MATHS IN FOCUS 12

MATHEMATICS EXTENSION 1
WORKED SOLUTIONS
Chapter 10: Further Vectors

Exercise 10.01 Scalar (dot) product

Question 1

 3   −1
a u.v =   .   = 3 × −1 + 2 × 5 = 7
   2  5 

 4   −2 
b u.v =   .   = 4 × −2 − 1× 7 = −15
   −1  7 

 6   −4 
c u.v =   .   = 6 × −4 + 3 × 8 = 0
   3  8 

d u.v = 4 ×1 − 1× −5 = 9

e u.v =−3 × 2 + 4 × 3 =6

f u.v = 1× −3 − 9 × −2 = 15


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 1

Question 2

u = (−2 cos 60°, −2sin 60°)


1 3
= (−2 × , −2 × )
2 2
=(−1, − 3)

=v (8cos 45°, −8sin 45°)


1 1
= (8 × , −8 × )
2 2
= (4 2, −4 2)

u.v = −1× 4 2 − 3 × −4 2

= −4 2 + 4 6

u= (−10 cos 30°,10sin 30°)


3 1
=−( 10 × ,10 × )
2 2
= (−5 3,5)

v = (−4 cos 45°, −4sin 45°)


1 1
= (−4 × , −4 × )
2 2
=
(−2 2, −2 2)

u.v = −5 3 × −2 2 + 5 × −2 2

= 10 6 − 10 2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 2

c

=u (2 cos 45°, −2sin 45°)


1 1
= (2 × , −2 × )
2 2
= ( 2, − 2)

v= (−6 cos 30°, 6sin 30°)


3 1
= (−6 × ,6× )
2 2
= (−3 3,3)

u=
.v 2 × −3 3 − 2 × 3

= −3 6 − 3 2

Question 3

 u.v 
θ =cos −1   
 u.v 
 
a u.v = −3 × −5 + 4 ×12 = 63

u = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5

v = (−5) 2 + 122 =13

 63 
θ= cos −1  = 14°
 5 × 13 

b u.v = 1× −3 − 2 ×1 = −5

u= 12 + (−2)= 2
5

v = (−3) 2 + 12 = 10

 −5 
θ cos −1 
= = 135°
 5 × 10 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 3

c u.v = 6 × 2 − 3 × 4 = 0

u= 62 + (−3)=
2
45

v= 22 + 42 = 20

 0 
θ= cos −1  = 90°
 45 × 20 

d u.v = 2 × 3 + 5 × 1 = 11

u= 2 2 + 52 = 29

v= 32 + 12 = 10

 11 
θ= cos −1  = 50°
 29 × 10 

e u.v = −4 ×1 − 1× −5 = 1

u= (−4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 17

v= 12 + (−5)=
2
26

 1 
θ= cos −1  = 87°
 17 × 26 

f u.v = 3 × −4 − 2 × −1 = −10

u= 32 + (−2)=
2
13

v= (−4) 2 + (−1) 2 = 17

 −10 
θ cos −1 
= = 132°
 13 × 17 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 4

 Question 4

 x 1
=u = ,v  
  2  5

u.v = 14

x × −4 + 2 × 5 =14
−4 x + 10 =
14
x = −1

Question 5

u=ai + bj , v =3i − 4 j
     

=
v 32 + (−4)=
2
5

u.v = 10

u.v
cos θ=   , θ= 60°
u.v
 
10
cos 60° =
u ×5

10
0.5 =
u ×5

10
=u = 4
 0.5 × 5

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 5

Question 6

a i

OA = 62 + 22 = 40


OB = 12 + 52 = 26

 
OA.OB = 6 ×1 + 2 × 5 = 16
  
 OA .OB
θ =cos −1    
 OA × OB 
 
 16 
= cos −1  
 40 × 26 
= 60°15′

   6 − 1   5 
ii OA − OB
=  =   
 2 − 5   −3 
 
OA − OB= 52 + (−3)=
2
34


OA = 40

  

OA.(OA − OB) = 6 × 5 + 2 × −3 = 24

  

 OA 
.(OA − OB)
θ =cos    
−1 
 OA × OA − OB 
 
 24 
= cos −1  
 40 × 34 
= 49°24′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 6

    6 − 1   5 
iii OA − OB
=  =   
 2 − 5   −3 
 
OA − OB = 34


OB = 26

  

OB.(OA − OB) = 1× 5 + 5 × −3 = −10

  

 OB 
.(OA − OB)
θ =cos −1     
 OB × OA − OB 
 
 −10 
= cos −1  
 26 × 34 
= 109°39′

b The exterior angle of a triangle is the sum of the 2 interior opposite angles.

Question 7

a u.v = 3 × −2 − 6 × −1 = 0


b u= 32 + (−6)=
2
45


v= (−2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 5

 u.v 
θ =cos −1   
 u.v 
 

 0 
= cos −1  =
 90°
 45. 5 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 7

 Question 8

 x  −1
=u = ,v  
  2   4 

u.v = 24

x × −1 + 3 × 4 = 24
− x + 12 =24
x = −12

Question 9

u.v = 1× a − 3 × 5 = a − 15


u= 12 + (−3)=
2
10


v= a 2 + 52 = a 2 + 25

u.v
cos θ =  
u.v
 
a − 15
cos120° =
10 × a 2 + 25
a − 15
−0.5 =
10 × a 2 + 25

(a − 15) 2
0.25 =
10(a 2 + 25)

2.5(a 2 + 25) =(a − 15) 2

2.5a 2 + 62.5 =a 2 − 30a + 225
1.5a 2 + 30a − 162.5 =
0

3a2 + 60a – 325 = 0

−60 ± 602 − 4 × 3 × ( −325 )

a=
2×3
−60 ± 7500
=
6
= 4.4337..., −24.4337...
≈ 4.4, −24.4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 8

Question 10

Let =
b xi + yj
  

a= 32 + (−1)=
2
10

a.b = −6

Hence 3 x − y =−6

a.b
cos θ =  
a.b
 
−6
cos 30° =
10. b

3 −6
− = , 2nd quadrant
2 10 b

12
b=
 30

12 144
x 2 + y 2= ⇒ x 2 + y 2=
30 30

144
Solve the simultaneous pair of equations 3 x − y =−6 , x 2 + y 2 =
30

3 x − y =−6 ⇒ y =3 x + 6

144 144
x2 + y 2 = ⇒ x 2 + (3 x + 6) 2 =
30 30

10 x 2 + 36 x + 31.2 =
0
−36 ± 362 − 4 ×10 × 31.2
x=
2 ×10
−36 ± 48
=
20
= −1.4535..., −2.1464... ≈ − 1.5, − 2.1

x =−1.5 ⇒ y =3 x + 6 =1.5

x =−2.1 ⇒ y =3 x + 6 =−0.3

b=−1.5i + 1.5 j , b =
−2.1i − 0.3 j
     

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 9

Question 11

a v= 3i − 4 j
  
v.v = 3 × 3 − 4 × −4 = 25


= 32 + (−4)= 5⇒ v =
2 2
v 25
 

Hence v.v = v
2

 
b =
v ai + bj
  
v.v = a × a + b × b = a 2 + b 2

= a 2 + b 2 ⇒ v =a 2 + b 2
2
v
 

Hence v.v = v
2

 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 10

Exercise 10.02 Parallel and perpendicular vectors

Question 1

For each, show that the dot product is 0.

a u.v = 5 × 4 − 2 ×10 = 0

b u.v = 5 × 0 + 0 × −3 = 0

c u.v = 3 × −12 − 9 × −4 = 0


Question 2

For each, show that the dot product is 0.

u.v = u v , (like direction), or u.v = − u v , (unlike direction)

     
a u.v = 2 cos 60°× −10 cos 60° − 2sin 60°×10sin 60° = −20

=u (2 cos 60°) 2 + (−2sin
= 60°) 2 2

v = (−10 cos 60°) 2 + (10sin 60°) 2 = 10

u v =2 ×10 =20
 
Hence u.v = − u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.

b u.v =−6 × 2 − 3 ×1 =−15



u= (−6) 2 + (−3) 2 = 45 = 3 5

v= 22 + 12 = 5

u v = 3 5 × 5 = 15
 
Hence u.v = − u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 11

c u.v = −2 × 5 + 8 × −20 = −170

u = (−2) 2 + 82 = 68 = 2 17

=
v 52 + (−20)=2
= 5 17
425

u v = 2 17 × 5 17 = 170
 
Hence u.v = − u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.

d u.v = 2 × 7 + 3 ×10.5 = 45.5


u = 22 + 32 = 13

v = 7 2 + 10.52 = 159.25

u v =13 × 159.25 =
45.5
 
Hence u.v = u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have the same direction.

1 1
e u.v = −1× + 6 × −3 = −18
 2 2

u = (−1) 2 + 62 = 37

2
1 1
=v   + (− =3) 2 37
 2 2

1 1
u v = 37 × 37 =
18
  2 2

Hence u.v = − u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 12

f u.v = −5 × 20 + 1× −4 = −104

u = (−5) 2 + 12 = 26

=
v 202 + (−4)= 2
4 26

u v = 26 × 4 26 =104
 
Hence u.v = − u v
  
The vectors are parallel and have opposite direction.

Question 3

 x   −4 
  .  = 0
 2  5 
−4 x + 10 = 0
x = 2.5

b The vectors are parallel if one is a scalar multiple of the other.

 x  −4 
  = k   , where k is a non-zero constant.
 2  5

So 2 = 5k ⇒ k = 0.4

x = −4k
=−4 × 0.4
−1.6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 13

Question 4

a u.v = 4 × −10 − 6 ×15 = −130


The dot product is not 0, so the vectors are not perpendicular.

The vectors will be parallel if one is a scalar multiple of the other.

Let u = kv , where k is a non-zero constant.

 
4 i − 6 j =k (−10 i + 15 j )
   
2
4= −10k ⇒ k = −
5
2
−6 =15k ⇒ k =−
5

2
The constant, k = − , is the same for both components, so the vectors are parallel
5
and have opposite direction.
 
b OA.OB =4 × 3 + 3 × −7 =−9

The dot product is not zero, so the vectors are not perpendicular.
 
Let OA = kOB , where k is a non-zero constant.

 4  3
 =k 
 3  −7 
4
4 = 3k ⇒ k =
3
3
3=−7 k ⇒ k =−
7

The constant, k , is not the same for both components, so the vectors are not parallel.
 
Hence, OA and OB are neither perpendicular nor parallel.

c u.v =−6 × 4 + 3 × 8 =0

The dot product is zero, so the vectors are perpendicular.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 14

d

u.v = −3cos 30°× −5sin 60° + 3sin 60°× −5sin 60°


3 1 1 3
= −3 × × −5 × + 3 × × −5 ×
2 2 2 2
=0

The dot product is 0, so the vectors are perpendicular.

