Presentation on

Types of military Radar, Satellite

switching and on board
processing
PRESENTED BY:
Md.Kawsar Ahmed
Department of
ICE,PUST
 CONTENTS: Types of Military Radar
 Introduction
 Definition of Radar
 Working Principle of Basic Radar
 Basic Types of Military Radar
 INTRODUCTIO
N
• RADAR is acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging.
• First successfully demonstrated in 1936.
 DEFINITION OF RADAR
A radar is an object detection device that uses radio waves to determine the speed, altitude
and direction of objects. Radio waves, or microwaves, are transmitted from a radar dish.
These waves then continue in their paths until they hit an object. A small bit of the wave is
returned to the transmitter, making it possible to determine the speed and other
characteristics of the object. Radar is a very important tool in the military as it is used to
detect aircrafts, vehicles and missiles.
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF BASIC RADAR
Types of Radar
 Air Defense Radar
Surveillance
Air Policing
Missile Control

Air-Defense Radars can detect air targets and determine their position, course, and speed in a relatively
large area. The maximum range of Air-Defense Radar can exceed 300 miles, and the bearing coverage is a
complete 360-degree circle.
 Battle Field Radar
 Surveillance
 Navigation
 Weapon Control
 Missile Control

Battle field radars usually have a shorter range and are highly specialized for a particular task. On ships of the
navy the number of specialized radar antennas are more and more replaced by a multifunction radar.
 Air Traffic Control Radar
 En-Route Radar
 ASR ( Airport Surveillance Radar)
 PAR (Precision Approach Radar)
 ASDE (Airport Surface Detection Equipment)
 Weather Radar

The air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) is a system used in air traffic control
(ATC) to enhance surveillance radar monitoring and separation of air traffic.
 Types of Military Radar
There are 13 types of Military Radar

1. Simple Pulse Radar

2. Moving-Target Indication (MTI) Radar
3. High –Range Resolution Radar
4. Imaging Radar
5. Tracking Radar
6. Electronically Scanned Phased-Array Radar
7. Precipitation Radar
8. Cloud Profile Radar
9. Scatter meter Radar
10. Naval Fire-Control Rader.
11. Airborne Surveillance Radar
12. Airborne Fire-Control Radar
13. Military Air Traffic Control and Ranging Radar
 Types of Military Radar..
1. Simple Pulse Radar 2. Moving-Target Indication (MTI) Radar

This type is the most typical radar with a waveform By sensing Doppler frequencies, an MTI radar can
consisting of repetitive short-duration pulses. Typical differentiate echoes of a moving target from stationary
examples are long-range air and maritime surveillance objects and clutter, and reject the clutter. Its waveform
radars, test range radars, and weather radars. There are is a train of pulses with a low PRR (Pulse Repetitive
two types of pulse radars that uses the Doppler Frequency) to avoid range ambiguities. What this
frequency shift of the received signal to detect moving means is that range measurement at the low PRR is
targets, such as aircraft, and to reject the large good while speed measurement is less accurate than at
unwanted echoes from stationary clutter that do not a high PRR’s
have a Doppler shift.
 Types of Military Radar..
3. High-Range Resolution Radar 4. Imaging Radar

Synthetic aperture, inverse synthetic

This is a pulse-type radar that uses
aperture, and side-looking airborne radar
very short pulses to obtain range
techniques are sometimes referred to as
resolution of a target the size ranging
imaging radars. The Army, Navy, Air Force,
from less than a meter to several
and NASA are the primary users of imaging
meters across. It is used to detect a
radars.
fixed or stationary target in the clutter
and for recognizing one type of target
from another and works best at short
ranges.
 Types of Military Radar..
5. Tracking Radar 6. Electronically Scanned Phased-Array Radar

This kind of radar continuously follows An electronically scanned phased-array

a single target in angle (azimuth and antenna can position its beam rapidly
elevation) and range to determine its from one direction to another without
path or trajectory, and to predict its mechanical movement of large antenna
future position. The single-target structures. Agile, rapid beam switching
tracking radar provides target location permits the radar to track many targets
almost continuously. A typical tracking simultaneously and to perform other
radar might measure the target functions as required. The Army, Navy,
location at a rate of 10 times per and Air Force are the primary users of
second. Range instrumentation radars electronically scanned phased-array
are typical tracking radars. radars.
 Types of Military Radar..
7. Precipitation Radar 9. Scatterometer Radar

This radar is employed on an aircraft or This radar is employed on an aircraft or

satellite and generally its antenna beam is satellite and generally its antenna beam is
scanning at an angle optimum to its flight oriented at various aspects to the sides of
path to measure radar returns from rainfall its track vertically beneath it. The
to determine rainfall rate. scatterometer uses the measurement of
the return echo power variation with
8. Cloud Profile Radar
aspect angle to determine the wind
Usually employed aboard an aircraft or direction and speed of the Earth’s ocean
satellite. The radar beam is oriented at surfaces.
nadir measuring the radar returns from
clouds to determine the cloud reflectivity
profile over the Earth’s surface.
 Types of Military Radar..
10. Naval Fire-Control Radars. 11. Airborne Surveillance Radars.

These are shipborne radars These radar systems are designed for early
that are part of a radar-based warning, land and maritime surveillance,
fire-control and weapons whether for fixed-wing aircraft,
guidance systems. helicopters, or remotely piloted vehicles
(RPV’s).
12. Airborne Fire-Control Radars.
13. Military Air Traffic Control and Ranging Radars.
Includes those airborne radar systems
These include both land-based and shipborne
for weapons fire-control (missiles or ATC radar systems used for assisting aircraft
guns) and weapons aiming. landing, and supporting test and evaluation
activities on test ranges.
 ADVANTAGES OF MILITARY
RADARS
• All-weather day and night capability.

