x =1

log 5 1 = x
1 = 5x
50 = 5 x
x=0

log 2 128 = x
128 = 2 x
27 = 2 x
x=7

log8 8 = x
8 = 8x
81 = 8 x
x =1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 28

Question 2

2log 2 3 = x
log 2 x = log 2 3
x=3

7 log7 4 = x
log 7 x = log 7 4
x=4

3log3 29 = x
log 3 x = log 3 29
x = 29

Question 3

log 2 8 = x
8 = 2x
23 = 2 x
x=3
3× x
3× 3 = 9

log 5 25 = x
25 = 5 x
52 = 5 x
x=2
x +1
2 +1 = 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 29

c

log 3 81 = x
81 = 3x
34 = 3x
x=4
3− x
3 − 4 =−1

log 3 27 = x
27 = 3x
33 = 3x
x=3
4× x
4×3 = 12

log10 10000 = x
10000 = 10 x
104 = 10 x
x=4
2× x
2× 4 = 8

log 4 64 = x
64 = 4 x
43 = 4 x
x=3
1+ x
1+ 3 = 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 30

g

log 4 64 = x
64 = 4 x
43 = 4 x
x=3
3× x + 5
3× 3 + 5 =14

log 3 9 = x
9 = 3x
32 = 3x
x=2
x
2
2
=1
2

log 8 64 = x
64 = 8 x
82 = 8 x
x=2
log 2 8 = y
8 = 2y
23 = 2 y
y=3
x+4
y
2+4
=2
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 31

Question 4

1
log 2 =x
2
1
= 2x
2
2−1 = 2 x
x = −1

log 3 3 = x
3 = 3x
1
3 = 3x
2

1
x=
2

log 4 2 = x
2 = 4x
21 = 22 x
1 = 2x
1
x=
2

1
log 5 =x
25
1
= 5x
25
5−2 = 5 x
x = −2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 32

e

log 7 4 7 = x
4
7 = 7x
1
7 = 7x
4

1
x=
4

1
log 3 3
=x
3
1
3
= 3x
3
1
−
3 3 = 3x
1
x= −
3

1
log 4 =x
2
1
= 4x
2
2−1 = 22 x
−1 =2 x
1
x= −
2

log8 2 = x
2 = 8x
21 = 23 x
1 = 3x
1
x=
3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 33

i

log 6 6 6 = x
6 6 = 6x
1
61 × 6 2 =
6x
1
1
6 2 = 6x
1
x =1
2

2
log 2 =x
4
2
= 2x
4
1
2 2 × 2−2 =
2x
1
−1
2 = 2x
2

1
x = −1
2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 34

Question 5

a log10 1200 = 3.08

b log10 875 = 2.94

c log e 25 = 3.22

d ln140 = 4.94

e 5ln 8 = 10.40

f log10 350 + 4.5 =

7.04

log10 15
g = 0.59
2

h ln 9.8 + log10 17 =
3.51

log10 30
i = 0.43
log e 30

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 35

Question 6

a=3 y= x
, log 3 y x

b=5 z= x
, log 5 z x

c=x y= 2
, log x y 2

d=2 a= b
, log 2 a b

e=b d= 3
, log b d 3

f=y 8= x
, log8 y x

g=y 6= x
, log 6 y x

=
h y e=
x
, log e y x

i=y a= x
, log a y x

j=Q e= x
, log e Q x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 36

Question 7

a =
log 35 x=
, 3x 5

b =
log a7 x=
, ax 7

c =
log 3a b=
, 3b a

d log=
x y 9,=
x9 y

e =
log ab y=
, ay b

f= = y
y log 2 6, 2 6

g= = y
y log 3 x, 3 x

=
h =
y log10 9, 10
y
9

i =y ln=
4, y log e=
4, e y 4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 37

Question 8

log10 x = 6
106 = x
x = 1000000

log 3 x = 5
35 = x
x = 243

log x 343 = 3
x3 = 343
x = 3 343
x=7

log x 64 = 6
x 6 = 64
x = 6 64
x=2

1
log 5 = x
5
1
5x =
5
5 = 5−1
x

x = −1

1
log x 3 =
2
1
x2 = 3
1 1
x 2 = 32
x=3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 38

g

ln x = 3.8
log e x = 3.8
e3.8 = x
x = 44.7

3log10 x − 2 =
10
3log10 x = 12
log10 x = 4
104 = x
x = 10000

3
log 4 x =
2
3
42 = x
x =8

Question 9

log y 125 = 3
y 3 = 125
y 3 = 53
y=5

Question 10

log10 x = 1.65
101.65 = x
x = 44.7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 39

Question 11

log e b = 0.894
e0.894 = b
b = 2.44

Question 12

log 2 1 = x
2x = 1
2 x = 20
x=0

log a 1 = x
ax = 1
a x = a0
x=0

Question 13

log 5 5 = x
5x = 5
5 x = 51
x =1

log a a = x
ax = a
a x = a1
x =1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 40

