Continuity in an Interval

Continuity in an Interval

A function 𝑓 is said to be continuous in 𝑎, 𝑏 , if

𝑓 is continuous at each and every point ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 . 𝑎
𝑏

Also → 𝑓 is right continuous at 𝑎 i.e.,

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑎 = a finite quantity

𝑥→𝑎+

And → 𝑓 is left continuous at 𝑏 i.e.,

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑏 = a finite quantity

𝑥→𝑏−
Continuity in an Interval

All polynomial , trigonometric , exponential and logarithmic functions are continuous

at every point of their respective domain.

Thus, for these function continuity should be checked at

→ Points where definition changes

→ Boundary points
Continuity in an Interval

Note: For special functions :

→ For 𝑓 𝑥 to be Greatest integer Function, continuity should be checked at
points where 𝑓 𝑥 becomes an integer.

→ For 𝑓 𝑥 to be Fractional part function,

continuity should be checked at points
where 𝑓(𝑥) becomes an integer.

→ For sgn 𝑓 𝑥 , continuity should be

checked at points where 𝑓 𝑥 = 0.
 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = . If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the
𝜆, 𝑥=0
value of 𝜆 is (where . represents the greatest integer function, .
represents the fractional part function and 𝜆 ∈ ℝ)

a −𝟏

b 𝟎

c 𝟏

d 𝟐
 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = . If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝜆 is
𝜆, 𝑥=0
(where . represents the greatest integer function, . represents the fractional part
function and 𝜆 ∈ ℝ)

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim− 𝑓 𝑥 = lim− 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= lim− 𝑥 + 𝑥− 𝑥
𝑥→0

= −1 + 0 − −1 =0

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim+ 𝑓 𝑥 = lim+ 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= lim+ 𝑥 + 𝑥− 𝑥 =0+ 0−0 = 0

𝑥→0
 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = . If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝜆 is
𝜆, 𝑥=0
(where . represents the greatest integer function, . represents the fractional part
function and 𝜆 ∈ ℝ)

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 0

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 0

∵ 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

⇒ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 0 = 0

∴𝜆=𝑓 0 =0
 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = . If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the
𝜆, 𝑥=0
value of 𝜆 is (where . represents the greatest integer function, .
represents the fractional part function and 𝜆 ∈ ℝ)

a −𝟏

b 𝟎

c 𝟏

d 𝟐
Discuss continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3
Discuss continuity of 𝑓 𝑥 = sgn 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2 , 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 3

Discontinuous for 𝑥 ∈ {1, 2}.

1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

0 1 2 3

1 𝑦 = sgn 𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 + 2

0 1 2 3

−1
 𝑥2 − 𝑥 2, 𝑥<2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 2 If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2, then the value
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 > 2
of 𝑎 is ( where ⋅ represents the greatest integer function and 𝑎 ∈ ℝ )

a 𝟎

b 𝟏

c 𝟐

d 𝟑
 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2, 𝑥<2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 2 If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2, then the value
2 2
𝑥 − 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥 > 2
of 𝑎 is ( where ⋅ represents the greatest integer function and 𝑎 ∈ ℝ )

Finding 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 and 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿. = lim− 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2
𝑥→2

2 2
= lim 2 − ℎ − 2−ℎ
ℎ→0

= 22 − 12

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿. = 3
 𝑥2 − 𝑥 2, 𝑥<2
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 = 2 If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 2, then the value
𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 3, 𝑥 > 2
of 𝑎 is ( where ⋅ represents the greatest integer function and 𝑎 ∈ ℝ )

a 𝟎

b 𝟏

c 𝟐

d 𝟑
Theorems on Continuity
Theorems on Continuity

If 𝑓 & 𝑔 are continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎 , then the functions defined by :

• 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔 𝑥 will also be continuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.

• 𝑓 𝑥 ⋅ 𝑔 𝑥 will also be continuous 𝑥 = 𝑎.

𝑓 𝑥
• is continuous at 𝑥 = 𝑎, if 𝑔 𝑎 ≠ 0
𝑔 𝑥
Theorems on Continuity

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥 × 𝑔(𝑥) 𝑓 𝑥

𝑔 𝑥
Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous Continuous

Continuous Discontinuous Discontinuous Continuous/Discontin Continuous/D

uous iscontinuous

Discontinuous Discontinuous Continuous/Disco Continuous/Discontin Continuous/D

ntinuous uous iscontinuous
Theorems on Continuity

For Composite Functions 𝑓(𝑔(𝑥))

Definite discontinuity at points

Where 𝑔 𝑥 is discontinuous.

Where 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑐, given 𝑓(𝑥) is discontinuous at 𝑥 = 𝑐.

 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<1
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥≥2
If 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑔 𝑓 0 is:

a 𝟎

b −𝟏

c −𝟑

d 𝟑
 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<1
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥≥2
If 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑔 𝑓 0 is:

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim− 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = lim− 𝑔 2 − 𝑥
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= lim 𝑔 2 − 0 − ℎ
ℎ→0

= lim 𝑔 2 + ℎ
ℎ→0

= lim 2 + ℎ − 5
ℎ→0
 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<1
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥≥2
If 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑔 𝑓 0 is:

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim 2 + ℎ − 5 = lim ℎ − 3
ℎ→0 ℎ→0

= −3

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim+ 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 = lim+ 𝑔 𝑥 + 1
𝑥→0 𝑥→0

= lim 𝑔 0 + ℎ + 1
ℎ→0

2
= lim 𝑔 1 + ℎ = lim 1 + ℎ −2 1+ℎ −2
ℎ→0 ℎ→0
 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<1
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥≥2
If 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑔 𝑓 0 is:

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = −3

2
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim 1 + ℎ − 2 1 + ℎ − 2 = 1 − 2 − 2 = −3
ℎ→0

∵𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0

⇒ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑔 𝑓 0 = −3

∴𝑔 𝑓 0 = −3
 𝑥 + 3, 𝑥<1
2 − 𝑥, 𝑥≤0
Let 𝑓 𝑥 = and 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 2, 1 ≤ 𝑥 < 2.
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥>0
𝑥 − 5, 𝑥≥2
If 𝑔 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑔 𝑓 0 is:

a 𝟎

b −𝟏

c −𝟑

d 𝟑
 1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 , 𝑥<0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If . denotes the greatest integer function and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑥 = 0.
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 + 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is

a 𝟐

b 𝟏/𝟐

c 𝟎

d 𝟏
 1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 , 𝑥<0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If . denotes the greatest integer function and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑥=0 .
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 + 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is

1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim+ 𝑥 1 +𝑎
𝑥→0 𝑒 𝑥 +1

1
−
1−𝑒 ℎ
= lim ℎ 1 +𝑎
ℎ→0 −
1+𝑒 ℎ

=0×1+𝑎 =𝑎
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = lim− 𝑥 1
𝑥→0 𝑒 𝑥 +1
 1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 , 𝑥<0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If . denotes the greatest integer function and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑥=0
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 + 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
. If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑎
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑥→0
lim− 𝑥 1
𝑒 𝑥 +1

1
−
𝑒 ℎ −1
= lim −ℎ 1
ℎ→0 −
𝑒 ℎ +1

= −1 × −1 =1
∵ 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0.

⇒ 𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 0
 1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 , 𝑥<0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If . denotes the greatest integer function and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑥=0
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 + 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
. If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is

𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑎

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 1

𝐿. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑅. 𝐻. 𝐿 = 𝑓 0

𝑓 0 =𝑏

⇒𝑎=𝑏=1

∴𝑎+𝑏=1+1 = 2
 1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 , 𝑥<0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If . denotes the greatest integer function and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑏, 𝑥=0.
1
𝑒 𝑥 −1
𝑥 1 + 𝑎, 𝑥 > 0
𝑒 𝑥 +1
If 𝑓 𝑥 is continuous at 𝑥 = 0, then the value of 𝑎 + 𝑏 is

a 𝟐

b 𝟏/𝟐

c 𝟎

d 𝟏
Intermediate Value Theorem
Intermediate Value Theorem

A function 𝑓 which is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] possesses the following properties :

→ If 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 posses opposite signs, then

there exists at least one solution of the
equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 0 in the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

𝑎
𝑐 𝑏 𝑋
Intermediate Value Theorem

A function 𝑓 which is continuous in [𝑎, 𝑏] possesses the following properties :

→ If 𝑘 is any real number between 𝑓 𝑎 and 𝑓 𝑏 ,

then there exists at least one solution of the
equation 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 in the open interval 𝑎, 𝑏 .

𝑌
𝑓(𝑏)
𝑦=𝑘

𝑓(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑏 𝑋
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 be defined parametrically as 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 𝑡 , 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 has at least one real solution, then:

a 𝑘∈ℝ

b 𝑘 ∈ ℝ− 0

c 𝑘 ∈ ℝ+ ∪ 0

d 𝑘 ∈ ℝ−
 Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 be defined parametrically as 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 𝑡 , 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 has at least one real solution, then:

Case 1 ∶ when 𝑡 < 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 3𝑡 and 𝑦 = 0, ∀ 𝑥 < 0

Case 2 ∶ when 𝑡 ≥ 0

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑡 and 𝑦 = 2𝑡 2 , ∀ 𝑥 ≥ 0

2𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 =
0, 𝑥 <0

Since, 𝑓 𝑥 is polynomial and continuous

at 𝑥 = 0, so continuous in ℝ
Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 be defined parametrically as 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 𝑡 , 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 has at least one real solution, then:

2𝑥 2 , 𝑥 ≥ 0
∴ 𝑓 𝑥 =
0, 𝑥 <0

Since, 𝑓 𝑥 is polynomial and continuous at 𝑥 = 0, so continuous in ℝ

∴ Range of 𝑓 𝑥 is 0, ∞

From 𝐼. 𝑉. 𝑇.

We can say 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 has at least one solution if

Let 𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 be defined parametrically as 𝑦 = 𝑡 2 + 𝑡 𝑡 , 𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 𝑡 𝑡 ∈ ℝ
and 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑘 has at least one real solution, then:

a 𝑘∈ℝ

b 𝑘 ∈ ℝ− 0

c 𝑘 ∈ ℝ+ ∪ 0

d 𝑘 ∈ ℝ−
For every integer 𝑛, let 𝑎𝑛 and 𝑏𝑛 be real numbers. Let function 𝑓 ∶ 𝕀ℝ → 𝕀ℝ
𝑎𝑛 + sin 𝜋𝑥 , for 𝑥 ∈ 2𝑛, 2𝑛 + 1
be given by 𝑓 𝑥 = , for all integers 𝑛. If 𝑓 is
𝑏𝑛 + cos 𝜋𝑥 , for 𝑥 ∈ 2𝑛 − 1,2𝑛
continuous, then which of the following hold(s) for all 𝑛?

a 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏𝑛−1 = 0

b 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛 = 1

c 𝑎𝑛 − 𝑏𝑛+1 = 1

d 𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑏𝑛 = −1
Let 𝑓 ∶ ℝ → 0, 1 be a continuous function. Then, which of the following
function(s) has(have) the value zero at some point in the interval 0,1 ?

1
a 𝑥
𝑒 − 𝑓 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

1
b 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑡 sin 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝜋
−𝑥
c 𝑥−
2
𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

d 𝑥3 − 𝑓 𝑥
THANK YOU
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