=
u.v 5cos 45°× −8cos 45° + 5sin 45°× −8sin 45°

1 1 1 1
= 5× × −8 × + 5× × −8 ×
2 2 2 2
=−20 − 20 = −40

The dot product is not 0, so the vectors are not perpendicular.

Let u = kv , where k is a non-zero constant.

 
Then (5cos 45°,5sin 45°)= k (−8cos 45°, −8sin 45°)

5
5cos 45° = −8cos 45°k ⇒ k = −
8

and

5
5sin 45° = −8sin 45°k ⇒ k = −
8

5
The constant, k = − , is the same for both components, so the vectors are parallel
8
and have opposite direction.

u.v = −4 cos 30°× 7 cos 60° − 4sin 30°× −7 sin 60°


3 1 1 3
= −4 × × 7 × − 4 × × −7 ×
2 2 2 2
=0

The dot product is 0, so the vectors are perpendicular.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 15

Question 5

The vectors are perpendicular, so the dot product is zero.

u.v = 5 × 3 − 3 × b = 15 − 3b

Hence

15 − 3b =
0
b=5

Question 6
 
a The vectors are parallel in a like direction, so OA = kOB , where k is a non-zero
positive constant.

 −2   −5 
 =k 
 5 n
2
−2 =−5k ⇒ k =
5
5 = kn
2
5= n
5
n = 12.5
 
b The vectors are perpendicular, so OA.OB = 0 .
 
OA.OB = −2 × −5 + 5 × n = 10 + 5n
10 + 5n = 0
n = −2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 16

Exercise 10.03 Projection of vectors

Question 1

 b×a 
a Find   2  b
 b 
  

b= 122 + 62= 180


b × a= 12 × 7 + 6 × −4= 60
 
 b×a  60 12 
  2  b =  
 b 
( )
2
   180 6

1 12 
=  
3 6 
 4
= 
 2

 a×b 
b Find   2  a
 
 a  

b= 122 + 62= 65

a × b = 6 × −4 + 12 × 7 = 60
 
 a×b  60 7
  2  a =  
 a 
( )  −4 
2
   65

12  7 
=  
13  −4 
 6.46 
 
 −3.69 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 17

Question 2

a u = (−5) 2 + 152 = 250


u × v = −5 × −3 + 15 × 7 = 120
 
 u×v  120
 = u (−5i + 15 j )
 u 2  
( ) 
2
   250 

12
= (− i + 3 j )
5  
=
−2.4 i + 7.2 j
 

b u= 32 + (−15)=
2
234

u × v = 3 × −5 − 15 × −14 = 195
 
 u×v  195
=
  2  u (3i − 15 j )
 u 
( ) 
2
   234 
5
= (3i − 15 j )
6  
= 2.5i − 12.5 j
 

c u = 32 + 62 = 45

u × v = 3 × −2 + 6 × 6 = 30
 
 u×v  30  3
  2  u =  
 u 
( )
2
   45 6

2  3
=  
3 6
 2
= 
 4

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 18

d u= (−3) 2 + (−2) 2 = 13

u × v = −3 × 4 − 2 × −19 = 26
 
 u×v  26
 = u (−3i − 2 j )
 u 2  
( 13 ) 
2
   
= 2(−3i − 2 j )
 
= −6 i − 4 j
 

e u= 42 + (−3)=
2
5

u × v = 4 × 3 − 3 × −1= 15
 
 u×v  15  4 
  2  u =  
 u   25  −3 
  
3 4 
=  
5  −3 
 2.4 
= 
 −1.8 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 19

 Question 3

 3 18 + 3 6 −3 6 − 3 2 
 , 
 4 4 

 1
u =  −4 ×
  2
3
(
, 4 ×  = −2 3, 2
2
)

 

v=  6×
1
2
, −6 ×
1 
=
2
(3 2, −3 2 )
u = (−2 3) 2 + 22 = 16 = 4

u × v = −2 3 × 3 2 + 2 × −3 2 = −6 6 − 6 2
 
 u×v  −6 6 − 6 2
=
  2  u
 u  42
−2 3, 2 ( )
  
−3 6 − 3 2
=
8
−2 3, 2( )
−3 6 − 3 2
=
4
− 3,1 ( )
 −3 6 − 3 2 −3 6 − 3 2 
= − 3 × , 
 4 4 
 3 18 + 3 6 −3 6 − 3 2 
 , 
 4 4 

Question 4

a =
v 32 + (−4)=
2
5

v × u = 3 × 2 − 4 ×1 = 2
 
 v×u  2  3
  2  v =  
 v   25  −4 
  
 0.24 
= 
 −0.32 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 20

b u= 22 + 12 = 5

u × v = 2 × 3 + 1× −4 = 2
 
 u×v  2  2
  2  u =  
 u 
( )
2
   5 1

2  2
=  
5 1
 0.8 
= 
 0.4 

c From a,

 0.24 
proju v =  

 −0.32 
= 0.242 + (−0.32) 2
= 0.4

d From a,

 0.24 
proju v =  

 −0.32 

The direction (angle) is

 −0.32 
tan −1  =−53°
 0.24 
= 360° − 53°
= 307°

Question 5

u×v  u.v  u.v

  2  u =
 2 is a scalar, so  u   u 2 
u
u   
 
u×v
This simplifies to   .
u


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 21

Exercise 10.04 Proofs using vectors

Question 1

 
Let AB = a and AC = b
  
AC = AB + BC

b = a + BC

b – a = BC [1]
  
AB = AC + CB

a = b + CB

a – b = CB

= – BC

–(a – b) = BC [2]

From [1] and [2]:

b – a = –(a – b)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 22

or

b − a =−c
  
But c= a − b
  
Hence b − a =−(a − b)
   

Question 2

   

AD : DB = 1: 3 ⇒ DB = 3 AD = 3a

  
AC + CB = AB
b + c = a + 3a
   
b+c = 4a
  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 23

Question 3
  
Let=AB a= , BC b and CD = c
  
     
FE is parallel to AB , GF is parallel to BC and HG is parallel to CD .
  
Hence=
FE a= , GF b and HG = c .
  
Now,
   
AD = AB + BC + CD = a + b + c .
  
Also,
   
HE = HG + GF + FE = a + b + c
   
= AD
 
Hence, AD = HE

Question 4

   

PQ = − AP + AD + DQ [1]

and
   
PQ = PB + BC − QC [2]

[1] + [2]
       
PQ + PQ = − AP + AD + DQ + PB + BC − QC
      
2 PQ = (− AP + PB) + ( DQ − QC ) + AD + BC
 
= 0 + 0 + AD + BC
 
  
Hence, AD + BC = 2 PQ

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 24

 Question 5

  

= AB + BD
AD
  
= AB + BC + CD
  2 
= AB + BC + BC
3
2
=−a + b + b
  3
5
= b−a
3 

Question 6

   2 

a AE : ED = 9 : 2 , hence ED = AD
11
   2
= BC
AD = a , so ED = a
 11 

b
  
= AE − AB
BE
9 
= AD − b
11 
9
= a −b
11  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 25

Question 7

   5  

BF : FD = 5 : 3 ⇒ BF = ( AD − AB)
8
 
=
AD b= , AB a
 
 5
Hence, BF= (b − a )
8  

b
  
= AD − FD
AF
 3 
= AD − BD
8
 3  
= AD − ( AD − AB)
8
1  
= (5 AD + 3 AB)
8
1
= (5b + 3a )
8  
  
c = EA + AF
EF
 5 3
= – AE + b + a
8 8

1 5 3
=− a + b+ a
2 8 8

5 1
= b– a
8 8

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 26

Question 8

 1  1  

a =
DC = CB = OA
a , since CB = a
3 3 
  
= BC + CD
BD
 
= −CB + − DC
1
=−a − a
 3
4
= − a
3

b
  
= AO + OB
AB

= −OA + b

=−a + b
 
  
= DB + BA
DA
 
= − BD + − AB

4
= a − ( − a + b)
3  
7
= a −b
3 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 27

 Question 9

  

= EA + AF
EF
1  1 
= DA + AB
2 2
 
=
1
2
(
DA + AB )
1 
= DB
2
  
= HC + CG
HG
1  1 
= DC + CB
2 2
 
=
1
2
(
DC + CB )
1 
= DB
2
 
So EF = HG
 
It can be shown in a similar way that EH = FG .
   1  1  1   1 
FG = FB + BG = AB + BC = ( AB + BC ) = AC
2 2 2 2
   1  1  1   1 
EH =ED + DH = AD + DC = ( AD + DC ) = AC
2 2 2 2
 
Hence FG = EH

Therefore, EFGH is a parallelogram.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 28

Question 10

Let OC = a and OA = b.

   a 
OC= AB =  
0

   0 
OA= CB=  
b
  
= OC + CB
OB
 a  0
=  + 
 0 b
a
= 
b

=
OB a 2 + b2

  

OC + CA = OA
  
= OA − OC
CA
0  a 
=  − 
b  0
 −a 
= 
 b 

CA = ( −a ) + b 2
2

= a 2 + b2

= OB

So diagonals are equal in length.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 29

 or


DB= a − b .
 
Take the dot product.
 
DB.DB = (a − b).(a − b)
   
= a.a − a.b − b.a + b.b
 2  2   2  
DB = a + b , since a.b = 0, b.a =
0
   

AC= a + b
 
 
AC. AC = (a + b).(a + b)
   
= a.a + a.b + b.a + b.b
 2      

AC= a + b
2 2

 
 2  2  
Hence, DB = AC , so DB = AC .

The 2 diagonals have the same length.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 30

b

Let the sides of the rhombus be a and b .

 
 
AC= a + b and BD =−a + b
   
Take the dot product.
 
AC.BD = (a + b).(−a + b)
   
= −a.a + a.b − b.a + b.b
 2  2    
= − a + b , since a.b = 0, b.a =
0
   
But a = b , so − a + b =
2 2
0
   

Therefore a = b , ⇒ a = b
2 2

   
 
Hence AC.BD = 0 , so the 2 diagonals are perpendicular to each other.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 31

Question 11

Let the radius be r.

  r    −r    2r 

=
Then OA  =  , OC   and AC =   .
0 0 0

  x 
Let OB =   where r2 = x2 + y2.
 y
  
OA + AB = OB
  
= OB − OA
AB
 x r
=  − 
 y  0
 x−r
= 
 y 
  
OB + BC = OC
  
= OC − OB
BC
 −r   x 
=  − 
 0   y
 −r − x 
= 
 −y 

   −r − x   x − r 
BC . AB =   . 
 −y   y 

= (–r – x)(x – r) – y2

= r2 – x2 – y2

= r2 – (x2 + y2)

= r2 – r2

=0

So CB and AB are perpendicular.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 32

 or

a= r2 − r1 and b= r2 − r3
     
Also, let =
r r= r= r3 , which represents the radius of the circle.
  