Question 14

ln e = x
log e e = x
e x = e1
x =1

b i log e e3 = 3

ii log e e2 = 2

iii ln e e5 = 5

1
iv log e e =
2

1
v log e = −1
e

vi eln 2 = 2

vii eln 3 = 3

viii eln 5 = 5

ix eln 7 = 7

x eln1 = 1

xi eln e = e

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 41

Question 15

85 − 55log10 ( t + 2 )
A=
A( 0) =
85 − 55log10 ( 0 + 2 )
A ( 0 ) = 68.4

b i

85 − 55log10 ( t + 2 )
A=
A (1) =
85 − 55log10 (1 + 2 )
A (1) = 58.8

ii

85 − 55log10 ( t + 2 )
A=
85 − 55log10 ( 3 + 2 )
A ( 3) =
A ( 3) = 46.6

85 − 55log10 ( t + 2 )
A=
85 − 55log10 ( t + 2 )
30 =
−55 =−55log10 ( t + 2 )
=1 log10 ( t + 2 )
(t + 2) =
101
t+2= 10
t = 8 weeks

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 42

Question 16

pH = − log  H + 
pH = − log [ 0.0035]
pH = 2.5 acidic

pH = − log  H + 
pH = − log 10−7 
pH = 7 neutral

pH = − log  H + 
pH = − log 10-9 
pH = 9 alkaline

pH = − log  H + 
pH = − log [ 0.01]
pH = 2 acidic

pH = − log  H + 
− log 1.2 ×10−12 
pH =
pH = 11.9 alkaline

pH = − log  H + 
pH = − log [ 0.00001]
pH = 5 acidic

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 43

Question 17

a f (=
g ( x ) ) log ( 2 x − 7 )

b g ( f ( x=
) ) 2 ( log x ) −=
7 2log x − 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 44

Exercise 8.05 Logarithm laws

Question 1

a log a 4 + log a y =
log a 4 y

b log a 4 + log=
a 5 log a 4 ×
= 5 log a 20

12
c log a 12 − log a 3= log a = log a 4
3

b
d log a b − log a 5 =
log a
5

3log x y + log x z = log x y 3 + log x z

= log x y 3=
× z log x y 3 z

2log k 3 + 3log k y =log k 32 + log k y 3

= log k 32 × y 3
= log k 9 y 3

5log a x − 2log a y =log a x 5 − log a y 2

= log a x 5 ÷ y 2
x5
= log a
y2

log a x + log a y − log =

a z log a x × y ÷ z
xy
= log a
z

log10 a + 4log10 b + 3log10 c =log10 a + log10 b 4 + log10 c3

= log10 a × b 4 × c 3
= log10 ab 4c 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 45

j

3log 3 p + log 3 q − 2log 3 r = log 3 p 3 + log 3 q − log 3 r 2

= log 3 p 3 × q ÷ r 2
p 3q
= log 3
r2

1
k log 4 = log 4 n −1 = − log 4 n
n

1
l log x = log x 6−1 = − log x 6
6

Question 2

log 5 52
= 2log 5 5
= 2 ×1
=2

log 7 7 6
= 6log 7 7
= 6 ×1
=6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 46

Question 3

log 7 10
= log 7 2 × 5
= log 7 2 + log 7 5
= 0.36 + 0.83
= 1.19

log 7 0.4
= log 7 2 ÷ 5
= log 7 2 − log 7 5
= 0.36 − 0.83
= −0.47

log 7 20
= log 7 2 × 2 × 5
= log 7 2 + log 7 2 + log 7 5
= 0.36 + 0.36 + 0.83
= 1.55

log 7 25
= log 7 5 × 5
= log 7 5 + log 7 5
= 0.83 + 0.83
= 1.66

log 7 8
= log 7 2 × 2 × 2
= log 7 2 + log 7 2 + log 7 2
= 0.36 + 0.36 + 0.36
= 1.08

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 47

f

log 7 14
= log 7 2 × 7
= log 7 2 + log 7 7
= 0.36 + 1
= 1.36

log 7 50
= log 7 2 × 5 × 5
= log 7 2 + log 7 5 + log 7 5
= 0.36 + 0.83 + 0.83
= 2.02

log 7 35
= log 7 5 × 7
= log 7 5 + log 7 7
= 0.83 + 1
= 1.83

log 7 98
= log 7 7 × 7 × 2
= log 7 7 + log 7 7 + log 7 2
= 1 + 1 + 0.36
= 2.36

Question 4

log 5 50 − log 5 2
50
= log 5
2
= log 5 25
= log 5 52
=2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 48

b

log 2 16 + log 2 4
= log 2 16 × 4
= log 2 64
= log 2 26
=6

log 4 2 + log 4 8
= log 4 2 × 8
= log 4 16
= log 4 42
=2

log 5 500 − log 5 4

500
= log 5
4
= log 5 125
= log 5 53
=3

log 9 117 − log 9 13

117
= log 9
13
= log 9 9
=1

log8 32 + log8 16
= log8 32 × 16
= log8 512
= log8 83
=3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 49

g

3log 2 2 + 2log 2 4
= log 2 23 + 2log 2 42
= log 2 8 ×16
= log 2 128
= log 2 27
=7

2log 4 6 − ( 2log 4 3 + log 4 2 )

=log 4 62 − ( log 4 32 + log 4 2 )
= log 4 36 − ( log 4 32 × 2 )
= log 4 26 − log 4 18
36
= log 4
18
= log 4 2
1
= log 4 4 2

1
=
2

log 6 4 − 2log 6 12
= log 6 4 − log 6 122
4
= log 6
144
1
= log 6
36
= log 6 6−2
= −2

