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Second Law-Introduction

The Second Law of Thermodynamics establishes that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler object to a hotter object. It also determines the maximum theoretical limits of processes like heat engines and refrigerators. A heat engine converts some heat from a high-temperature source into work, while rejecting the rest as waste heat to a low-temperature sink, but it is not possible to save all of the outgoing waste heat.

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MOHAMMAD SHOHEL RANA
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44 views10 pages

Second Law-Introduction

The Second Law of Thermodynamics establishes that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler object to a hotter object. It also determines the maximum theoretical limits of processes like heat engines and refrigerators. A heat engine converts some heat from a high-temperature source into work, while rejecting the rest as waste heat to a low-temperature sink, but it is not possible to save all of the outgoing waste heat.

Uploaded by

MOHAMMAD SHOHEL RANA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Second Law of Thermodynamics

Introduction
Introduction
• According to 1st law of Thermodynamics,
Energy is conserved.
• Though a process must need to satisfy the
first law to occur, satisfying 1st law alone
does not ensure a process to occur. E.g.,
1. 1. A hot cup of coffee becomes cold as
time goes, reverse does not happen.
2. 2. Falling weight in the paddle wheel
experiment increase the temperature of
the water, but increasing the temperature
would never lift the weight
3. 3. Electricity flow through a resistor
increases the temperature, reverse does
not happen.
Introduction Cont.
• The inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a process can take place is
remedied by introducing the 2nd law of Thermodynamics.
• The use of the second law of thermodynamics is not limited to identifying the
direction of processes, however. The second law also asserts that energy has
quality as well as quantity.
• Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern to engineers, and the
second law provides the necessary means to determine the quality as well as
the degree of degradation of energy during a process.
• The second law of thermodynamics is also used in determining the
theoretical limits for the performance of commonly used engineering
systems, such as heat engines and refrigerators, as well as predicting the
degree of completion of chemical reactions.
• Before going to the statement, some concepts need to be discussed first,
Thermal
Energy Reservoir
• A hypothetical body with a relatively large thermal energy
capacity (𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡) that can supply or
absorb finite amounts of heat without undergoing any
change in temperature called a thermal energy reservoir, or
just a reservoir. Example:
• Large body of water: Lakes, rivers, oceans etc
• Atmosphere
• Two phase system,
• Industrial furnace
Thermal Energy
Reservoir Cont.
• A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a
source, and one that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called
a sink. Thermal energy reservoirs are often referred to as heat
reservoirs since they supply or absorb energy in the form of heat.
Heat Engines
• The devices that convert heat into work is called heat engine.
• A heat engine can be characterized as follows:
1. They receive heat from a high-temperature source (solar energy, oil
furnace, nuclear reactor, etc.).
2. They convert part of this heat to work (usually in the form of a
rotating shaft).
3. They reject the remaining waste heat to a low-temperature sink (the
atmosphere, rivers, etc.).
4. They operate on a cycle.
• Heat engines and other cyclic devices usually involve a fluid to and from
which heat is transferred while undergoing a cycle. This fluid is called the
working fluid.
Heat Engine Cont.
• The term heat engine is often used in a broader sense to include work
producing devices that do not operate in a thermodynamic cycle.
• Engines that involve internal combustion such as gas turbines and car
engines fall into this category.
• These devices operate in a mechanical cycle but not in a
thermodynamic cycle since the working fluid (the combustion gases)
does not undergo a complete cycle. Instead of being cooled to the
initial temperature, the exhaust gases are purged and replaced by
fresh air-and-fuel mixture at the end of the cycle.
• The work-producing device that best fits into the definition of a heat
engine is the steam power plant, which is an external-combustion
engine.
Heat Engine Cont.

𝑸𝒊𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅


𝑸𝒐𝒖𝒕
= 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒓𝒆𝒋𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑾𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒅𝒆𝒍𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅
𝑾𝒊𝒏 = 𝒂𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅.
Thermal Efficiency
• The fraction of the heat input that is converted to net work output is a measure of the
performance of a heat engine and is called the thermal efficiency 𝜼𝒕𝒉 . It Can be
expressed as,
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝜼𝒕𝒉 =
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
• The thermal efficiencies of work-producing devices are relatively low.
• Ordinary spark-ignition automobile engines have a thermal efficiency of about 25
percent.
• For Diesel Engine, it is number is as high as 40 percent for diesel engines.
• For, large gas-turbine plants and as high as 60 percent for large combined gas-steam
power plants.
• Thus, even with the most efficient heat engines available today, almost one-half of the
energy supplied ends up in the rivers, lakes, or the atmosphere as waste or useless
energy.
Can We save 𝑄𝑜𝑢𝑡 ?

• The answer is no? Can you explain?

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