• Multiple target handling and engagement capability.

• Short and fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment.

• Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements and stress reduction under
severe conditions
• Highly mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain

• Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number of single air defense weapons can be
provided with target data.
 DISADVANTAGES OF MILITARY
RADAR
• Time - Radar can take up to 2 seconds to lock on

• Radar has wide beam spread (50 ft diameter over 200 ft range).

• Cannot track if deceleration is greater than one mph/second.

• Large targets close to radar can saturate receiver.

• Hand-held modulation can falsify readings.

 CONCLUSIO
N
• Military radars are one of the most important requirements during the wartime, which can be
used for early detection of ballistic missile and also for accurate target detection and firing.
Radar system discussed here has a built in threat evaluation program which automatically
puts the target in a threat sequence, and advises the weapon crew which target can be
engaged first.
Contents-2: Satellite Switching and on Board
Processing

Satellite Switching

On Board Processing

 Definition

A multi-beam satellite switching system employs onboard switching for the purpose of
increasing the up path and down path antenna gain. A switching and control circuit
accepts an up path signal from only the desired input amplifier and connects the
desired output amplifier to the desired down path beam.

Onboard processing can also be used to reduce bit error rates for the uplink and
downlink transmissions and to allow satellites to be optimized to provide a wider
range of service applications more efficiently.
 Basic of Satellite Switching
Imagine there are five locations A, B, C, D and E from where people travel to a central location S. Here they get
down from the bus they arrived and get into a bus going to their destination, A, B, C, D or E. Thus some people
arriving from locations A, B, D and E and intending to go to location C board the bus going to location C. Similar
shuffling takes place for others going to A, B, D or E. Here the locations A,B, C, D, and E are the earth stations.
People are the data. The central station S is the satellite. The buses going to central station S are up links and those
going from central station S to stations A, B. C, D and E are the down links. People alighting from one bus and
boarding another bus to their destination is Satellite Switching.
 Satellite Switching on board processing

1. Satellite Switched TDMA System

There are Three Types 2. Satellite Switched FDMA System

3. Satellite Switched CDMA System

 Satellite Switching TDMA
More efficient utilization of satellitesSystem
in the geostationary orbit can be achieved through the use of antenna
spot beams. The use of spot beams is also referred to as space division multiplexing. Further improvements
can be realized by switching the antenna interconnections in synchronism with the TDMA frame rate, this
being known as satellite switch TDMA (SS/TDMA).
Satellite Switching TDMA System
 Satellite Switching FDMA System

A satellite communication system based on the use of a multiple, contiguous beam satellite antenna and
frequency division multiple access (FDMA) is studied. Emphasis is on the evaluation of the feasibility of
SS (satellite switching) FDMA technology, particularly the multiple, contiguous beam antenna, the
onboard switch and channelization, and on methods to overcome the effects of severe Ka band fading
caused by precipitation. This technology is evaluated and plans for technology development and
evaluation are given. The application of SS-FDMA to domestic satellite communications is also
evaluated. Due to the potentially low cost Earth stations, SS-FDMA is particularly attractive for thin
route applications up to several hundred kilobits per second, and offers the potential for competing with
terrestrial facilities at low data rates and over short routes. The onboard switch also provides added route
flexibility for heavy route systems. The key beneficial SS-FDMA strategy is to simplify and thus reduce
the cost of the direct access Earth station at the expense of increased satellite complexity.
Satellite Switching FDMA
System
 Satellite Switching CDMA
System
The Satellite Switched Code Division Multiple Access (SS/CDMA) is a system proposed for geostationary
satellite fixed service communications and provides both multiple access and switching to a multibeam
satellite. Multiple access is achieved by space, frequency and code division while the switching function is
based on code division methods. In this article, we present an overview of the system architecture, focus on the
demand assignment control mechanism and describe the call control operation

In this method each signal is associated with a particular code that is used to spread the signal in frequency
and/or time. All such signals will be received simultaneously at an earth station, but by using the key to the
code, the station can recover the desired signal by means of correlation. The other signals occupying the
transponder channel appear very much like random noise to the correlation decoder.
 Satellite Switching CDMA System
CDMA is not common in satellite communications because of near-far effect and cell breathing. Because
CDMA system uses the same frequency range to operate, so when there are so many subscriber's are
using a satellite network, the background noise in this system will be extremely high, and weak signals
which come from far distance will not be able to communicate anymore. This effect is called near-far
effect. And because that users who have a weak signal reception is not be able to communicate with
tower, they may presume the coverage area of this tower is reduced, this effect is called cell breathing. In
satellite network, signal strength from user’s handset is quiet low. Generally the Tx power of a mobile
satellite phone is about 2 watts, and it will travel several hundreds of kilometers or even 36 000
kilometers. Another factor in satellite network is that all users have the similar distance to satellite, so if
we use CDMA in this situation, when number of users increases, all users will drop out. OFDMA system
also has near-far and cell breathing effects even it is not so serious because users are operating on
orthogonality spectrum. And deploying OFDMA will NOT take the system big advantages. So modern
satellite networks are based on TDMA network for end user side.
 Comparison of FDMA, TDMA schemes

Several satellite uplink and downlink accessing schemes for customer premises service are
compared. Four conceptual system designs are presented: satellite-routed frequency division
multiple access (FDMA), satellite-switched time division multiple access (TDMA), processor-
routed TDMA, and frequency-routed TDMA, operating in the 30/20 GHz band. The designs are
compared on the basis of estimated satellite weight, system capacity, power consumption, and cost.
The systems are analyzed for fixed multibeam coverage of the continental United States. Analysis
shows that the system capacity is limited by the available satellite resources and by the terminal
size and cost.
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