2log 3 6 + log 3 18 − 3log 3 2

= log 3 62 + log 3 18 − log 3 23
= log 3 36 ×18 ÷ 8
= log 3 81
= log 3 34
=4

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 50

Question 5

log a 15
= log a 5 × 3
= log a 5 + log a 3
= x+ y

log a 0.6
= log a 3 ÷ 5
= log a 3 − log a 5
= x− y

log a 27
= log a 3 × 3 × 3
= log a 3 + log a 3 + log a 3
= x+x+x
= 3x

log a 25
= log a 5 × 5
= log a 5 + log a 5
= y+ y
= 2y

log a 9
= log a 3 × 3
= log a 3 + log a 3
= x+x
= 2x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 51

f

log a 75
= log a 3 × 5 × 5
= log a 3 + log a 5 + log a 5
= x+ y+ y
= x + 2y

log a 3a
= log a 3 × a
= log a 3 + log a a
= x +1

a
log a
5
= log a a ÷ 5
= log a a − log a 5
= 1− y

log a 9a
= log a 3 × 3 × a
= log a 3 + log a 3 + log a a
= x + x +1
= 2x +1

Question 6

log a xy
= log a x × y
= log a x + log a y
= p+q

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 52

b

log a y 3
= 3log a y
= 3× q
= 3q

y
log a
x
= log a y ÷ x
= log a y − log a x
= q− p

log a x 2
= 2log a x
= 2× p
= 2p

log a xy 5
= log a x × y 5
= log a x + log a y 5
= log a x + 5log a y
= p + 5× q
= p + 5q

x2
log a
y
= log a x 2 ÷ y
= log a x 2 − log a y
= 2log a x − log a y
=2× p − q
= 2p −q

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 53

g

log a ax
= log a a × x
= log a a + log a x
= 1+ p

a
log a
y2
= log a a ÷ y 2
= log a a − log a y 2
= log a a − 2log a y
=1 − 2 × q
= 1 − 2q

log a a 3 y
= log a a 3 × y
= log a a 3 + log a y
= 3log a a + log a y
= 3 ×1 + q
= 3+ q

x
log a
ay
= log a x ÷ a ÷ y
= log a x − log a a − log a y
= p −1− q

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 54

Question 7

c
log a
b
= log a c ÷ b
= log a c − log a b
= 4.7 − 3.4
= 1.3

log a bc 2
= log a b × c 2
= log a b + log a c 2
= log a b + 2log a c
= 3.4 + 2 × 4.7
= 12.8

log a ( bc )
2

= log a b 2 × c 2
= log a b 2 + log a c 2
= 2log a b + 2log a c
= 2 × 3.4 + 2 × 4.7
= 16.2

log a abc
= log a a × b × c
= log a a + log a b + log a c
=+1 3.4 + 4.7
= 9.1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 55

e

log a a 2 c
= log a a 2 × c
= log a a 2 + log a c
= 2log a a + log a c
= 2 ×1 + 4.7
= 6.7

log a b 7
= log a b 7
= 7 log a b
= 7 × 3.4
= 23.8

a
log a
c
= log a a ÷ c
= log a a − log a c
= 1 − 4.7
= −3.7

log a a 3
= 3log a a
= 3 ×1
=3

log a bc 4
= log a b + log a c 4
= log a b + 4log a c
= 3.4 + 4 × 4.7
= 22.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 56

Question 8

=
log 4 12 log 4 x + log 4 3
log=
4 12 log 4 x × 3
log 4 12 = log 4 3 x
12 = 3 x
x=4

=
log 34 log 3 y − log 3 7
=
log 34 log 3 y ÷ 7
y
log 3 4 = log 3
7
y
4=
7
y = 28

=
log a6 log a x − 3log a 2
=
log a6 log a x − log a 23
=
log a6 log a x ÷ 8
x
log a 6 = log a
8
x
6=
8
x = 48

log 2 81 = 4log 2 x
log 2 81 = log 2 x 4
81 = x 4
34 = x 4
x=3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 57

e

log=
x 54 log x k + 2log x 3
log=
x 54 log x k + log x 32
log=
x 54 log x k × 9
log x 54 = log x 9k
54 = 9k
k =6

Question 9

 I 
L = 10log  
 I0 
10
 I 
L = log10  
 I0 
10
 I 
  = 10
L

 I0 
I 10
10
= 10 L
I0
I 10 = 10 L I 010
I = 10 10 L I 010
L
I = 1010 I 0

b
db
=I 10 10 × I 0
45
=I 10 10 × I 0
I = 31 622.8 I 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 58

Question 10

a i

100 50log ( t + 1)
A =−
−50log ( t + 1)
A − 100 =
A − 100
= log ( t + 1)
−50
100 − A
log ( t + 1) =
50

ii

100 − A
log ( t + 1) =
50
100 − A
log10 ( t + 1) =
50
100 − A
t +1 =10 50

100 − A
=t 10 50
−1

b i

100 50log ( t + 1)
A =−
100 50log ( 3 + 1)
A =−
A 100 − 50log ( 4 )
=
A = 69.9

ii
100 − A
=t 10 50
−1
100 − 75
=t 10 50
−1
1
=t 10 − 1
2

t = 2.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 59

Question 11

log9
a log 4 9 = = 1.58496 …
log 4

≈ 1.58

log 25
b log 6 25 = = 1.7964 …
log 6

≈ 1.80

log 200
c log 9 200 = = 2.4113 …
log 9

≈ 2.41

log12
d log 2 12 = = 3.5849 …
log 2

≈ 3.58

log 23
e log 3 23 = = 2.8540 …
log 3

≈ 2.85

log 250
f log8 250 = = 2.65526 …
log8

≈ 2.66

log 9.5
g log 5 9.5 = = 1.3988 …
log 5

≈ 1.40

log 23.4
h 2log 4 23.4= 2 × = 4.5484 …
log 4

≈ 4.55

log108
i 7 − log 7 108 =
7− = 4.5938 …≈ 4.59
log 7

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 60

 log 340
j 3log11 340= 3 × = 7.2925 …
log11

≈ 7.29

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 61

Exercise 8.06 Logarithmic functions

Question 1

y = log 3 x
x = 3y
when y = 0; x = 30 ⇒ x = 1 (1,0)
when y = 1; x = 31 ⇒ x = 3 (3, 1)

