THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM o Bronchial Tree
o Lungs
Components of the Upper Respiratory Tract
A system, consisting of tubes and is
Upper Respiratory Tract Functions
responsible for the exchange of gases in Passageway for respiration
humans by filtering incoming air and Receptors for smell
transporting it into the microscopic alveoli Filters incoming air to filter larger foreign
where gases are exchanged. material
I. N O S E
o A. N a s a l C a v i t y
o B. P a r a n a s a l S i n u s e s
II. P H A R Y N X
III. L A R Y N X
A. Epiglottis
B. V o c a l C o r d s
IV. T R A C H E A
V. B R O N C H I
o A. B r o n c h i a l T r e e
VI. L U N G S
o A. L o b e s o f t h e L u n gs Moistens and warms incoming air
o B. P l e u r a l C a v i t i e s Resonating chambers for voice
o C. A l v e o l i
Components of the Lower Respiratory Tract
Respiratory System: Oxygen Delivery System
Lower Respiratory Tract
The set of organs that allows a person to Functions:
breathe and exchange oxygen and carbon o Larynx: maintains an open
dioxide throughout the body. airway, routes food and air
The integrated system of organs involved in appropriately, assists in
the intake and exchange of oxygen and sound production
carbon dioxide between the body and the o Trachea: transports air to
environment and including the nasal and from lungs
passages, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, o Bronchi: branch into lungs
and lungs.
The respiratory system performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the body and the
outside environment known as external
respiration.
Bringing oxygen to the cells and removing
carbon dioxide from them referred to as
internal respiration.
Functions Of Respiratory System
Supplies the body with oxygen and disposes o Lungs: transport air to
of carbon dioxide alveoli for gas exchange
Filters inspired air
Produces sound The organs of the “Respiratory Tract”
Contains receptors for smell can be divided into two groups “FUNCTIONALLY”
Helps regulate blood pH
Breathing
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation) consists of two
cyclic phases:
Inhalation, also called inspiration - draws
gases into the lungs.
Exhalation, also called expiration - forces
gases out of the lungs.
The organs of the “Respiratory Tract”
can be divided into two groups
“STRUCTURALLY”
The Upper Respiratory Tract
o Nose The Conducting Portion
o Nasal cavity system of interconnecting
o Sinuses cavities and tubes that
o Pharynx conduct air into the lungs
The Lower Respiratory Tract o Nose
o Larynx o Pharynx
o Trachea o Larynx
o Trachea
o Bronchi These spaces open to the nasal cavity and
are lined with mucus membrane that is
The Respiratory Portion continuous with that lining the nasal cavity.
system where the exchange of
respiratory gases occurs
o Respiratory bronchioles
The sinuses reduce the weight of the skull
and serve as a resonant chamber to affect the
quality of the voice.
o Alveolar Ducts
o Alveoli
THE NOSE
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum.
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air is
warmed.
Contains cilia which is responsible for
filtering out foreign bodies.
Internal nares – opening to pharynx
External nares - opening to exterior
Nasal conchae - folds in the mucous
membrane that increase air turbulence and
ensures that most air contacts the mucous
membranes PHARYNX
Provides an airway for respiration Common space used by both the
Moistens and warms entering air respiratory and digestive systems.
Filters and cleans inspired air Commonly called the throat.
Resonating chamber for speech Originates posterior to the nasal and oral
- detects odors in the air stream cavities and extends inferiorly near the level
of the bifurcation of the larynx and
esophagus.
NASAL CAVITY Common pathway for both air and food.
Lies in and posterior to the external nose
Is divided by a midline nasal septum Three Sections of the Pharynx
Opens posteriorly into the nasal pharynx via Nasopharynx
internal nares o Contains the pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
The ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the which aid in the body’s immune defense.
Oropharynx
o Back portion of the mouth that contains the
palatine tonsils which aid in the body’s
immune defense.
Laryngopharynx
o Bottom section of the pharynx where the
respiratory tract divides into the esophagus
and the larynx.
roof LARYNX
The floor is formed by the hard and soft Voice box is a short, somewhat cylindrical
palates airway ends in the trachea.
Prevents swallowed materials from entering
Vestibule – nasal cavity superior to the nares the lower respiratory tract.