1 2

a.b = (r2 − r1 ).(r2 − r3 )

    
= r2 .r2 − r2 .r3 − r1.r2 + r1.r3
       
= r2 − r2 r3 cos θ2 − r1 r2 cos θ1 − r1 r3 , ( r2 .r2 = r2 and r1.r3 = r1 r3 cos180° = − r1 r3 )
2 2

               

= r2 − r2 r3 cos θ2 − r1 r2 cos θ1 − r1 r3
2

      
r 2 − r 2 cos θ2 − r 2 cos θ1 − r 2
=−r 2 (cos θ2 + cos θ1 )
= −r 2 (cos θ1 + cos (180° − θ1 ))
=−r 2 (cos θ1 − cos θ1 )
=0
 
Hence a.b = 0 , so CB and AB are perpendicular.


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 33

Exercise 10.05 Motion and vectors

Question 1

u = (3.4 cos 125°, 3.4 sin 125°), v = (2.8 cos 28°, 2.8 sin 28°)
 

u + v = (3.4 cos 125° + 2.8 cos 28°, 3.4 sin 125°+ 2.8 sin 128°)
 

= (0.522093…, 4.09963…), (1st quadrant)

Magnitude:

u + v= x2 + y 2
 

= 0.5220932 + 4.099637 2

= 4.132 748 …

= 4.1 km

Direction:

y
tan θ =
x

4.099637
=
0.522093

θ = 83°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 34

Question 2

u = (890 cos 232°, 890 sin 232°), v = (549 cos 138°, 549 sin 138°)
 

u + v = (890 cos 232° + 549 cos 138°, 890 sin 232° + 549 sin 138°)
 

= (– 955.925222…, – 333.976867…), (3rd quadrant)

Magnitude:

u + v= x2 + y 2
 

= (−955.925222) 2 + (−333.976867) 2

= 1012.587566 …

= 1012.6 m s–1

Direction:

y
tan θ =
x

−333.976867
=
−955.925222

3rd quadrant:

θ = 180° + 19°

= 199°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 35

Question 3

Take − i to be West and − j to be South.

 
a Let u be the velocity of the balloon.

Then u =
−45i − 30 i =
−75i
   
The velocity is 75 km h–1 west.

b Let u be the velocity of the balloon.


Then u =
−45i + 23i =
−22 i
   
The velocity is 22 km h–1 west.

c u=−45i − 15 j
  

u = (−45) 2 + 152 =47.4


The speed is 47.4 km h–1.

 15 
Direction is tan–1   = 18° south of west = 270 – 18 = 252°.
 45 

Question 4

Let u be Juan’s velocity and let v be the velocity of the current.

 
Then u = 8i and v = 5 j .
   
Juan’s resultant velocity is u + v = 8i + 5 j .
   

u + v= 82 + 52 = 9.4 km h −1
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 36

Question 5

Let F1 and F2 be the horizontal and vertical force respectively.

 
Then F1 = 18i and F2 = −10 j .
   
The resultant force, F is F = F1 + F2 =18i − 10 j .
     

The magnitude of the force is F = 182 + 102 = 20.6 N .


 10 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  −  =−29° .
  18 

F is in the 4th quadrant, so the direction of F is 360° − 29=

° 331° .
 
b

Let F1 and F2 be the 2 forces.

 
F1 = 12 j
 
=
F2 35cos 46°i + 35sin 46=
° j 24.3i − 25.2 j
    
The resultant force, F is F = F1 + F2 = 24.3i − 13.2 j .
     

The magnitude of the force is=

F 24.32 + (−13.2)
= 2
27.7 N .

 13.2 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  − =−29° .
  24.3 

F is in the 4th quadrant, so the direction of F is 360° − 29=

° 331° .
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 37

c Let F1 and F2 be the 2 forces.
 
F1 =−95cos 73°i + 95sin 73° j =−27.78i + 90.85 j
    
=
F2 110 cos 61°i + 110sin 61
=° j 53.33i + 96.21 j
    
The resultant force, F is F = F1 + F2 = 25.55i + 187.06 j
     

The magnitude of the force is F = 25.552 + 187.062 ≈ 188.8 N .


 186.3 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  =
 82° .
  25.5 

F is in the 1st quadrant, so the direction of F is 82° .

 
d Let F1 and F2 be the 2 forces.
 
F1 =−17 cos84°i + 17 sin 84° j =−1.78i + 16.9 j
    
F2 =−26 cos 33°i − 26sin 33° j =−21.8i − 14.2 j
    
The resultant force, F is F =
F1 + F2 =
−23.58i + 2.7 j .
     

The magnitude of the force is F =(−23.58) 2 + 2.7 2 =23.7 N .


 2.7 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  −  =−7° .
  23.58 

F is in the 2nd quadrant, so its direction is 180° − 7=

° 173° .

e Let F1 and F2 be the 2 forces.
 
=
F1 280 cos 38°i + 280sin 38
= ° j 220.6 i + 172.4 j
    
F2 =
−350 cos 76°i − 350sin 76° j =
−84.7 i − 339.6 j
    
The resultant force, F is F = F1 + F2 =135.9 i − 167.2 j .
     

The magnitude of the force =

is F 135.92 + (−167.2)
= 2
215.5 N .

 167.2 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  − =−51° .
  135.9 

F is in the 4th quadrant, so the direction of F is 360° − 51=

° 309° .
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 38

 Question 6

Let F1 and F2 be the 2 forces.

 
=F1 3cos 40°i + 3sin 40° j
  
=
F2 2 cos 35°i − 2sin 35° j
  
The resultant force, F is

F= F1 + F2= (3cos 40° + 2 cos 45°) i + (3sin 40° − 2sin 35°) j
    
= 3.7 i + 0.78 j
 

The magnitude of the force is F = 3.7 2 + 0.782 = 3.8 kN .


 0.78 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  = 11° .
  3.7 

F is in the 1st quadrant, so the direction of F is 11°.

 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 39

 Question 7

Let

G1 be the glider’s velocity in the westerly direction.


G2 be the resultant velocity of the glider.

C= ai + bj be the velocity of the cross wind.
  
G1 = −75i
 
G2 =95cos135°i + 95sin135° j =−67.12 i + 67.12 j
    
So we have G1 + C =
G2
  
−75i + ai + bj = −67.12 i + 67.12 j
    
(a − 7.88) i + (b − 67.12) j = 0
  
Hence

= =
a 7.88, b 67.12

=
Thus C 7.88i + 67.12 j .
  

C = 7.882 + 67.122 = 67.6


The speed of the crosswind is 67.6 kmh −1 .

 67.12 
The angle F makes with the horizontal is tan −1  =
 83° .
  7.88 

F is in the 1st quadrant, so the direction of F is 83°.

 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 40

Exercise 10.06 Projectile motion

Question 1

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 15 cos 45° i + 15 sin 45° j

 

1 1
= 15 × i + 15 × j
2  2 

15 2 15 2
= i + j
2  2 

Substituting:

15 2 15 2
i + j = – 10(0) j + C = C
2  2    

15 2 15 2
So v =
−10t j + i+ j
  2  2 

15 2  15 2 
= i +  −10t + j
2   2  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 41

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

15 2  15 2 
= ∫ 2  
i +  −10t +  j dt
2  


15 2 15 2
= + −5t 2 +
t i  ( t) j+ D
2  2  

When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
  

Substituting:

15 2  15 2 
=
0 i+ 0 j (0) i  +  −5(0) 2 + (0)  j + D = D
 2  2  

 

15 2 15 2
=
So s + −5t 2 +
t i  ( t) j
 2  2 

b Time taken to reach the ground is when the y-component of displacement is 0.

15 2
−5t 2 + t= 0
2
 15 2 
t  −5t + = 0
 2 
15 2
−5t + = 0 (t ≠ 0)
2
15 2
= 5t
2
3 2
t= s
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 42

Question 2

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 120 cos 60° i + 120 sin 60° j

 

1 3
= 120 × i + 120 × j
2  2 

= 60 i + 60 3 j
 

Substituting:

60 i + 60 3 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
    

So v =
−10t j + 60 i + 60 3 j
   

(
= 60 i + −10t + 60 3 j

) 

Time taken to reach the maximum height is when the y-component of velocity is 0.

−10t + 60 3 =
0
60 3 = 10t
t = 6 3s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 43

b To find the maximum height, we must find the equation for displacement.

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

(
= ∫ 60 i + −10t + 60 3 j dt

) 

= 60t i  (
+ −5t 2 + 60 3t ) j + D
  

When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
  

Substituting:

0 j 60(0) i  +  −5(0) 2 + 60 3(0)  j + D = D

0 i +=
     

So= + −5t 2 + 60 3t ) j
s 60t i  (
  

Substitute t = 6 3 from part a into the y-component for displacement:

y=
−5t 2 + 60 3t

( ) ( )
2
=
−5 6 3 + 60 3 6 3
−5 (108 ) + 1080
=
= 540 m

The maximum height is 540 m.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 44

Question 3

a Acceleration: a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt = – 10t j + C
  

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 5 cos 60° i + 5 sin 60° j

 

1 3
= 5× i + 5× j
2 2 

5 5 3
= i + j
2  2 

Substituting:

5 5 3
i + j = –10(0) j + C = C
2  2    

5 5 3
So v =
−10t j + i + j
  2 2 

5  5 3
= i +  −10t + j
2  2  

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

5  5 3
= ∫2 
i +  −10t +  j dt
2  


5 5 3
= + −5t 2 +
t i  ( t) j+ D
2  2  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 45

 When t = 0, s = 16 j
 

Substituting:

5  5 3 
16=j (0) i  +  −5(0) 2 + (0)  j + D
2  2 

 

16 j = D
 

So

5  5 3 
=
s t i  +  −5t 2 + t  j + 16 j
 2   2   

5  5 3 
=
s t i  +  −5t 2 + t + 16  j
 2   2 

Time taken to land is when the y-component of displacement is 0.

5 3
−5t 2 + t + 16 =
0
2
−10t 2 + 5 3t + 32 =0

(5 3 ) − 4 × ( −10 ) × 32
2
−5 3 ±
t=
2 ( −10 )
−5 3 ± 1355
=
−20
−5 3 − 1355
= (t > 0)
−20
= 2.2735
≈ 2.3 s

b Substitute the above value of t into the x-component of displacement.