f ( x ) = 2log 4 x
y = log 4 x 2
x2 = 4 y
y
x = 42
0
when y = 0; x = 4 ⇒ x = 1 (1, 0)
2

1
when y = 1; x = 4 2 ⇒ x = 2 (2, 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 62

c

=y log 2 x + 1
y − 1 =log 2 x
x = 2 y −1
when y = 1; x= 21 − 1 ⇒ x= 1 (1, 1)
when y= 2; x= 22 − 1 ⇒ x= 2 (2, 2)

=y log 5 x − 1
y + 1 =log 5 x
x = 5 y +1
when y =−1; x =5−1 + 1 ⇒ x =
1 (1, − 1)
when y= 0; x= 50 + 1 ⇒ x= 5 (5, 0)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 63

e

=y log 4 x − 2
y+2=log 4 x
x = 4 y +2
when y =−2; x =4−2 + 2 ⇒ x =
1 (1, − 2)
when y =−1; x =4−1 + 2 ⇒ x =4 (4, − 1)

=y 5ln x + 3
y −3 =log e x5
y −3 =log e x5
x 5 = e y −3
x = 5 e y −3
y −3
x=e 5

3−3
when y= 3; x= e 5
⇒ x= 1 (1, 3)
1− 3 −2
when y = 1; x = e 5
⇒ x= e 5
⇒ x = 0.67 (0.67, 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 64

g

f ( x) =
−3log10 x + 2
y−2=log10 x −3
1
y−2=log10
x3
1
3
= 10 y −2
x
1
x 3 = y −2
10
1
x = 3 y −2
10
2− y
x = 10 3

2−2
when y= 2; x= 10 3
⇒ x= 1 (1, 2)
2 +1 3
when y =−1; x =
10 3
=
10 ⇒ x =
3
10 (10, − 1)

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 65

Question 2
y=x
=
y 1,=
x 1 (1, 1)
=
y 0,=
x 0 (0, 0)
y = 10 x
=
x 0,= y 1 (0, 1)
=
x 1,= y 10 (1, 10)
y = log10 x
x = 10 y
=
y 0,=
x 1 (1, 0)
=
y 1,=
x 10 (10, 1)

Curves are reflections of each other about the line y = x.

Question 3

y = log2 x goes through points (1, 0) and (2, 1).

y = log2 (–x) is a reflection of y = log2 x in the y-axis and goes through points (–1, 0) and
(–2, 1).

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 66

Question 4

y = log 2 x
x = 2y
=
y 0,= x 1 (1, 0)
=
y 1,=
x 2 (2, 1)
y = 2x
=
x 0,= y 1 (0, 1)
=
x 1,=
y 2 (1, 2)

b The inverse function is y = 2x.

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 67

Question 5

a 5.6 – 4.8 = 0.8

100.8 = 6.3095 … ≈ 6

b 6.3 – 4.3 = 2

102 = 100

c 5.6 – 4.3 = 1.3

101.3 = 19.9526 … ≈ 20

d 5.5 – 5.2 = 0.3

100.3 = 1.9952 … ≈ 2

e 6.3 – 4.2 = 2.1

102.1 = 125.8925 … ≈ 126

Question 6

a 23 – 20 = 3

103 = 1000

b 41 – 40 = 1

101 = 10

c 66.5 – 65.2 = 1.3

101.3 = 19.9526 … ≈ 20

d 88.9 – 85.4 = 3.5

103.5 = 3162.28 … ≈ 3162

e 58. 6 – 52.3 = 6.3

106.3 = 1 995 262.32 … ≈ 1 9995 262

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 68

Exercise 8.07 Exponential equations

Question 1

4x = 9
x = log 4 9
log 9
x=
log 4
x = 1.6

3x = 5
x = log 3 5
log 5
x=
log 3
x = 1.5

7 x = 14
x = log 7 14
log14
x=
log 7
x = 1.4

2 x = 15
x = log 2 15
log15
x=
log 2
x = 3.9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 69