Vibrissae – hairs that filter coarse Conducts air into the lower respiratory tract.
particles from inspired air Produces sounds.
Olfactory mucosa
Lines the superior nasal cavity o Supported by a framework of nine pieces of
Contains smell receptors cartilage (three individual pieces and three
cartilage pairs) that are held in place by
PARANASAL SINUSES ligaments and muscles.
Sinuses are air-filled spaces
within the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and
sphenoid bones of the skull.
EPIGLOTTIS The inner wall of the trachea is lined with ciliated
It is a large leaf-shaped piece of cartilage. mucous membrane with many goblet cells that serve
A flap of cartilage that prevents food from to trap incoming particles.
entering the trachea (or windpipe). During The tracheal wall is supported by
swallowing, there is elevation of the larynx 20 incomplete cartilaginous rings.
VOCAL CORDS
Inside the larynx, 2 pairs of folds of muscle BRONCHI
and connective tissues covered with mucous The Bronchi are the two main air passages into the
membrane make up the vocal cords. lungs.
a. The upper pair is the false vocal cords. They are composed of the:
b. The lower pair is the true vocal cords. o “Right Primary Bronchus”
c. Changing tension on the vocal cords controls pitch, - leading to the right lung.
while increasing the loudness depends upon o “Left Primary Bronchus”
increasing the force of air vibrating the vocal cords. - leading to the left lung.
During normal breathing BRONCHIAL TREE
o The vocal cords are relaxed and the glottis is The bronchial tree consists of
a triangular slit. branched tubes leading from the trachea to
During swallowing the alveoli.
o The false vocal cords and epiglottis close off
the glottis.
TRACHEA
A flexible tube also called windpipe.
Extends through the mediastinum and lies
anterior to the esophagus and inferior to the
larynx.
Cartilage rings reinforce and provide rigidity
to the tracheal wall to ensure that the trachea The bronchial tree begins with the two
remains open at all times. primary bronchi, each leading to a lung.
At the level of the sternal angle, the trachea The branches of the bronchial tree from the
bifurcates into two smaller tubes, called the trachea are right and left primary bronchi;
right and left primary bronchi. these further subdivide until bronchioles
Each primary bronchus projects laterally give rise to alveolar ducts which terminate
toward each lung. in alveoli.
It is through the thin epithelial cells of the
alveoli that gas exchange between the blood
and air occurs.
LUNGS
Each lung has a conical shape. Its wide,
concave base rests upon the muscular
diaphragm.
Its superior region called the apex projects
superiorly to a point that is slightly superior
and posterior to the clavicle.
Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall
anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and
supported by the rib cage.
Toward the midline, the lungs are separated
from each other by the mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded surface in
contact with the thoracic wall is called the
costal surface of the lung.
Left lung
o divided into 2 lobes by oblique fissure
o smaller than the right lung
o cardiac notch accommodates the heart
Right lung
o divided into 3 lobes by oblique and
horizontal fissure
o located more superiorly in the body due
to liver on right side
PLEURA
The outer surface of each lung and the
adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a
serous membrane called pleura.
The outer surface of each lung is tightly
covered by the visceral pleura.
while the internal thoracic walls, the lateral
surfaces of the mediastinum, and the
superior surface of the diaphragm are lined
by the parietal pleura.
The parietal and visceral pleural layers are
continuous at the hilus of each lung
Pleural Cavities
The potential space between the serous
membrane layers is a pleural cavity.
o The pleural membranes produce a
thin, serous pleural fluid that
circulates in the pleural cavity and
acts as a lubricant, ensuring
minimal friction during breathing.
o Pleural effusion – pleuritis with
too much fluid
Lobes of the Lungs
o The right lung has three lobes.
o The left lung has two lobes.
o Each lobe is composed of lobules
o that contain air passages, alveoli, nerves,
blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
connective tissues.
ALVEOLI
o They are cup-shaped out pouching lined
by epithelium and supported by a thin
elastic basement membrane.
o With that you can imagine having bunch
of grapes with each grape indicating and
alveolus.
o Alveolar sacs are 2 or more alveoli that
share a common opening.
o This is where the primary exchange of
gases occur.