5
x= ( 2.2735...)
2
= 5.68375...
≈ 5.7 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 46

 Question 4

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= – 9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 8.7 cos 55° i + 8.7 sin 55° j

 

Substituting:

8.7 cos 55° i + 8.7 sin 55° j = – 9.8(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −9.8t j + 8.7 cos 55° i + 8.7 sin 55° j

   

= 8.7 cos 55° i + ( −9.8t + 8.7 sin 55° ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 8.7 cos 55° i + ( −9.8t + 8.7 sin 55° ) j dt

 

= 8.7t cos 55° i  (

+ −4.9t 2 + 8.7t sin 55°) j + D
  

When t = 0, =
s 0 i+ 0 j
  

Substituting:

i + 0 j 8.7(0) cos 55° i  +  −4.9(0) 2 + 8.7(0) sin 55° j + D = D

0=
     

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 47

 =
So s 8.7t cos 55° i  (
+ −4.9t 2 + 8.7t sin 55°) j
  

Maximum height is when the y-component of velocity is 0.

−9.8t + 8.7 sin 55° =0

8.7 sin 55° =9.8t
8.7 sin 55°
t=
9.8
= 0.7272...s

To find the maximum height, substitute into the y-component for displacement:

y=
−4.9t 2 + 8.7t sin 55°
−4.9 ( 0.7272 ) + 8.7 ( 0.7272 ) sin 55°
=
2

= 2.59130...
= 2.59 m

b How far it will land is when the y-component of displacement is 0.

y = −4.9t 2 + 8.7t sin 55° = 0

t ( −4.9t + 8.7 sin 55° ) =0
−4.9t +=
8.7 sin 55° 0 (t ≠ 0)
8.7 sin 55° =4.9t
8.7 sin 55°
=t = 1.4544...
4.9

Substitute into the x-component of displacement.

=x 8.7 (1.4544...) cos 55°

= 7.2576...
≈ 7.3m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 48

 Question 5

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 8.8 cos 73° i + 8.8 sin 73° j

 

Substituting:

8.8 cos 73° i + 8.8 sin 73° j = – 10(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −10t j + 8.8cos 73° i + 8.8sin 73° j

   

= 8.8cos 73° i + ( −10t + 8.8sin 73° ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 8.8cos 73° i + ( −10t + 8.8sin 73° ) j dt

 

= 8.8t cos 73° i  (

+ −5t 2 + 8.8t sin 73°) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 15.3 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 49

 Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 + .8(0) sin 73° j + D

15.3 j 8.8(0) cos 73° i  8
   

15.3 j = D
 

So

= + ( −5t 2 + 8.8t 73° ) j + 15.3 j

s 8.8t cos 73° i  sin
   

= + ( −5t + 8.8t 73° + 15.3) j

s 8.8t cos 73° i  sin 2
  

Time taken to reach the ground is when the y-component of displacement is 0.

−5t 2 + 8.8t sin 73° + 15.3 =

0

−8.8 sin 73° ± (8.8 sin 73° ) − 4 × ( −5 ) ×15.3

2

t=
2 ( −5 )
−8.4154... ± 376.8203...
=
−10
−8.4154... − 376.8203...
(t > 0)
−10
= 2.7827 
≈ 2.8 s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 50

 Question 6

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= – 9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 1200 cos 68° i + 1200 sin 68° j

 

Substituting:

1200 cos 68° i + 1200 sin 68° j = –9.8(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −9.8t j + 1200 cos 68° i + 1200sin 68° j

   

= 1200 cos 68° i + ( −9.8t + 1200sin 68° ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 1200 cos 68° i + ( −9.8t + 1200sin 68° ) j dt

 

= 1200t cos 68° i  (

+ −4.9t 2 + 1200t sin 68°) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 51

 Substituting:

= +  −4.9(0) 2 +
0 1200(0) cos 68° i  1200 (0) sin 68° j + D
   

0=D
 

So

=s 1200t cos 68° i  + ( −4.9t 2 + 1200t sin 68° ) j

  

Time taken for the flight is when the y-component of displacement is 0.

−4.9t 2 + 1200t sin 68° =

0
t ( −4.9t + 1200 sin 68° ) =
0
−4.9t + 1200 sin =
68° 0 (t ≠ 0)
1200 sin 68° =4.9t
1200 sin 68°
t=
4.9
= 227.0654...
≈ 227 s
= 3 min 47 s

b Substitute into the x-component of displacement.

=x 1200 ( 227.0654...) cos 68°

= 102072.2352...m
= 102.0722352...km
≈ 102 km

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 52

Question 7

a Acceleration:

a = –g j
 

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ − g j dt


= –gt j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= u cos α i + u sin α j
 

Substituting:

u cos α i + u sin α j = –g(0) j + C = C

    

So v = − gt j + u cos α i + u sin α j
   

= u cos α i + ( − gt + u sin α ) j
 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ u cos α i + ( − gt + u sin α ) j dt
 

gt 2
= ut cos α i  (
+− + ut sin α) j + D
 2  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 53

 Substituting:

 g (0) 2 
=0 u (0) cos α i  sin
+ − + u (0) α  j + D
 
 2  

0=D
 

So

 gt 2 
s = ut cos α i  +  − + ut sin α  j
 
 2 

b Maximum height is reached when the y-component of velocity is 0.

− gt + u sin α = 0
u sin α = gt
u sin α
t=
g
20sin 60°
=
10
3
=2
2
= 3s

Substitute into the vertical component of displacement.

gt 2
y=
− + ut sin α
2
( 3)
2
10
= − + 20 3 sin 60°
2
 3
= −15 + 20 3  
 2 
= −15 + 30
= 15 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 54

 Question 8

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 16 cos θ i + 16 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

16 cos θ i + 16 sin θ j = –10(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −10t j + 16 cos θ i + 16 sin θ j

   

= 16 cos θ i + ( −10t + 16sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 16 cos θ i + ( −10t + 16sin θ ) j dt

 

= 16t cos θ i  (
+ −5t 2 + 16t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 55

 Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 + (0) sin θ  j + D

0 16(0) cos θ i  16
   

0=D
 

So

= + ( −5t 2 + 16t in θ ) j
s 16t cos θ i  s
  

Question 9

Acceleration:

a = –g j
 

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ − g j dt


= –gt j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= v cos β i + v sin β j
 

Substituting:

v cos β i + v sin β j = –g(0) j + C = C

    

So v = − gt j + v cos β i + v sin β j
   

= v cos β i + ( − gt + v sin β ) j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 56

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ v cos β i + ( − gt + v sin β ) j dt
 

 − gt 2 
= vt cos β i  sin
+ + vt β  j + D

 2  

When t = 0, s = h j
 

Substituting:

 − g (0) 2 
=h j v(0) cos β i  si
+ + v(0) n β  j + D
 
 2  

hj=D
 

So

 − gt 2 
=s vt cos β i  sin
+ + vt β  j + h j
 
 2  

 − gt 2 
= +
s vt cos β i  sin + vt β + h  j
 
 2 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 57

 Question 10

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 24 cos θ i + 24 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

24 cos θ i + 24 sin θ j = –10(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −10t j + 24 cos θ i + 24 sin θ j

   

= 24 cos θ i + ( −10t + 24sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 24 cos θ i + ( −10t + 24sin θ ) j dt

 

= 24t cos θ i  (
+ −5t 2 + 24t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 58

 Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 + (0) sin θ  j + D

0 24(0) cos θ i  24
   

0=D
 

= + ( −5t 2 + 24t in θ ) j
So s 24t cos θ i  s
  

Arrow goes through x = 35, y = 1 at the same value of t.

Find when arrow goes through x = 35.

x = 24t cos θ = 35

35
t=
24 cos θ

Substitute into:

−5t 2 + 24t sin θ

y= when y =
1
2
 35  35
1 −5   + 24 sin θ
 24 cos θ  24 cos θ
−6125
1 + 35 tan θ
576 cos 2 θ
−6125sec 2 θ
1 + 35 tan θ
576
−6125 ( tan 2 θ + 1)
1 + 35 tan θ
576
576 = −6125 tan 2 θ − 6125 + 20160 tan θ
6125 tan 2 θ − 20160 tan θ + 6701 =
0
− − 20160 ± ( −20160 ) − 4 ( 6125)( 6701)
2

tan θ =
2 ( 6125 )
20160 ± 242251100
=
12250
20160 ± 15564.41775...
=
12250

= 2.91627 … or 0.37514 …

θ ≈ 71° or 21°

= 21° (θ < 45°)

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 59

 Question 11

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= V cos 0° i + V sin 0° j
 

= Vi


Substituting:

V i = – 10(0) j + C = C
   

So v =
−10t j + V i
  

= V i − 10t j
 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ V i − 10t j dt
 

=Vt i  −5t 2 j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 6 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 60

 Substituting:

6 j = V (0) i  −5(0) 2 j + D
   

6j=D
 

So

s =Vt i  −5t 2 j + 6 j
   

=s Vt i  + ( −5t + 6 ) j 2
  

Water reaches sea at x = 2, y = 0 at the same value of t.

Find when water goes through x = 2.

x = Vt = 2

2
t=
V

Substitute into:

y=
−5t 2 + 6 when y = 0
2
2
0 = −5   + 6
V 
−20
0= 2 +6
V
20
=6
V2
20
=V2
6
20
V=
6
= 1.82574...

≈ 1.8 m s–1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 61

Question 12

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= v cos 60° i + v sin 60° j

 

1 3
=v i +v j
2  2 

v v 3
= i + j
2  2 

Substituting:

v v 3
i + j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
2  2    

v v 3
So v =
−9.8t j + i + j
  2 2 

v  v 3
= i +  −9.8t + j
2  2  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 62

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

v  v 3
= ∫2 
i +  −9.8t +  j dt
2  


vt  vt 3 
= i  +  −4.9t 2 +  j+ D
2  2   

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

v(0)  v(0) 3 
0= i  +  −4.9(0) 2 +  j+ D
 2   2  

0=D
 

So

vt  vt 3 
s= i  +  −4.9t 2 + j
 2  2  

When t = 5.1, y = 0.
vt 3
y=
−4.9t 2 +
2
v ( 5.1) 3
−4.9 ( 5.1) +
0=
2

2
0=
−127.449 + 2.55v 3
127.449 = 2.55v 3
127.449
=v
2.55 3
v = 28.8559...
≈ 28.86 ms -1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 63

 Question 13

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 125 cos θ i + 125 sin θ j

 

Substituting:

125 cos θ i + 125 sin θ j = –10(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −10t j + 125cos θ i + 125sin θ j

   

= 125cos θ i + ( −10t + 125sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 125cos θ i + ( −10t + 125sin θ ) j dt

 

= 125t cos θ i  (
+ −5t 2 + 125t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 64

 Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 +
0 125(0) cos θ i  125 (0) sin θ  j + D
   

0=D
 

= + ( −5t 2 + 125t θ ) j
So s 125t cos θ i  sin
  

Gun hits target x = 150, y = 0 at the same value of t.