e

5 x = 34
x = log 5 34
log 34
x=
log 5
x = 2.2

6 x = 60
x = log 6 60
log 60
x=
log 6
x = 2.3

2 x = 76
x = log 2 76
log 76
x=
log 2
x = 6.2

4 x = 50
x = log 4 50
log 50
x=
log 4
x = 2.8

3x = 23
x = log 3 23
log 23
x=
log 3
x = 2.9

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 70

j

9 x = 210
x = log 9 210
log 210
x=
log 9
x = 2.4

Question 2

2x = 6
x = log 2 6
log 6
x=
log 2
x = 2.58

5 y = 15
y = log 5 15
log15
y=
log 5
y = 1.68

3x = 20
x = log 3 20
log 20
x=
log 3
x = 2.73

7 m = 32
m = log 7 32
log 32
m=
log 7
m = 1.78

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 71

e

4k = 50
k = log 4 50
log 50
k=
log 4
k = 2.82

3t = 4
t = log 3 4
log 4
t=
log 3
t = 1.26

8x = 11
x = log8 11
log11
x=
log8
x = 1.15

2 p = 57
p = log 2 57
log 57
p=
log 2
p = 5.83

4 x = 81.3
x = log 4 81.3
log81.3
x=
log 4
x = 3.17

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 72

j

6n = 102.6
n = log 6 102.6
log102.6
n=
log 6
n = 2.58

Question 3

3x + 1 = 8
x +1 = log 3 8
log8
=x −1
log 3
x = 0.9

53n = 71
3n = log 5 71
log 71
=n ÷3
log 5
n = 0.9

2 x − 3 = 12
x −3 = log 2 12
log12
=x +3
log 2
x = 6.6

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 73

d

42 n − 1 = 7
2n − 1 =log 4 7
log 7
=
2n +1
log 4
 log 7 
=
n  + 1 ÷ 2
 log 4 
n = 1.2

75 x + 2 = 11
5x + 2 = log 7 11
log11
=
5x −2
log 7
 log11 
=
x  − 2 ÷5
 log 7 
x = −0.2

83 − n = 5.7
3− n = log 8 5.7
log 5.7
=
−n −3
log8
 log 5.7 
=n  − 3  ÷ −1
 log8 
n = 2.2

2 x + 2 = 18.3
x+2= log 2 18.3
log18.3
=x −2
log 2
x = 2.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 74

h
−3
37 k = 32.9
7k − 3 =log 3 32.9
log 32.9
=7k +3
log 3
 log 32.9 
=k  + 3 ÷ 7
 log 3 
k = 0.9

i
x
9 2 = 50
x
= log 9 50
2
log 50
=x ×2
log 9
x = 3.6

Question 4

e x = 200
x = ln 200
x = 5.30

e 3t = 5
3t = ln 5
=t ln 5 ÷ 3
t = 0.536

2et = 75
et = 37.5
t = ln 37.5
t = 3.62

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 75

d

45 = e x
ln 45 = x
x = 3.81

3000 = 100e n
30 = e n
ln 30 = n
n = 3.40

100 = 20e3t
5 = e 3t
ln 5 = 3t
ln 5 ÷ 3 =t
t = 0.536

2000 = 50e0.15t
40 = e0.15t
ln 40 = 0.15t
ln 40 ÷ 0.15 =
t
t = 24.6

15000 = 2000e0.03k
7.5 = e0.03k
ln 7.5 = 0.03k
ln 7.5 ÷ 0.03 =k
k = 67.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 76

i

3Q = Qe0.02t
3 = e0.02t
ln 3 = 0.02t
ln 3 ÷ 0.02 =t
t = 54.9

Question 5

a i

A = 850 (1.025 )
n

A ( 0 ) = 850 (1.025 )
0

A ( 0 ) = $850

ii

A = 850 (1.025 )
n

A ( 7 ) = 850 (1.025 )
7

A ( 7 ) = $1010.38

A = 850 (1.025 )
n

1000 = 850 (1.025 )

n

1000
= (1.025 )
n

850
1000
log1.025 =n
850
1000
log
n= 850
log1.025
n = 6.6 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 77

Question 6

a i

P = 35000e0.024t
P ( 0 ) = 35000e0.024 × 0
P ( 0 ) = 35000

ii

P = 35 000e0.024t
P (10 ) = 35 000e0.024 × 10
P (10 ) = 44 494

iii

P = 35000e0.024t
P ( 50 ) = 35000e0.024 × 50
P ( 50 ) = 116 204

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 78

b i

P = 35 000e0.024t
80 000 = 35 000e0.024t
80 000
= e0.024t
35 000
80 000
ln = 0.024t
35 000
80 000
=t ln ÷ 0.024
35 000
t = 34.4 years

ii

P = 35 000e0.024t
200 000 = 35 000e0.024t
200 000
= e0.024t
35 000
200 000
ln = 0.024t
35 000
200 000
=t ln ÷ 0.024
35 000
t = 72.6 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 79

Question 7

a i

N = 8900e −0.048t
N ( 0 ) = 8900e −0.048 × 0
N ( 0 ) = 8900

ii

N = 8900e −0.048t
N ( 5 ) = 8900e −0.048 × 5
N ( 5 ) = 7001

iii

N = 8900e −0.048t
N ( 70 ) = 8900e −0.048 × 70
N ( 70 ) = 309

b i

N = 8900e −0.048t
5000 = 8900e −0.048t
5000
= e −0.048t
8900
5000
ln = −0.048t
8900
5000
=t ln ÷ −0.048
8900
t = 12 years

ii

N = 8900e −0.048t
200 = 8900e −0.048t
200
= e −0.048t
8900
200
ln = −0.048t
8900
200
=t ln ÷ −0.048
8900
t = 79 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 80

Question 8

M = 100e −0.00003t
M ( 0 ) = 100e −0.00003 × 0
M ( 0 ) = 100 g

M = 100e −0.00003t
M ( 50 ) = 100e −0.00003 × 50
M ( 50 ) = 99.85 g

M = 100e −0.00003t
M ( 500 ) = 100e −0.00003 × 500
M ( 500 ) = 98.5 g

M = 100e −0.00003t
50 = 100e −0.00003t
50
= e −0.00003t
100
1
ln   = −0.00003t
2
1
=t ln   ÷ ( −0.00003)
2
t = 23 105 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 81

