Scribd
Upload
106 views

C-Language Cheat Sheet

Uploaded by

sai vasu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
106 views

C-Language Cheat Sheet

Uploaded by

sai vasu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5
C - Language Cheat-Sheet Quick and Dirty Guide to C The single best book on C is The C Programming Language by Kernighan and Richi« cope: ‘Code for execution goes into files with “.c" suffix. Shared decl’s (included using #include “mylib.h") in “header files, end in *.h” ‘comments : Characters to the right of // are not interpreted; they’re a comment. Text between /+ and */ (possibly across lines) is commented out. DATA TYPES: Mame Size Description char 1 byte an ASCII value: e.g. ‘a’ (see: man ascii) int/long 4 bytes a signed integer: e.g. 97 or hex 0x61, oct Ox141 long long 8 bytes a longer multi-byte signed integer float 4 bytes a floating-point (possibly fractional) value double 8 bytes a double length float char, int, and double are most frequently and easily used in small prograns sizeof (double) computes the size of a double in addressable units (bytes) Zero values represent logical false, nonzero values are logical true. Math library (#include , compile with -lm) prefers double. caSTING: Preceding a primitive expression with an alternate parenthesized type converts or “casts” value to a new value equivalent in new type int a - (int) 3.131; //assigns a=3 without complaint Preceding any other expression with a cast forces new type for unchanged value. double b = 3.131 int a = *(int*)6 //interprets the double b as an integer (not necessarily 3) STRUCTS and ARRAYS and POINTERS and ADDRESS COMPUTATION: Structs collect several fields into a single logical type: struct { int nj double root;) s; //s has two fields, n and root S.root = sqrt((s.n=7)); //ref fields (N.B. double parens=>assign OK!) Arrays indicated by right associative brackets ({]) in the type declaration int a(10}; //a is a 10int array. a(0) is the first element. a[9] is the last char b(]; //in a function header, b is an array of chars with unknown length int ¢[2](3]: //c is an array of 2 arrays of three ints. a(1}[0] follows a[0](2} Array variables (e.g. a,b,c above) cannot be made to point to other arrays Strings are represented as character arrays terminated by ASCIT zero. Pointers are indicated by left associative asterisk (*) in the type declarations: int ata; —// a is a pointer to an integer char *b; —// b is a pointer to a character int *c(2]; // ¢ is an array of two pointers to ints (same as int *(c(2])+ int (*d)(2}; // d is a pointer to an array of 2 integers Pointers are simply addre: Pointer variables may be assigned. ‘Adding 1 computes pointer to the next value by adding sizeof (x) for type x General int adds to pointer (even 0 or negative values) behave in the same way Adar’ may be computed with the ampersand (4) operator. ‘An array without an index or a struct without field computes its addre: int a(10], b{20}; // two arrays int *p = a; // p points to first int of array a p= b; 77 p now points to the first int of array b an array or pointer with an index n in square brackets returns the nth value: int a[ 10}; 17 an array int i= af0}; // 4 is the first element of a i= ta; 1/ pointer dereference 7/ same as p = &a[0] 7/ same as p = p+l; same as p=ka[1}; same as p = atl Bounds are not checked; your responsibility not to run off. Don’t assume. An arrow (-> no spaces!) dereferences a pointer to a field: struct { int n; double root; } {1}; //s is pointer to struct or array of 1 s->root = sqrt)s->n = 7); //s->root same as (*8).root or s{0].root print£(“%g\n", 8->root); PUNCTIONS: A function is a pointer to some code, parameterized by formal parameters, that may be executed by providing actual parameters. Functions must be declared before they are used, but code may be provided later. A sqrt function for positive n might be declared a: double sqrt (double n) { double guess; for (guess return gues: n/2.0; abs(n-guess*guess)>0.001; guess = (n/guess+guess)/2); , This function has type double (s*sqrt) (double print£(“tg\n", sqrt(7.0)); //calls sqrt; actuals are always passed by value Functions parameters are always passed by value. Functions must return a value. ‘The return value need not be used. Function names with parameters returns the function pointer. Thus, an alias for sqrt may be declared: double (*root) (double) = sqrt; print£(“%g\n", root(7.0)); Procedures or valueless functions return ‘void’. ‘There must always be a main function that returns an int. int main(int argc, char **argv) OR int main(int argc, char *argv[]) Program arguments may be accessed as strings through main’s array argv with arge elements. First is the program name. Function declarations are never nested. OPERATIONS: + /, 8 Arithmetic ops. /truncates on integers, ¢ is remainder. Add or subtract 1 from i, assign result to i, return new val Remember i, inc or decrement i, return remembered value Logical ops. Right side of s& and || unless necessary Bit logical ops: and, or, xor, complement. Shift right and left: int n=10; n <<2 comput . Assignment is an operator. Result is value B += -= t= etc Perform binary op on left and right, assign result to left = {= < > <= >= Comparison