Inleiding / Introduction
Die studie van motivering behels die beskrywing & verklaring
van: The study of motivation aims to describe and explain:
Hoofstuk 14 – basiese drange van ons liggame / basic urges of our bodies
– die hoogste aspirasies van ons denke
the highest aspirations of our minds
Chapter 14
Motivering is ‘n sambreel-term wat verwys na baie brein-
psigiese prosesse
Motivation is an umbrella term that refers to many different
Motivering / Motivation brain-mind processes
Ons gebruik term motivering vir alle geestesaktiwiteite wat
diere aktiveer om te doen wat hulle doen
We will use the term motivation to cover all varieties of
mental activity that energise animals to do what they do
Motivering = bewus en onbewus
motivation = conscious and unconscious
Motivering: Intrinsieke vs ekstrinsieke stelsels Kort geskiedenis / Brief history
Motivation: intrinsic vs. extrinsic systems
Motiveringstelsels Instink teorieë / Instinct theories
Motivational systems bv. aggressie / e.g. aggression
Ektrinsieke en aangeleerde oorsake van gedrag –
Intrinsieke st / Intrinsic sys Ekstrinsieke st/Extrinsic sys behavioristiese tydperk /
Eenvoudige motiverings Motiverings beheer deur Ectrinsic and learned causes of behaviour
betrokke by liggaamsbehoef- meer kognitief-sielkundige - behaviouristic era
tes, bv honger & dors / stelsels / Motivations Kognitiewe tydperk, waarneming - om te verduidelik
Simple motivations involved directed by more cognitive- hoekom ons doen wat ons doen /
in bodily needs, e.g. hunger psychological systems Cognitive era, cognition - to explain human behaviour
and thirst Affek-revolusie – innerlike oorsake, emosies /
Eenvoudige motivering wat direkte fisiologiese oorsake het is Affect revolution – inner causes, emotions
makliker verstaanbaar as motiverings afkomstig van ons denke Bio-psigososiale sintese /
Simple motivations having solid physiological causes are easier Bio-psychosocial synthesis
to understand than motivations that come from our thoughts
Motivering: affektiewe strukture vs kognisie Evolusionêre sielkunde se voorstelle mbt modules vir
Motivation: affective structures vs. cognition spesifieke motiverings / evolutionary psychology’s
Huidige navorsing beskou motiverings volgens ‘n
proposals regarding modules for specific motivations
twee-baan model Voorstelling van ‘n maat-kies module:
Recent research views motivations within a two-tiered The proposal of a mate-selection module:
model: – Mans fokus op jeug en skoonheid /
– motiverings komende van ons basiese affektiewe Males focus on youth and beauty
strukture – Vroue fokus op ‘n ryk maat wat bereid is om dit te deel /
motivations that emerge from our basic affective Females focus on a rich mate who is willing to share
structures richness
– motiverings wat ons kognitiewe aard weerspieël – Mans en vroue het dus evolusionêr bepaalde kognitiewe
motivations that reflect our cognitive nature modules vir hierdie keuses /
Mense deel die eerste baan met ander diere Males and females therefore have evolutionary determined
Humans share the first tier with other animals cognitive modules for these choices
Evolusionêre sielkundiges is geïnteresseerd in die
tweede baan motiverings Maar, hierdie gedrag mag die resultaat wees van geleerde
Evolutionary psychologists are interested in second- kognitiewe strategieë / But these behaviours may be result of
tier motivations learned cognitive strategies
1
Evolusionêre sielkunde se voorstelle mbt modules vir Evolusionêre sielkunde se voorstelle mbt modules vir
spesifieke motiverings / Evolutionary psychology’s spesifieke motiverings / Evolutionary psychology’s
proposals regarding modules for specific motivations proposals regarding modules for specific motivations
Voorstelling van ‘n bloedverwant-seleksie module: Voorstelling van ‘n bedrog-waarneming module: /
The proposal of a kin-selection module: The proposal of a cheater-detection module:
– Ouers meer geneigd tot aggressie teenoor stiefkinders / – Sommige logiese gevolgtrekkings is maklik om op te los
Parents more likely to be aggressive to step-children wanneer dit omgesit word in werklikheidsgebeure waar
– Mense het evolusionêr pre-gedisponeerde kognitiewe sommige mense ander wil bedrieg / Certain logical
meganismes om minder leed te doen aan geneties- inferences are easy to solve when re-cast in real-life
afhanklikes / People have evolutionarily pre-disposed terms involving people attempting to fool other people
cognitive mechanisms to reduce harm to genetic relatives
– Mense los probleme makliker op as hulle iets het om te
Maar, sosiale gehegtheid getroetel vanaf geboorte het sterker verloor / People solve problems easily when they have
anti-aggressiewe neuro-chemiese response tot gevolg something to lose
But social attachments nurtured from birth produce