Question 9

T= 18 + 12e0.002t
T ( 5=
) 18 + 12e0.002 × 5
T ( 5 ) = 30.1°C

T= 18 + 12e0.002t
= 18 + 12e0.002t
50
32 = 12e0.002t
32
= e0.002t \
12
32
ln = 0.002t
12
32
=t ln ÷ 0.002
12
t = 490.4 hours

Question 10

a i

=
x 5et + 23
x (=
0 ) 5e0 + 23
x ( 0 ) = 28 cm

ii

=
x 5et + 23
x′= v= 5et
v ( 20 ) = 5e 20 cm s −1

iii

=
x 5et + 23
x (=
6 ) 5e6 + 23
x ( 6 ) = 2040.1 cm

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 82

 iv

=
x 5et + 23
= 5et + 23
85
62 = 5et
62
= et
5
62
ln =t
5
t = 2.52 s

=
x 5et + 23
x′= v= 5et
1000 = 5et
200 = et
ln 200 = t
t = 5.30 s

=
x 5et + 23
x′= v= 5et
v′= a= 5et
a = 5et
= 5et + 23 − 23
= x − 23

a= x − 23
=
a 85 − 23
a = 62 cm s −2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 83

Test yourself 8

Question 1

log a 15 − log a 3
15
= log a
3
= log a 5
D

Question 2

ax = y
log a y = x
B

Question 3

5x = 4
log 5 4 = x
log 4 ln 4
x= or
log 5 ln 5
A, C

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 84

Question 4

a = =
log 2 8 log 22
3
3

b log 7 7 = 1

c log=
10 1000 =
log10 10
3
3

d =
log 9 81 =
log 99
2
2

e log e e = 1

f =
log 4 64 =
log 44
3
3

1
1
g = =
log 9 3 log 99
2
2

1
h log 2 = log 2 2−1 = −1
2

1
i log 5 = log 5 5−2 = −2
25

j ln e3 = 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 85

Question 5

a e2 − 1 =6.39

log 95
b log=
10 95 = 1.98
log10

c log=
e 26 ln=
26 3.26

log 7
d =
log 47 = 1.40
log 4

log 3
e =
log 43 = 0.792
log 4

f ln 50 = 3.91

g e+3 =5.72

5e3
h = 72.4
ln 4

Question 6

a eln 6 = 6

b eln 2 = 2

Question 7

a =
log 3a x=
; 3x a

b = =
ln b y; log eb y=
; ey b

c = =
log c z;log10 c z=
; 10 z c

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 86

Question 8

log 7 6
= log 7 ( 2 × 3)
= log 7 2 + log 7 3
= 0.36 + 0.56
= 0.92

log 7 8
= log 7 ( 23 )
= 3log 7 2
= 3 × 0.36
= 1.08

log 7 1.5
3
= log 7  
2
= log 7 3 − log 7 2
= 0.56 − 0.36
= 0.2

log 7 14
= log 7 ( 2 × 7 )
= log 7 2 + log 7 7
= 0.36 + 1
= 1.36

log 7 3.5
7
= log 7  
2
= log 7 7 − log 7 2
= 1 − 0.36
= 0.64

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 87

 Question 9

3x = 8
log 3 8 = x
log8
x=
log 3
x = 1.9

23 x − 4 = 3
log 2 =3 3x − 4
log 3
=
3x +4
log 2
 log 3 
=
x  + 4 ÷3
 log 2 
x = 1.9

log x 81 = 4
81 = x 4
x = 4 81
x=3

log 6 x = 2
x = 62
x = 36

Question 10

12 = 10e0.01t
1.2 = e0.01t
ln1.2 = 0.01t
=t ln1.2 ÷ 0.01
t = 18.2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 88

Question 11

log 9 8
log8
=
log 9
= 0.9

Question 12

5log a x + 3log a y
= log a x 5 + log a y 3
= log a x 5 y 3

2log x k − log x 3 + log x p

= log x k 2 − log x 3 + log x p
= log x k 2 ÷ 3 × p
k2 p
= log x
3

Question 13

a log10 4.5 ≈ 0.65

b ln 3.7 ≈ 1.3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 89

Question 14

=
y 2x + 1
When=x 0,=y 2 (0, 2);
when=
x 1,=y 3 (1, 3)

Domain : ( −∞, ∞ ) , range : (1, ∞ ) ; horizontal asymptote y = 1.

Question 15

a 2x = 9

log 2 9 = x
log 9
x=
log 2
x = 3.17

b 3x = 7

log 3 7 = x
log 7
x=
log 3
x = 1.77

c 5x + 1 = 6

log 5 6= x + 1
log 6
=x −1
log 5
x = 0.11

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 90

d 42y = 11

log 4 11 = 2 y
log11
=y ÷2
log 4
y = 0.86

e 83n – 2 = 5

3n − 2 =log8 5
ln 5
=
ln 8
ln 5
=
3n +2
ln 8
ln 5
+2
n= ln 8
3
= 0.9246...
≈ 0.92

f logx 16 = 4

4 x = 16
x=2

g log3 y = 3

33 = y
y = 27

h log7 n = 2

72 = n
n = 49

1
log x 64 =
2
1
x 2 = 64
x = 642
x = 4096

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 91

j

1
log8 m =
3
1
= 8=
m 3
2

Question 16

a=2 x y=
; log 2 y x

b =5a b=
; log 5 b a

c =
10 x y; =
log10 y x=
; log y x

d = =
e x z; log e z x=
; ln z x

e 3x + 1= y; log 3 y= x + 1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 92

Question 17

a y = 5(3x + 2)

(0, 45), (–1, 15), (–2, 5)

b y = 2(3x) – 5

Horizontal asymptote at y = –5.