operators (useful only on primitive types) 2 If-like expression: (x'2==0)?"even":"odd” 7 computing value is last: a, = b,c,d; exec’s b,c,d then a=d STATEMENTS: Angle brackets identify syntactic elements and don’t appear in real statements ; //semicolon indicates end of a simple statenent break; J/quits the tightest loop or switch immediately continues //jumps to next loop test, skipping rest of loop body return x; //quits this function, returns x as value { } /{eurly-brace groups statements into 1 compound (no ;) if () //stmt executed if cond true (nonzero) if () else // two-way condition while () //repeatedly execute stmt only if condition true do while (); //note the semicolon, executes at least once for (; ; ) switch () { //eraditional “case statement” case : // this statement exec'd if val==expr break; // quit this when value == expression case : //executed if value2 = expression case : //executed if value3 = expression break; 17 quit default: // if matches no other value; may be first break; // optional (but encouraged) quit » KEY WORDS unsigned before primitive type suggests unsigned operations extern in global declaration => symbol is for external use static in global declaration => symbol is local to this file in local decl’n => don’t place on stack; keep value betw’n calls typedef before declaration defines a new type name, not a new variable Quick and Dirty Guide to C 1/0 (#include fclose(f) closes file £ getchar() read 1 char from stdin or pushback; is EOF (int -1) if none ungetch(c) pushback char c into stdin for re-reading; don’t change c putchar(c) write 1 char, c, to stdout fgetc(f) getchar(), but reads from file f ungetc(c, f) s ungetchar() but onto file f fpute(c,f) 8 putchar(c), but onto file £ fgets(s,n, £) read string of n-1 chars to a s from f or til eof or \n fputs(s,f) string s to f: e.g. fputs(“Hello world\n", stdout); scant (py. ++) + args using format p (below); put &w/non-pointe: print£(p, + args using format p (below); pass args as is fprintt(f,p, but print to file £ fscant(f,p, but read from file f sscanf(5,p,- but read from string s sprintf(s,p,...) same, as printf, but to string s feof (f) return true iff at end of file £ Formats use format characters preceded by escape %; other chars written as is> char meaning char meaning ‘c character \n newline (control-3) 4d decimal integer ve tab (control~i) 4s string \ slash 4g general floating point “ perent MEMORY (tinclude ) malloc(n) alloc n bytes of memory; for type Ts p = (T*)malloc(sizeof(t)); free(p) free memory pointed at p; must have been alloc'd; don’t re-free calloc(n,s) alloc n-array size s & clear; typ: a = (T*)calloc(n, sizeof(T)); MATH (#include and link -1m; sometimes documented in man math) ‘All functions take and return double unless otherwise noted: sin(a), cos(a), tan(a) sine, cosine, tangent of double (in radians) asine(y),acos(x),atan(r) principle inverse of above atan2(y,x) principal inverse of tan(y/x) in same quadrant as (x,y) sqrt (x) root of x 1og(x) natural logarithm of x; others: 1og2(x) and 10g10(x) exp(P) e to the power of p; others: exp2(x) and expl0(x) pow (x,y) x to the power of y; like (expy*log(x)) ceil (x) smallest integer (returned as double) no less than x floor (x) largest integer (returned as double) no greater than y #include for these math functions abs (x) absolute value of x random( ) returns a random long srandom(seed) seeds the random generator with a new random seed STRINGS (Hinclude ) strien(s) return length of string; number of characters before ASCII 0 strepy(d,s) copy string s to d and return d; N.B. parameter order like = strnepy(d,s,n) copy at most n characters of s to d and terminate; returns d stpepy(d,s) like stropy, but returns pointer to ASCII 0 terminarot in d stremp(s,t) compare strings s and t and return first difference; 0=> equal strnemp(s,t,n) stop after at most n characters; needn’t be null terminated memcpy(d,8,n) copy exactly n bytes from s to d; may fail if s overlaps 4 memmove(d,,n) (slow) copy n bytes from s to d; won't fail if s overlaps d ‘COMPILING: gcc prog-c __# compiles prog.c into a-out run result with ./a-out gcc =0 prog prog.c # compiles prog.c into prog; run result with ./prog gee -9 -0 prog prog.c # as above, but allows for debugging A GOOD FIRST PROGRAM: #include #include int main(int argc, char** argv){ printf(“Hello, world.\n"); return 0; y ‘A WORD COUNT (WC) #include #include int main(int argc, char **argv){ int charCount=0, wordCount=0, lineCount=0; int doChar=0, doWord=0, doLine=0, inWord = 0 int 7 char *fileName = 0; FILE *f = stdil while (argv++, --argc) { if (1stromp(*argv,"-c")) doChar=1; else if (!stremp(*argy,”-w")) doWord=1; else if (1stromp(*argv,"-1")) doLine else if (1(f = fopen((fileName = *argv), “r"))){ print£(“Usage: we (-1] [-w] (-c]\n"); return 1; , + if (1(doChar || doWord || doLine)) doChar = doWord = doLine = 1; while (EOF t= (c= fgetc(f))){ charCount++; if (c == ‘\n‘) LineCount++; if (tiswpace(c)) { if (1inWord) { inWord = 1; wordcount++; } } else { inword = 0; } y if (doLine) printf(“t8d”, lineCount); if (doWord) print£(“t8d", wordCount); if (dochar) printf (“t8d", charCount); if (fileName) printf(“ ts”, fileName); printf (“\n");

You might also like