x = 125t cos θ = 150

150 6
t= =
125cos θ 5cos θ

Substitute into:

−5t 2 + 125t sin θ

y= when y =
0
2
 6  6
0 −5   + 125 sin θ
 5cos θ  5cos θ
−36
=0 + 150 tan θ
5cos 2 θ
−36sec 2 θ
0 + 150 tan θ
5
0 −36sec 2 θ + 750 tan θ
36sec 2 θ =750 tan θ
36 ( tan 2 θ + 1) = 750 tan θ
36 tan 2 θ + 36 − 750 tan θ =0
36 tan 2 θ − 750 tan θ + 36 = 0
6 tan 2 θ − 125 tan θ + 6 = 0
− − 125 ± ( −125) − 4 ( 6 )( 6 )
2

tan θ =
2 ( 6)
125 ± 15481
=
12
125 ± 124.4226...
=
12

= 20.78522 … or 0.048111…

θ ≈ 87° or 3°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 65

 Question 14

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= V cos 0° i + V sin 0° j
 

= Vi


Substituting:

V i = – 10(0) j + C = C
   

So v =
−10t j + V i
  

= V i − 10t j
 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ V i − 10t j dt
 

=Vt i  −5t 2 j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 6.2 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 66

 Substituting:

6.2 j = V (0) i  −5(0) 2 j + D

   

6.2 j = D
 

So

s =Vt i  −5t 2 j + 6.2 j

   

=s Vt i  + ( −5t + 6.2 ) j
2
  

Rochelle is at x = 10.4, y = 0 at the same value of t.

x = Vt = 10.4

10.4
t=
V

Substitute into:

−5t 2 + 6.2 when y = 0

y=
2
 10.4 
0 = −5   + 6.2
 V 
540.8
0 = − 2 + 6.2
V
540.8
= 6.2
V2
540.8
=V2
6.2
540.8
V=
6.2
= 9.3394...
≈ 9.3 m s −1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 67

Question 15

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 30 cos 60° i + 30 sin 60° j

 

1 3
= 30 × i + 30 × j
2  2 

= 15 i + 15 3 j
 

Substituting:

15 i + 15 3 j = –10(0) j + C = C
    

So v =
−10t j + 15 i + 15 3 j
   

= 15 i + −10t + 15 3 j

( ) 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 68

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

(
= ∫ 15 i + −10t + 15 3 j dt

) 


(
= 15t i  + −5t 2 + 15t 3 j + D )  

When t = 0, s = 28 j
 

Substituting:

=
28
 
(
j 15(0) i +   −5(0) 2 + 15 ( 0 ) 3 j + D )  

28 j = D
 

So

=

(
s 15t i  + −5t 2 + 15t 3 j + 28 j

)  

=s 15t i  + ( −5t 2
+ 15t 3 + 28 j )
  

Shell returns to ground when the vertical displacement is 0.

y=
−5t 2 + 15t 3 + 28 =
0

(15 3 ) − 4 ( −5 )( 28 )
2
− − 15 3 ±
t=
2 ( −5 )
15 3 ± 675 + 560
=
−10
15 3 ± 1235
=
−10
25.98076... ± 35.14256...
=
−10
25.98076... − 35.14256...
(t > 0)
−10
= 6.11233
≈6 s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 69

 b Substitute into formula for horizontal displacement.

x = 15t

= 15 × 6.11233 …

= 91.6849 …

≈ 91.7 m

Question 16

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 12 cos θ i + 12 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

12 cos θ i + 12 sin θ j = –10(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −10t j + 12 cos θ i + 12 sin θ j

   

= 12 cos θ i + ( −10t + 12sin θ ) j

 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 70

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 12 cos θ i + ( −10t + 12sin θ ) j dt

 

= 12t cos θ i  (
+ −5t 2 + 12t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 + (0) sin θ  j + D

0 12(0) cos θ i  12
   

0=D
 

= + ( −5t 2 + 12t in θ ) j
So s 12t cos θ i  s
  

Ball clears goalpost x = 9, y = 4 for the same value of t.

x = 12t cos θ = 9

9 3
t= =
12 cos θ 4 cos θ

Substitute into:

y=
−5t 2 + 12t sin θ when y =
4
2
 3  3
4 −5   + 12 sin θ
 4 cos θ  4 cos θ
−45
=4 + 9 tan θ
16 cos 2 θ
−45 sec 2 θ
=4 + 9 tan θ
16
64 = −45sec 2 θ + 144 tan θ
45sec 2 θ − 144 tan θ + 64 = 0
45 ( tan 2 θ + 1) − 144 tan θ + 64 =
0
45 tan 2 θ + 45 − 144 tan θ + 64 =
0
45 tan 2 θ − 144 tan θ + 109 = 0

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 71

45 tan 2 θ − 144 tan θ + 109 = 0
− − 144 ± ( −144 ) − 4 ( 45)(109 )
2

tan θ =
2 ( 45 )
144 ± 1116
=
90
144 ± 33.4065...
=
90
=1.9711 or 2.84899
θ= 63° or 51°

Question 17

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= – 10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 2 cos 0° i + 2 sin 0° j
 

= 2i


Substituting:

2 i = –10(0) j + C = C
   

So v =
−10t j + 2 i= 2 i − 10t j
    

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 72

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 2 i − 10t j dt
 

=2t i  −5t 2 j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 5 j
 

Substituting:

5 j =2(0) i  −5(0) 2 j + D
   

5j=D
 

So

s =2t i  −5t 2 j + 5 j
   

=s 2t i  + ( −5t + 5 ) j 2
  

Water hits bottom at y = 0.

y =−5t 2 + 5 =0
5t 2 = 5
t2 = 1
=t 1 (t > 0)
Substitute into:

x = 2t
= 2 ×1
=2 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 73

 Question 18

Acceleration:

a = –g j = – 10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = 8 i  + 5 j
  

Substituting:

8 i  + 5 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
    

So v =−10t j + 8 i + 5 j
   

= 8 i + ( −10t + 5 ) j
 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 8 i + ( −10t + 5 ) j dt
 

= 8t i  + ( −5t 2 + 5t ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

0 8(0) i  +  −5(0) 2 + 5 ( 0 )  j + D
=
   

0=D
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 74

 So

s 8t i  + ( −5t 2 + 5 ) j
=
  

Range is where y = 0.

y =−5t 2 + 5 =0
5t 2 = 5
t2 = 1
=t 1 (t > 0)
Substitute into:

x = 8t
= 8 ×1
=8 m

Question 19

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

π π
= 15 cos i + 15 sin j
6  6 

3 1
= 15 × i + 15 × j
2  2 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 75

 = 7.5 3 i + 7.5 j
 

Substituting:

7.5 3 i + 7.5 j = –9.8(0) j + C = C

    

So v =
−9.8t j + 7.5 3 i + 7.5 j
   

= 7.5 3 i + ( −9.8t + 7.5 ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 7.5 3 i + ( −9.8t + 7.5 ) j dt

 

= 7.5t 3 i  + ( −4.9t 2 + 7.5t ) j + D

  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

=0 7.5(0) 3 i  +  −4.9(0) 2 + 7.5 ( 0 )  j + D

   

0=D
 

So

=s 7.5t 3 i  + ( −4.9t 2 + 7.5t ) j

  

Range is where y = 0.

y=
−4.9t 2 + 7.5t =
0
t ( −4.9t + 7.5 ) =
0
−4.9t + 7.5
= 0 (t ≠ 0)
7.5
=t = 1.5306...
4.9

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 76

Substitute into:

x = 7.5 (1.5306...) 3
= 19.8832...
≈ 19.9 m

The rock lands 20 – 19.9 = 0.1 m or 10 cm short of the fence.

Question 20

a Let v be the vertical component of the velocity.

The speed of projection is V = 10 ms −1 , so the magnitude of the velocity vector is 10.

Hence

62 + v 2 =
10
36 + v 2 =
100
v 2 = 64
v =8

The vertical component of the velocity is 8 ms −1 .

b The horizontal component of the velocity is V cos θ .

10 cos θ =6
6
cos θ =
10
θ ≈ 53°
8
or tan θ =
6
θ ≈ 53°

c Acceleration:

a = –10 j
 

Velocity:

v=
 ∫ −10 j dt 

= –10t j + C
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 77

 When t = 0:

V = 6 i  + 8 j
  

Substituting:

6 i  + 8 j = –g(0) j + C = C
    

So v =−10t j + 6 i + 8 j
   

= 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j dt
 

= 6t i  +(−5t 2 + 8t ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

= +  −5(0) 2 + 8(0)  j + D
0 6(0) i  
   

0=D
 

So

s 6t i  + ( −5t 2 + 8t ) j
=
  

Maximum height is reached when the y-component of velocity is 0.

−10t + 8 = 0
10t = 8
8
t=
10
= 0.8 s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 78

 Substitute into the vertical component of displacement.

y=
−5t 2 + 8t
= −5 ( 0.8 ) + 8 ( 0.8 )
2

= 3.2 m

d i When t = 2:

v = 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
 

= 6 i + ( −10 [ 2] + 8 ) j
 

= 6 i − 12 j
 

62 + ( −12 )
2
Speed =

= 180

= 13.4164 …

≈ 13.4 m s–1

ii When t = 3.1:

v = 6 i + ( −10t + 8 ) j
 

= 6 i + ( −10 [3.1] + 8 ) j
 

= 6 i − 23 j
 

62 + ( −23)
2
Speed =

= 565

= 23.7697 …

≈ 23.8 m s–1

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 79

Question 21

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = – 9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 30 cos 45° i + 30 sin 45° j

 

= 15 2 i + 15 2 j
 

Substituting:

15 2 i + 15 2 j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
    

So v =
−9.8t j + 15 2 i + 15 2 j
   

= 15 2 i + −9.8t + 15 2 j

( ) 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 15 2 i + −9.8t + 15 2 j dt

( ) 

= 15t 2 i  + −4.9t 2 + 15t 2 j + D


( )  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 80

 Substituting:

=0 15(0) 2 i  +  −4.9(0) 2 + 15 ( 0 ) 2  j + D
   

0=D
 

So

= (
s 15t 2 i  + −4.9t 2 + 15t 2 j
 
) 

Ball hits bottom of ditch at y = –10.

y=
−4.9t 2 + 15t 2 =
−10
4.9t 2 − 15t 2 − 10 =
0

( −15 2 ) − 4 ( 4.9 )( −10 )

2
− − 15 2 ±
t=
2 ( 4.9 )
15 2 ± 646
=
9.8
21.2132... ± 25.4165...
=
9.8
21.2132... + 25.4165...
= (t > 0)
9.8
= 4.7581
≈ 4.8 s

b Substitute into:

x = 15t 2
= 15 × 4.7581... × 2
= 100.9353...
≈ 100.9 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 81

Question 22

a Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 20 cos 60° i + 20 sin 60° j 1st stone

 

= 10 i + 10 3 j
 

V = 20 cos 30° i + 20 sin 30° j 2nd stone

  

= 10 3 i + 10 j
 

Substituting:

10 i + 10 3 j = – 10(0) j + C = C
    

So v =
−10t j + 10 i + 10 3 j
   


(
= 10 i + −10t + 10 3 j ) 
1st stone

=v 10 3 i + ( −10t + 10 ) j 2nd stone

  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 82

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

(
= ∫ 10 i + −10t + 10 3 j dt

) 

+ −5t 2 + 10 t j + D
= 10t i  3

( )  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

0 10(0) i  +  −5(0) 2 + 10 ( 0 ) 3  j + D
=
   

0=D
 

So

=
s 10t i  + −5t 2 + 10 3t j
 
( ) 
1st stone

=s 10t 3 i  + ( −5t 2 + 10t ) j 2nd stone

  

Time of flight is when y = 0.