 1
(0, –3),  −1, −4  ,
 3

x-intercept (y = 0): 0 = 2(3x) – 5 ⇒ 2(3x) = 5

3x = 2.5
ln 3x = ln 2.5
x ln 3 = ln 2.5
ln 2.5
=x ≈ 0.8
ln 3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 93

c f(x) = –3x is the graph of f(x) = 3x reflected in the x-axis.

 1
(0, –1),  −1, − 
 3

d y = 3(2–x) is the graph of y = 3(2x) reflected in the x-axis.

(0, 3), ( −1,6 )

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 94

Question 18

f ( x ) = log 3 x
y = log 3 x
x = 3y
When= y 0,=x 1 (1, 0);
when= y 1,=
x 3 (3, 1).

f ( x ) = log 3 x
=y 3ln x − 4
y+4=log e x3
x3 = e y +4
x = 3 e y +4
y +4
x=e 3

When y =
−4, x =
1 (1, − 4);
when=
y 0,=
x 3.8 (3.8, 0).

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 95

Question 19

log x 6
= log x ( 2 × 3)
= log x 2 + log x 3
= a+b

log x 1.5
= log x ( 3 ÷ 2 )
= log x 3 − log x 2
= b−a

log x 8
= log x ( 2 × 2 × 2 )
= log x 2 + log x 2 + log x 2
= a+a+a
= 3a

log x 18
= log x ( 3 × 3 × 2 )
= log x 3 + log x 3 + log x 2
= b+b+a
= a + 2b

log x 27
= log x ( 3 × 3 × 3)
= log x 3 + log x 3 + log x 3
= b+b+b
= 3b

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 96

Question 20

 I 
L = 10log  
 I0 
When I = 5500 I 0 ,
 5500 I 0 
L = 10log  
 I0 
= 10log 5500
≈ 37.4 dB

 I 
L = 10log  
 I0 
When L = 32,
 I 
32 = 10log  
 I0 
 I 
3.2 = log  
 I0 
I
103.2 =
I0
I ≈ 1585 I 0

Question 21

1
a log a = log a x −1 = − log a x
x

1
b log e = ln y −1 = − ln y
y

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 97

 Question 22

log 6 12 + log 6 3
= log 6 (12 × 3)
= log 6 36
= log 6 62
=2

log 25 + log 4
= log10 ( 25 × 4 )
= log10 100
= log10 102
=2

2log 4 8
= log 4 82
= log 4 64
= log 4 43
=3

log8 72 − log8 9
= log8 ( 72 ÷ 9 )
= log8 8
=1

log 53000 − log 53

= log10 ( 53000 ÷ 53)
= log10 1000
= log10 103
=3

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 98

Question 23

e x = 15
x = ln15
x = 2.7

2.7 x = 21.8
log 2.7 21.8 = x
log 21.8
x=
log 2.7
x = 3.1

10 x = 128.7
log10 128.7 = x
log128.7
x=
log10
x = 2.1

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 99

Question 24

a i A = 5280(1.019)n

= A 5280 (1.019 )
t 0,=
0
When
A = 5280

ii A = 5280(1.019)n

= A 5280 (1.019 )
t 3,=
3
When
A = 5586.71

iii A = 5280(1.019)n

= A 5280 (1.019 )
t 4,=
4
When
A = 5692.86

b i A = 5280(1.019)n

When A = 6000,
6000 = 5280 (1.019 )
n

25
= (1.019 )
n

22
25
log1.019 =n
22
25
log
n= 22
log1.019
n = 6.8 years

ii A = 5280(1.019)n

When A = 10 000,
10 000 = 5280 (1.019 )
n

125
= (1.019 )
n

66
125
log1.019 =n
66
125
log
n= 66
log1.019
n = 33.9 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 100

Question 25

dy
a = 3e3 x
dx

dy
b = −2e −2 x
dx

dy
c =
4 × 5e 4 x =
20e 4 x
dx

dy
d = 8 × −2e8 x + 15 x 2 = −16e8 x + 15 x 2
dx

e u = x2, v = e2x

du dv
= 2x , = 2e 2 x
dx dx

dy
= e 2 x × 2 x + x 2 × 2e 2 x
dx
dy
= 2 xe 2 x (1 + x )
dx

du
f u = 4e3x – 1; = 12e3 x
dx

dy
y = u9, = 9u 8
du

dy dy du
= ×
dx du dx
dy
= 9u 8 ×12e3 x
dx
= 9 ( 4e3 x − 1) ×12e3 x
8

= 108e3 x ( 4e3 x − 1)
8

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 101

g u = x, v = e2x

du dv
= 1, = 2e 2 x
dx dx

dy e (1) − x ( 2e )
2x 2x

=
( e2 x )
2
dx

e 2 x (1 − 2 x)
=
(e )
2x 2

1− 2x
=
e2 x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 102

Question 26

a N = 1118 – 37e0.032t

When t = 0,
N 1118 − 37e0.032 × 0
=
=
N 1118 − 37
N = 1081

b N = 1118 – 37e0.032t

When t = 5,
N 1118 − 37e0.032 × 5
=
N = 1075

c i N = 1118 – 37e0.032t

When N = 500,
= 1118 − 37e0.032 × t
500
−618 = −37e0.032t
618
= e0.032t
37
618
ln = 0.032t
37
618
=t ln ÷ 0.032
37
t ≈ 88 years

ii N = 1118 – 37e0.032t

When N = 100,
= 1118 − 37e0.032 × t
100
−1018 = −37e0.032t
1018
= e0.032t
37
1018
ln = 0.032t
37
1018
=t ln ÷ 0.032
37
t ≈ 103.6 years