stronger anti-aggressive neurochemical responses – Ons kognitiewe strukture het gespesialiseerde vermoëns om
mense te identifiseer wat ons wil bedrieg /
‘n Nuwe volwassene wat deel van ‘n gesin word het nie Our cognitive apparatus has specialised abilities to identify
beskerming van hierdie neuro-chemies gebasseerde sosiale- people attempting to fool us
binding / A new adult entering a family would not have these Maar, negatiewe emosies stel ons in staat om te fokus op details van ‘n
neurochemically based social-bonding safeguards spesifieke kognitiewe probleem /But negative emotions enable us to focus
on the details of a specific cognitive problem
Hoofstuk 14
Einde van Lesing 1 Chapter 14
End of lecture 1 Motivering / Motivation
Lesing twee / Second lecture
Motivering gebasseer op menslike behoeftes Motiver gebasseer op affektiewe state: die “affek-revolusie”
Motivation based on human needs Motivation based on affective states: the ‘affect revolution’
Maslow se hiërargie van behoeftes/Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Gevoelens neig om in drie natuurlike klasse te val:
Feelings tend to fall into three natural categories:
Kritiek: Criticism:
State wat basiese liggaamsbehoeftes reflekteer
rigiede volgorde van Self-actualisation rigid ordering of
hoër vlakke needs higher levels States that reflect basic bodily needs
Selfaktualisering Agtergrond gevoelens soos tevredenheid en ontspannendheid
behoeftes Background feelings such as satisfaction and relaxation
Selfagting behoeftes / Self-esteem needs State gekoppel aan emosionele sake vir veiligheid & oorlewing
States linked to emotional issues needed for safety & survival:
Liefde en behoort-aan behoeftes
Love and belongingness needs soek stelsel / seeking system paniek selsel / panic system
Veiligheidsbehoeftes / Safety needs woede stelsel / rage system speel stelsel / play system
vrees stelsel / fear system sorg stelsel / care system
Fisiologiese behoeftes / Physiological needs
wellus stelsel / lust system
2
Definieer emosie en teoretiseer oor die dimensies Motivering ontleed vanaf ‘n bio-psigososiale benadering
Defining emotion and theorising about its dimensions Analysing motivation from a bio-psychosocial approach
Emosie is ‘n komplekse stel interaksies tussen objektiewe en
subjektiewe faktore (saam met neurale & hormonale insette) wat: ‘n Bio-psigosoiale ontleding het die volgende vlakke:
Emotion is a complex set of interactions among objective and
subjective factors (with neural & hormonal input) which can: A biopsychosocial analysis has the following levels:
– aanleiding kan gee tot affektiewe ervarings (bv. plesier) – biologiese ontleding / biological analysis
give rise to affective experiences (e.g. pleasure) – sielkundige ontleding / psychological analysis
– kognitiewe prosesse kan genereer (bv. opweeg)
generate cognitive processes (e.g. appraisal) – sosiale ontleding / social analysis
– fisiologiese verstellings kan aktiveer tot opgewekte toestande Die Bio-psigosoiale benadering kombineer hierdie ontledings-
activate physiological adjustments to arousing conditions
vlakke met ‘n bewustheid dat geneties ontwerpte
– kan lei tot doelgerigte en aanpassende gedrag
lead to behaviour that is goal-directed and adaptive. motiveringstelsels hulle evolusionêr aangeduide funksies
uitvoer in die konteks van die relevante omgewing
Die dimensionele teorie van emosie: elke emosie het ‘n aktiverings The bio-psychosocial approach combines these evels of
vlak, valensie (aantrek-afstoot) en potensie (latente krag) analysis with a consciousness that genetically designed
The dimensional theory of emotion: each emotion has an
activation level, valence and potency motivational systems carry out their evolutionarily
appointed functions in the context of relevant environments
Gevolgtrekking / Conclusion
Op die laer vlakke probeer ons deur ontleding van motivering
die basiese verstaan van waarom ons doen wat ons doen om
duidelikheid te kry oor dit wat biologies intrinsiek aan die
organisme is
At the lower levels, motivation analysis seeks to understand
the basic nature of why we do what we do seeking clarity
about that which is biologically intrinsic to the organism
Einde lesing 2
Op die hoër vlakke probeer dit om meer subtiele aspirasies
uit te klaar, poog dit om ingeboude evolusionêre prosesse te
beskryf wat in interaksie met die eksterne wêreld is
At higher levels it attempts to clarify our more subtle
End of lecture 2
aspirations seeking to describe how evolutionarily built-in
processes interact with the external world
Psigo-biologie poog om patrone te beskryf wat eenders is
tussen individue en spesies sodat algemene organisasie
beginsels ontbloot kan word
Psychobiology aims to describe patterns that are similar
across individuals and species so that general principles of
organisation may be revealed