1st stone:

y=
−5t 2 + 10 3t =
0
(
t −5t + 10 3 =0 )
−5t + 10=3 0 (t ≠ 0)
10 3
t=
5
=2 3
= 3.4641...
≈ 3.5 s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 83

 2nd stone:

y=
−5t 2 + 10t =
0
t ( −5t + 10 ) =0
−5t +=
10 0 (t ≠ 0)
10
=
t = 2s
5

2nd stone (30°) finishes its flight first by 3.5 – 2 = 1.5 s.

b Find the range for both stones:

1st stone:

x = 10t

= 10(2 3 )

= 20 3

≈ 34.6 m

2nd stone:

x = 10t 3

= 10(2) 3

= 20 3

≈ 34.6 m

So both stones land at x = 20 3 ≈ 34.6 m.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 84

 Question 23

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j = –9.8(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −9.8t j + 22 cos θ i + 22sin θ j

   

= 22 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 22sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 22 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 22sin θ ) j dt

 

= 22t cos θ i  (
+ −4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 2 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 85

 Substituting:

= +  −4.9(0) 2 + (0) sin θ  j + D

2 j 22(0) cos θ i  22
   

2j=D
 

So

= + ( −4.9t 2 + 22t θ ) j + 2 j
s 22t cos θ i  sin
   

= + ( −4.9t + 22t in θ + 2 ) j
s 22t cos θ i  s 2
  

Ball hits target at x = 35, y = 10 for the same value of t.

x = 22t cos θ = 35

35
t=
22 cos θ

Substitute into:

−4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ + 2

y= when y =10
2
 35   35 
10 = −4.9   + 22   sin θ + 2
 22 cos θ   22 cos θ 
−6002.5
= 8 + 35 tan θ
484 cos 2 θ
−12 005sec 2 θ
= 8 + 35 tan θ
968
7744 = −12 005sec 2 θ + 33 880 tan θ
12 005sec 2 θ − 33 880 tan θ + 7744 = 0
12 005 ( tan 2 θ + 1) − 33 880 tan θ + 7744 = 0
12 005 tan 2 θ + 12 005 − 33 880 tan θ + 7744 = 0
12 005 tan 2 θ − 33 880 tan θ + 19749 = 0
− − 33 880 ± ( −33 880 ) − 4 (12 005)(19 749 )
2

tan θ =
2 (12 005 )
33 880 ± 199 507 420
=
24 010
33 880 ± 14 124.70955...
=
24 010
=1.99936 or 0.82279
θ= 63° or 39°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 86

Question 24

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 45 cos 45° i + 45 sin 45° j

 

 1   1 
= 45   i + 45   j
 2  2 

 45 2   45 2 
=
 2    2  j
 i +
   

Substituting:

 45 2   45 2 
  i +   j = –9.8(0) j + C = C
 2   2  

 45 2   45 2 
So v = −9.8t j +   i +   j
 

 2   2 

 45 2   45 2 
=   i +  −9.8t + j 1st projectile
 2   2  

 50 2   50 2 
v =  
 i +  −9.8t + j 2nd projectile

 2  
 2  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 87

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

 45 2   45 2 
= ∫  i +  −9.8t +  j dt
 2   2  
  

 45t 2   45t 2 
=   i  +  −4.9t +
2
 j+ D
 2   2   

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

 45 ( 0 ) 2   45 ( 0 ) 2 
=  i  +  −4.9 ( 0 ) +  j+ D
2
0 
  2   2  
   

0=D
 

 45t 2   45t 2 
=
So s 
 2   i +
   −4.9t 2
+  j
1st projectile
 2
   

 50t 2   50t 2 
=s   i
 +
   −4.9t 2
+  j 2nd projectile
 2 2
   

Projectiles land at y = 0.

1st projectile

45t 2
y=
−4.9t 2 + =0
2
− 9.8t 2 + 45t 2 = 0
(
t −9.8t + 45 2 = 0 )
− 9.8t + =
45 2 0 (t ≠ 0)
45 2
t=
9.8
= 6.4938...s

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 88

2nd projectile

50t 2
y=
−4.9t 2 + =0
2
− 9.8t 2 + 50t 2 = 0
(
t −9.8t + 50 2 = 0 )
− 9.8t + =
50 2 0 (t ≠ 0)
50 2
t=
9.8
= 7.21537...s

But 2nd projectile launched 2 s after 1st projectile, so:

t = 7.2153 … + 2 = 9.2153 …s

2nd projectile lands 9.2153 … – 6.4938 … ≈ 2.7 s later than the 1st projectile

Question 25

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –10 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −10 j dt


= –10t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 15 cos 60° i + 15 sin 60° j

 

 3 1
= 15   i + 15   j
 2  2 
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 89

 (
= 7.5 3 i + 7.5 j )  
1st ball

V = 20 cos 45° i + 20 sin 45° j

  

 1   1 
= 20   i + 20   j
 2  2 

(
= 10 2 i + 10 2 j ) 
( ) 
2nd ball

Substituting:

( 7.5 3 ) i + 7.5 j  
= –10(0) j + C = C
  

−10t j + 7.5 3 i + ( 7.5 ) j

So v =
 
( )  

( )
= 7.5 3 i + ( −10t + 7.5 ) j
 
1st ball


(
v = 10 2 i + −10t + 10 2 j) ( 
) 
2nd ball

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ ( 7.5 3 ) i + ( −10t + 7.5) j dt

 

= ( 7.5t 3 ) i  7.
+ ( −5t + 5t ) j + D

2

 

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

= + ( −5 ( 0 ) +
( 7.5 ( 0) 3 ) i  7.5 ( 0)) j+ D
2
0
   

0=D
 

=
So s

( 7.5t 3 ) i  .
+ ( −5t + 7 5t ) j

2


1st ball

=s

+ ( −5t + t 2 ) j
(10t 2 ) i  10 
2


2nd ball

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 90

Balls land at y = 0.

1st ball

y = −5t 2 + 7.5t = 0
t ( −5t + 7.5 ) = 0
+ 7.5 0
− 5t= (t ≠ 0)
7.5
t=
5
= 1.5 s

Substitute into x component of displacement for range:

x = 7.5t 3
= 7.5 (1.5 ) 3
= 19.4855...m

2nd ball

y=
−5t 2 + 10t 2 = 0
(
t −5t + 10 2 = 0 )
− 5t + 10 2 = 0 (t ≠ 0)
10 2
t=
5
=2 2
= 2.8284...s

Substitute into x component of displacement for range:

x = 10t 2
= 10 2 2( ) 2
= 40 m

But 2nd ball starts at x = 30 and moves backwards 40 m, so

x = 30 – 40 = –10 m

So the distance between where each ball lands is 19.5 – (–10) = 29.5 m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 91

 Test yourself 10

Question 1

=
u ⋅ v u v cos θ
   
3
u ⋅v = =
20 , cos θ cos=
30° ,=
v 42 + (−3)=
2
5
  2 

3
20 = u × 5 ×
 2
20 × 2 8
=u =
 5× 3 3

Question 2

2 vectors u and v are perpendicular if their dot product u ⋅ v =0 is zero.

   

Question 3

u = 32 + 22 = 13


v = (−3) 2 + 42 = 5

v ⋅ u = 2 × 4 + 3 × −3+ = −1
 
 v ⋅u   1   −3 
  2  v =  − 2   
 
 v    5   4 
1  −3 
= −  
25  4 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 92

Question 4

u ⋅ v = −5 × 0.5 + 2 × −0.2 = 2.1

 
The dot product is not zero, so the vectors are not perpendicular to each other.

The vectors are parallel if u = kv , for some non-zero constant k.

 
−5i + =
2 j k (0.5i − 0.2 j )
   
Hence

−5 =0.5k ⇒ k =−10
2= −0.2k ⇒ k =−10

The value of k is the same, so the vectors are parallel.

Since k < 0 , the vectors have unlike direction.

Question 5

  

= AB + BC
AC
= x + 5x
 
= 6x


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 93

Question 6

 x1   x2 
=
Let u = ,v  
  y1    y2 

 x1 + x2   x2 + x1 
u ⋅v =  and v ⋅ u = 
   y1 + y2     y2 + y1 

Addition is commutative, that is, x1 + x2 = x2 + x1 and y1 + y2 = y2 + y1 .