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 103

Question 27

a y = ex + x

dy
= ex + 1
dx

b y = –4ex

dy
= −4e x
dx

c y = 3e–x

=3 × ( −e − x ) =−3e − x
dy
dx

d y = (3 + ex)9

=9 × e x × ( 3 + e x )
dy 9 −1

dx
= 9e x ( 3 + e x )
8

e y = 3x5ex

dy
= 3 x 5e x + 15 x 4e x
dx
= 3 x 4e x ( x + 5 )

ex
y=
7x − 2
dy e × ( 7 x − 2 ) − e × ( 7 )
x x
=
( 7 x − 2)
2
dx
dy 7 xe x − 2e x − 7e x
=
( 7 x − 2)
2
dx
dy 7 xe x − 9e x
=
dx ( 7 x − 2 )2
dy e ( 7 x − 9 )
x
=
dx ( 7 x − 2 )2

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 104

Question 28

6.7 – 4.7 = 2

102 = 100 times

Question 29

8.5 – 7.2 = 1.3

101.3 = 19.9526 …

≈ 20 times

Question 30

a ( h ( x ) ) log e ( 6 x 2 − 1)
f=

g ( h ( x ) ) = e6 x −1
2
b

) 6 ( e x ) −=1 6e2 x − 1
h ( g ( x )=
2
c

( g ( x ) ) log
f= = e (e )
x
d x

e g ( f (=
x ) ) e=
log e x
x

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 105

Challenge exercise 8

Question 1

log b 6b
= log b 6 + log b b
= log b ( 2 × 3) + log b b
= log b 2 + log b 3 + log b b
= 0.6 + 1.1 + 1
= 2.7

log b 8b
= log b 8 + log b b
= log b ( 23 ) + log b b
= 3log b 2 + 1
=×3 0.6 + 1
= 2.8

log b 1.5b 2
= log b 1.5 + log b b 2
3
= log b   + 2
2
= log b 3 − log b 2 + 2
=1.1 − 0.6 + 2
= 2.5

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 106

Question 2

y = log e x
x = ey
when= y 0,=x 1
y = log10 x
x = 10 y
when= y 0,=
x 1
intersection = (1,0 )

Question 3

2 y= x − 1
=
x 2y +1
When=y 0,=x 2 (2, 0);
when=y 1,=
x 3 (3, 1).

Domain : (1, ∞ ) , range : ( −∞, ∞ ) .

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 107

 Question 4

u = 3x
32 x − 3x − 2 =0

(3 )
x 2
− 3x − 2 =0
u2 − u − 2 =0
( u − 2 )( u + 1) =
0
1
u−2=0
3x = 2
x = log 3 2
log 2
x=
log 3
x = 0.63
2
u + 1 =0
3x = −1
=
x log 3 − 1
no solution
So x = 0.63

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 108

Question 5

pH = − log  H + 
= log1 − log  H + 
1
= log
H+

pH = − log  H + 
log  H + 
−pH =
10− pH =  H + 
1
pH
=  H + 
10

c i

1
H+ =
10pH
1
H + = 6.3
10
+
H = 0.000 000 5

ii

1
H+ =
10pH
1
H + = 7.7
10
+
H = 0.000 000 02

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 109

Question 6

a y = 8 + log2 (x + 2)

y – 8 = log2 (x + 2)

2y – 8 = x + 2

x = 2y – 8 – 2

x = 2(2y – 9 – 1)

b i y = 8 + log2 (5 + 2)

= 8 + log2 (7)

ln 7
=8+
ln 2

= 10.8073 … ≈ 10.81

ii x = 21 – 8 – 2

= 2–7 – 2

= –1.9921875

≈ –1.99

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 110

Question 7

=
y 3e x − 5
y′ = 3e x
y′ ( 2 ) = 3e 2
m = 3e 2
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
) 3e2 ( x − 2 )
y − ( 3e 2 − 5=
y − 3e 2 + =
5 3e 2 x − 6e 2
y − 3e 2 + 5 − 3e 2 x + 6e 2 =0
3e 2 x − y − 3e 2 − 5 =0

=
y 3e x − 5
y′ = 3e x
y′ ( 2 ) = 3e 2
m = 3e 2
m × n =−1
3e 2 × n =−1
−1
n= 2
3e
y − y1= m ( x − x1 )
−1
y − ( 3e 2 − 5=
) ( x − 2)
3e 2
−x 2
y − 3e 2 + 5= 2
+ 2
3e 3e
x 2
y − 3e 2 + 5 + 2 − 2 = 0
3e 3e
x 2
2
+ y − 2 + 5 − 3e 2 = 0
3e 3e
x + 3e 2 y − 2 + 15e 2 − 9e 4 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia Pty Ltd 2018 111