Hence, u ⋅ v = v ⋅ u
   
b

 x1   x2   x3 
=
Let u = ,v  = , w  
  y1    y2    y3 

LHS =v ⋅ (u + w)
  
 x2    x1   x3  
=  ⋅    +   
 y2    y1   y3  
x  x +x 
=  2 ⋅ 1 3 
 y2   y1 + y3 
 x (x + x ) 
= 2 1 3 
 y2 ( y1 + y3 ) 
 x x +x x 
= 2 1 2 3 
 y2 y1 + y2 y3 

RHS = v ⋅ u + v ⋅ w
   
 x2   x1   x2   x3 
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ 
 y2   y1   y2   y3 
x x  x x 
=  2 1 + 2 3 
 y2 y1   y2 y3 
 x x +x x 
= 2 1 2 3 
 y2 y1 + y2 y3 

LHS = RHS, hence, v ⋅ (u + w) = v ⋅ u + v ⋅ w

      

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 94

 Question 7

 4  −5 
=u = ,v  
 b   2 

u ⋅ v = 4 × −5 + b × 2 = −20 + 2b
 
u ⋅v =24 , so
 
−20 + 2b = 24 ⇒ b = 22

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 95

Question 8

 −2   −4 
=u = ,v  
  1    −9 

u ⋅ v = −2 × −4 + 1× −9 = −1
 

u = (−2) 2 + 12 = 5


v= (−4) 2 + (−9) 2 = 97

u ⋅v
cos θ =  
u v
 
−1
=
5 × 97
 1 
θ =cos −1  
 5 × 97 
≈ 87°

u=4i + 3 j, v =7i − j
     
u ⋅ v = 4 × 7 + 3 × −1= 25
 

u= 42 + 32 = 5


=
v 7 2 + (−1)=
2
50

u ⋅v
cos θ =  
u v
 
25
=
5 × 50
 25 
θ =cos −1  
 5 × 50 
= 45°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 96

Question 9

Let a, b, c be the magnitudes of a, b, c respectively.

  
c= b − a
  
Perform the dot product to both sides.

c ⋅ c = (b − a ) ⋅ (b − a )
     
= b ⋅b − b ⋅ a − a ⋅b + a ⋅ a
  2    2 
c = b − 2b ⋅ a + a
2

    
We have a right-angled triangle, so

b ⋅ a = a ⋅b = 0
   
Hence

c= b + a or c= a 2 + b2
2 2 2 2

  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 97

 Question 10

a ⋅b
cos θ =  
a b
 
a= 5i + j , θ= 58°
 
Let =
b xi + yj
 
a ⋅b =
12 and a ⋅ b = 5 x + y
   
Hence 5 x + y = 12 ⇒ y = 12 − 5 x [1]

a= 52 + 12 = 26 ,=
b x2 + y 2

12
cos 58° =
26 x 2 + y 2

x2 + y 2 =
19.722 [2]

Substitute for y equation [1] in equation [2]

x 2 + (12 − 5 x) 2 =
19.722
26 x 2 − 120 x + 124.278 =
0

= =
x 1.57, x 3.05

Use =
y 12 − 5 x .

x = 1.6, y = 12 − 5 ×1.6 = 4.0

x =3.1, y =12 − 5 × 3.1 =−3.5

The 2 solutions for =

b xi + yj are:
 
=
b 1.6 i + 4.0 j
 
=
b 3.1i − 3.5 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 98

 Question 11

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8 j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 60 cos θ i + 60 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

60 cos θ i + 60 sin θ j = –9.8(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −9.8t j + 60 cos θ i + 60sin θ j

   

= 60 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 60 sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 60 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 60sin θ ) j dt

 

= 60t cos θ i  (
+ −4.9t 2 + 60t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0.9 j
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 99

 Substituting:

= +  −4.9(0) 2 + 0(0) sin θ  j + D

0.9 j 60(0) cos θ i  6
   

0.9 j = D
 

So

+ ( −4.9t 2 + 60t θ ) j + 0.9 j

s = 60t cos θ i  sin
   

+ ( −4.9t + 60t θ + 0.9 ) j

s = 60t cos θ i  sin 2
  

Ball goes through x = 18, y = 3 at the same value of t.

Find when ball goes through x = 18.

x = 60t cos θ = 18

18 3
t= =
60 cos θ 10 cos θ

Substitute into:

y=
−4.9t 2 + 60t sin θ + 0.9 when y = 3
2
 3  3
= 3 −4.9   + 60 sin θ + 0.9
 10 cos θ  10 cos θ
−44.1
= 3 + 18 tan θ + 0.9
100 cos 2 θ
=2.1 −0.441sec 2 θ + 18 tan θ
=2.1 −0.441( tan 2 θ + 1) + 18 tan θ
2.1 =
−0.441 tan 2 θ − 0.441 + 18 tan θ
0.441 tan 2 θ − 18 tan θ + 2.541 =
0
− − 18 ± ( −18) − 4 ( 0.441)( 2.541)
2

tan θ =
2 ( 0.441)
18 ± 319.5176...
=
0.882
18 ± 17.8750...
=
0.882
= 40.6746 or 0.1417 
θ ≈ 89° or 8°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 100

 Question 12

  

= AB + BC
AC
 1  
= AB + BD, since C is the midpoint of BD.
2

Also,
  
= AD − CD
AC
 1  
= AD − BD, since C is the midpoint of BD.
2

Hence,
   1   1 
AC + AC = AB + BD + AD − BD
2 2
  
= AB + AD
2 AC
 1  
=
AC
2
(
AB + AD )

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 101

Question 13

a =
a 42 + (−3)=
2
5


b= 2 2 + 52 = 29

b × a = 2 × 4 + 5 × −3 = −7
 
 b⋅a   −7   2 
projb a =  2  b =  
  b    29 2   5 

−7  2 
=  
29  5 
 −0.48 
= 
 −1.21 

 a ⋅b   −7   4 
proja b =  2  a = 2   
  a    5   −3 

−7  4 
=  
25  −3 
 −1.12 
= 
 0.84 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 102

Question 14

a u= 7 i − 4 j , v =−3i − 2 j
     
u ⋅ v = 7 × ( −3) − 4 × ( −2 )
 
= −13

b u= 7 2 + (−4)=
2
65


v= (−3) 2 + (−2) 2 = 13


u ⋅v 
θ =cos −1 
 
u v 

 
 −13 
= cos −1  
 65 13 
= 116°34′

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 103

Question 15

a u , v are parallel if u = kv , for some non-zero constant k.

   
For positive k, the vectors have like direction, and for negative k, they have unlike
direction.

u= (−9 cos 30°,9sin 30°)


 3 1
=  −9 × ,9 × 
 2 2
 3 1
= 9  , 
 2 2

v= (−11cos 30°,11sin 30°)


 3 1
= −11× ,11× 
 2 2
− 3 1
= 11 , 
 2 2

11
u = v , so the 2 vectors are parallel with like direction.
 9 

b u , v are parallel if u = kv , for some non-zero constant k.

   
u = −3v , so the vectors are parallel and in unlike direction.
 

Question 16

a u ⋅ v =−4 × 5 + 7 × 9 =43
 
b u ⋅ v =10 × ( −5 ) − 3 × 8 =−74
 
c u ⋅ v = 5 ×1 − 2 × ( −9 ) = 23
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 104

 Question 17

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j
 

Substituting:

22 cos θ i + 22 sin θ j = –9.8(0) j + C = C

    

=So v −9.8t j + 22 cos θ i + 22sin θ j

   

= 22 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 22 sin θ ) j

 

Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ 22 cos θ i + ( −9.8t + 22sin θ ) j dt

 

= 22t cos θ i  (
+ −4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ) j + D
  

When t = 0, s = 0
 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 105

 Substituting:

= +  −4.9(0) 2 + (0) sin θ  j + D

0 22(0) cos θ i  22
   

0=D
 

= + ( −4.9t 2 + 22t θ ) j
So s 22t cos θ i  sin
  

Ball goes through x = 15, y = 2 at the same value of t.

Find when ball goes through x = 15.

x = 22t cos θ = 15

15
t=
22 cos θ

Substitute into:

y=
−4.9t 2 + 22t sin θ when y =
2
2
 15  15
2 −4.9   + 22 sin θ
 22 cos θ  22 cos θ
−1102.5
2 + 15 tan θ
484 cos 2 θ
968 −1102.5sec 2 θ + 7260 tan θ
968 −1102.5 ( tan 2 θ + 1) + 7260 tan θ
968 =
−1102.5 tan 2 θ − 1102.5 + 7260 tan θ
1102.5 tan 2 θ − 7260 tan θ + 2070.5 = 0
− − 7260 ± ( −7260 ) − 4 (1102.5)( 2070.5)
2

tan θ =
2 (1102.5 )
7260 ± 43576695
=
2205
7260 ± 6601.2646...
=
2205

= 6.2862 … or 0.2987 …

θ ≈ 81° or 17°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 106

 Question 18

u ⋅ v =−6 × cos 60°× −2 × cos 45° + 6 × sin 60°× −2 × sin 45°

 
1 2 3 2
=−6 × × −2 × + 6× × 2×
2 2 2 2
= 3 2 −3 6

Chapter 19

If the vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is zero.

u ⋅ v = 2× 4 − 5× y
 
= 8 − 5y

u ⋅v =0
 
8 − 5y =0
y = 1.6

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 107

 Question 20

There are 3 possible answers for the co-ordinates of point D.

1  3 1 0

=A  =  , B =  , C   and O =   is the origin.
 −1  4 8 0

a
Let D =  
b
   
For the first case, AD is parallel to BC and AB is parallel to DC .

    a − 1     −2 

AD = OD − OA =   , BC = OC − OB =  
 b + 1  4

Hence

 a − 1  −2 
 = 
 b + 1  4 
a − 1 =−2 ⇒ a =−1
b +1 = 4 ⇒ b = 3

 −1
So D =  
3

Note that the same result would have been obtained if we had used the property that AB is

parallel to DC .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 108

    
For the second case, AC is parallel to DB and AD is parallel to CB .

    0      3 − a 

AC = OC − OA =   , DB = OB − OD =  
9 4 −b

Hence

3− a  0
 = 
4 −b 9
3− a = 0 ⇒ a = 3
4 − b =9 ⇒ b =−5

 3
So D =  
 −5 
   
For the third case, AB is parallel to CD and AC is parallel to BD .

    2      a − 1 

AB = OB − OA =   , CD = OD − OC =  
5 b − 8

Hence

 a −1  2 
 = 
b − 8  5
a −1 = 2 ⇒ a = 3
b − 8 = 5 ⇒ b = 13

3
So D =  
13 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 109

Question 21

a Let vB be the velocity of the balloon and vT be the velocity of the tail wind.
 
The 2 vectors are parallel and taking south to be in the i direction,

vB = 2.3i and vT = 3.9 i .
   
The resultant velocity is vB + vT = 2.3 + 3.9 = 6.2 ms −1 south.
 
b Let vH be the head wind, so vH = −1.5i .
  
The resultant velocity is vB + vH= 2.3 + (−1.5)= 0.8 ms −1 south.
 
c Let vE be the easterly wind, so let vE = 3.5 j .
  
The resultant velocity is vB + vE = 2.3i + 3.5 j .
   

The magnitude is vB + vE= 2.32 + 3.52= 4.2 ms −1

 
 2.3 
The heading is tan–1   = 33° less than west = 270° – 33° = 237°.
 3.5 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 110

Question 22

u= 3i − 2 j , =
v xi + 4 j
     
u ⋅ v = 3x − 8
 

u= 32 + (−2)=
2
13


v= x 2 + 42 = x 2 + 16

u ⋅v
cos θ =  
u v
 
3x − 8
cos150° =
13 × x 2 + 16
3 3x − 8
− =
2 13 × x 2 + 16
2 2
 3 × 13   3 x − 8 
 −  =
 2 
 2   x + 16 
39 (3 x − 8) 2
= 2
4 x + 16

3 x 2 + 192 x + 368 =
0

Solve this quadratic to get x =

−1.9, x =
−62.02

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 111

 Question 23


  AD 2
AD : DB = 2 : 5 ⇒  =
DB 5
 5  5
or= DB = AD a
2 2
 
=
c AB − AC
   
= AD + DB − AC
5
= a + a −b
 2 
7
= a −b
2 
7 a − 2b
=  
2

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 112

 Question 24

1 3
u = (−8cos 60°,8sin 60°) = (−8 × ,8 × ) = (−4, 4 3)
 2 2

2 2
v= (2 cos 45°, −2sin 45°)= (2 × , −2 × )= ( 2, − 2)
 2 2

u = (−4) 2 + (4 3) 2 =8

u ⋅ v = −4 × 2 + 4 3 × − 2 = −4 2 − 4 6
 
 u ⋅v 
proju v =   u
  u 2  

 −4 2 − 4 6 
 2  (−4, 4 3)
 8 
 2+ 6
=
 −  (−4, 4 3)
 16 
 2+ 6 3( 2 + 6) 
=  ,− 
 4 4 
 2+ 6 6 +3 2 
=  ,− 
 4 4 

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 113

Question 25

a If the vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is zero.

 x   −6 
 ⋅  = 0
 3  8 
−6 x + 24 = 0
x=4

b If the vectors are parallel, one vector is a scalar multiple of the other vector.

 x  −6 
  = k   , for some non-zero constant k.
 3 8

x = −6k
3
8k = 3 ⇒ k =
8

3 1
Hence x =−6 × =−2
8 4

Question 26

Let a = 1.5 j represent Michelle’s rowing velocity.

 
Let b = 5.5i represent the river current, assuming the river flows at right-angles to the
 
Michell’s intended direction.

a + b= 5.5i + 1.5 j represents Michelle’s actual speed.

   

a +=
b 5.52 + 1.5=
2
5.7
 
Michelle’s velocity is 5.7 ms −1 .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 114

 Question 27

Let a represent the 2.5 kN force and b be the 3.7 kN force.

 
Then

=a 2.5cos 30° i + 2.5sin 30° j

  
=b 3.7 cos 25° i − 3.7 sin 25° j
  
The resultant force is

=
a + b 2.5cos 30° i + 2.5sin 30° j + 3.7 cos 25° i − 3.7 sin 25° j
     
= (2.5cos 30° + 3.7 cos 25°) i + (2.5sin 30° − 3.7 sin 25°) j
 
= 5.52 i − 0.31 j
 

a=+b 5.522 + (−0.31)

= 2
5.5
 
The magnitude of the force is 5.5 kN.

The angle that the resultant force makes with the horizontal is

−0.31
tan −1 =
−3.21°
5.52

This is 360° − 3.21° ≈ 357°

Question 28

The dot product is –38.

Hence

 x   −2 
 ⋅  = −38
 −3   4 
−2 x − 12 = −38
−2 x = −26
x = 13

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 115

 Question 29

a The vectors are perpendicular, so the dot product is zero.

 4   3
 ⋅  = 0
 −1  n 
12 − n = 0
n = 12

4  3
b The vectors are parallel, so   = k   , for some non-zero constant k.
 −1 n

4  3
 =k 
 −1 n
4
3k = 4 ⇒ k =
3
1 3
kn =−1 ⇒ n =− =−
k 4

Question 30

u = (−9) 2 + 52 = 106

u ⋅ v =−9 × ( −1) + 5 × 3 =24
 
 u ⋅v 
proju v =    u
  u 2  

 24 
= 
 2 
 (
−9 i + 5 j
 
)
 106 
=
12
53
(
−9 i + 5 j
 
)
108i 60 j
=− + 
53 53

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 116

 Question 31

We will show that the length of each side is the same.

 
AC= a − b , OB= a + b
   
   
AC is perpendicular to OB , so AC ⋅ OB = 0
 
AC ⋅ OB = (a − b) ⋅ (a + b) = a ⋅ a + a ⋅ b − b ⋅ a − b ⋅ b
           
= a ⋅ a − b ⋅ b , since a ⋅ b = b ⋅ a
       
= a −b
2 2

 
 
AC × OB = 0 , so a − b =0 ⇒ a =b
2 2

   
Hence the magnitude of each side of the parallelogram is the same, so the shape is a rhombus.

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 117

Challenge exercise 10

Question 1

Let a be the vector representing the balloon flying east, let c be the cross wind and b be the
  
resultant direction of the balloon.

a ==
53i , b 42 cos 25° i + 42sin 25° j
    
c = b − a = (42 cos 25° − 53°) i + 42sin 25° j
    
= −14.94 i + 17.75 j
 

c =(−14.94) 2 + 17.752 =
23.2

The velocity is 23.2 kmh −1 .

 17.75 
The angle the cross wind makes with the horizontal is tan −1  =−49.9° .
 −14.94 

Tan is negative, so the angle is in the 2nd quadrant.

Hence the required angle is 180° − 49.9=

° 130°

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 118

 Question 2

Acceleration:

a = –g j
 

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ − g j dt


= gt j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= v cos 45° + v sin 45°

1 1
= v i +v j
2 2
v 2 v 2
= i+ j
2  2 

Substituting:

v 2 v 2
i+ j = –g(0) j + C = C
2  2    

v 2 v 2
So v =
− gt j + i+ j
  2  2 

v 2  v 2
= i +  − gt + j
2   2  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 119

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

v 2  v 2
= ∫ 2  
i +  − gt +  j dt 0
2  


vt 2  gt 2 vt 2 
= i +− +  j+ D
2   2 2   

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

v ( 0) 2  g ( 0 )2 v ( 0 ) 2 
=0 i +− +  j+ D
 2   2 2  


0=D
 

vt 2  gt 2 vt 2 
=
So s i +  − + j
 2   2 2  

Range is the horizontal component of displacement, x, when the vertical component of

displacement, y, is 0.

gt 2 vt 2
− + =0
2 2
− gt 2 + vt 2 =
0
(
t − gt + v 2 =
0 )
− gt + v =
2 0 (t ≠ 0)
gt = v 2
v 2
t=
g

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 120

Substitute into x:

vt 2
x=
2
v 2
v  2
g
=  
2
2v 2
=
2g
v2
=
g

v2
Range is .
g

Maximum height is the vertical component of displacement, x, when the vertical component
of velocity, y , is 0.

v 2
y =− gt + =0
2
v 2
= gt
2
v 2
t=
2g

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 121

Substitute into y:

gt 2 vt 2
y=
− +
2 2
2
v 2 v 2
g  v  2
 2g   2g 
=
− +
2 2
 v 2  v 2
2 2
g 2   
=
−  4g   2g 
+
2 2
 v  v 
2 2

   
−
2g   g 
= +
2 2
2 2
v v
=
− +
4g 2g
v 2 2v 2
=
− +
4g 4g
v2
=
4g

v2
Maximum height is .
4g

v2 v2 v2
Range is , which is 4 times the maximum height. 4 × =.
g 4g g

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 122

Question 3

Acceleration:

a = –g j = –9.8 j
  

Velocity:

v = ∫ a dt
 

= ∫ −9.8 j dt


= –9.8t j + C
 

When t = 0:

V = V cos θ i  + V sin θ j
  

= 7.6 cos 30° i + 7.6 sin 30° j

 

 3 1
= 7.6 
 2  i
+ 7.6   j
  2 

(
= 3.8 3 i + 3.8 j )  
Carla

V = 6.7 cos 35° i + 6.7 sin 35° j Kerry

  

Substituting:

(3.8 3 ) i + 3.8 j  
= –9.8(0) j + C = C
  

−9.8t j + 3.8 3 i + ( 3.8 ) j

So v =
 
( )  

( )
= 3.8 3 i + ( −9.8t + 3.8 ) j
 
Carla

v = ( 6.7 cos 35° ) i + ( −19.8t + 6.7 sin 35° ) j Kerry

  

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 123

 Displacement:

s = ∫ v dt
 

= ∫ ( 3.8 3 ) i + ( −9.8t + 3.8) j dt

 

= (3.8t 3 ) i  3
+ ( −4.9t + .8t ) j + D

2

 

When t = 0, s = 0
 

Substituting:

= + ( −4.9 ( 0 ) + ( 0 ) ) j + D
(3.8 ( 0) 3 ) i  3.8 2
0
   

0=D
 

=
So s

(3.8t 3 ) i  3
+ ( −4.9t + .8t ) j

2


Carla

=s + ( −4.9t 2 + t sin 35° ) j

( 6.7t cos 35° ) i  6.7 Kerry
 

Length of jump is the horizontal displacement x when the vertical displacement y = 0.

Carla

y=
−4.9t 2 + 3.8t = 0
t ( −4.9t + 3.8 ) = 0
− 4.9t=
+ 3.8 0 (t ≠ 0)
3.8
t=
4.9
= 0.7755... s

Substitute into x:

x = 3.8t 3
= 3.8 ( 0.7755 ) 3
= 5.1042...m

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 124

Kerry

y=
−4.9t 2 + 6.7t sin 35° =0
t ( −4.9t + 6.7 sin 35° ) =0
=
− 4.9t + 6.7 sin 35° 0 (t ≠ 0)
6.7 sin 35°
t=
4.9
= 0.7842...s

Substitute into x:

x = 6.7t cos 35°

6.7 ( 0.7842...) cos 35°
= 4.3043...m

Carla jumps further by 5.1042 … – 4.3043 … = 0.7998 … ≈ 0.8 m

Question 4
  
Let=
AB a= , BC b= , CD c be lengths of the regular hexagon.
  

Each side has a matching (parallel) side with unlike direction. This means each parallel pair
of vectors cancel.

Hence
    
AB + BC + CD + DE + EF = a + b + c + (−a ) + (−b) + (−c)
     
= (a − a ) + (b − b) + (c − c)
     
=0


© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 125

Question 5

Magnitude:

=
v x2 + y 2


12 = a 2 + b 2

144 = a2 + b2 [1]

Direction:

y
tan θ =
x

b
tan 240° = , where a < 0, b < 0, 3rd quadrant
a

b
3 =
a

3a=b [2]

Substitute [2] into [1]:

a2 + ( 3 a)2 = 144

a2 + 3a2 = 144

4a2 = 144

a2 = 36

a = –6 (a < 0)

When a = – 6:

b= 3 × (– 6) = –6 3

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 126

Question 6

We will prove that α = β and γ = δ using congruence.


For a rhombus, a = b and AC is common to
 
ABC and ACD .
 
Hence, ABC and ACD are congruent, using SSS (Side, Side, Side, which is the
property that if corresponding sides are of the same length, the 2 shapes are congruent).

Because ABC and ACD are congruent, their corresponding angles are the same.
∠CAD , ( α = β ) and ∠ABC =
That is, ∠BAD = ∠ACD , ( γ = δ ).

Hence, diagonal AC bisects ∠BAD and diagonal BD bisects ∠ABC .

© Cengage Learning Australia 2019 127