L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION

REVIEW
What can you remember from the reading passage?

59

island
online community
crops
virtual chief
energy
Fiji solar power

social networking develop

Vorovoro friends
advertise his island

contacted

53,000

three-year online donate

donations a visit

jobs

communities
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
REVIEW

1. I have bought many books.

2. I bought an English book yesterday.

What verb tense is used in each

sentence?

1: The present 2: The past simple

perfect ▪ talk about the
▪ talk about the past in detail.
past in general. ▪ The time is
▪ The time is not specific and
important. important.
▪ Details can be
the time or the
place.
L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
REVIEW
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
VOCBULARY, LISTENING & SPEAKING - A

LESSON OBJECTIVES:

After this lesson, you will be able to:

▪ remember vocabulary words for talking about the theme of the unit;

▪ know more about cowboys;

▪ use some phrases for asking for and giving clarification when speaking;

▪ use the past continuous correctly in different contexts;

▪ notice the contrast between the past simple and the past continuous.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LEAD-IN
Look at the photo, read the caption and answer these questions.

1/ Who is the man in the photo? What do you think he is

doing?
He’s an American cowboy. He’s walking through the snow
with his horse.

2/ What do you know about cowboys?

They live off the land and work with cattle and horses.
+ live off the land: to eat whatever food you can grow, kill
or find yourself

3/ In which countries do cowboys live and work?

Cowboys live in many countries on different continents
including America, Europe, Australia, and Africa.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
VOCABULARY
Read the sentences. Notice each word in blue and think about its meaning. Choose the correct word or phrase
in parentheses to complete each sentence. Then listen and check your answers.
1. In my country, we have a custom of giving money to children on their birthdays. Parents (usually / never)
give their children money as a gift.
2. The actual cost of a big holiday celebration can be higher than people expect. People often end up
spending (more / less) money on food and gifts than they plan to.
3. Culture is a factor in gift giving. People from some cultures feel that if they receive a gift, they must give a
gift in return. Their culture is a (reason for / result of) that feeling.
4. Women in Japan still wear a kimono for their wedding. They (have / haven’t) stopped wearing these
beautiful clothes.
5. In Korea, people eat traditional food, such as rice cakes on New Year's Day. They have done this for
a (short / long) time.
6. We are developing a program to teach foreigners about our culture. We are now (making plans / selling
tickets) for this program.
7. In the future, many languages will probably disappear. Someday (many people / no one) will speak these
languages.
8. A group of people called the Inuit live in the Arctic regions of the world. They live in cold (cities / areas).
9. Many cultures use storytelling to help preserve their language and traditions. They tell stories to (keep /
change) them.
10. Scientists estimate that there are over 7,000 languages in the world. They (know / don’t know) the exact
number.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
VOCABULARY
Match each word in blue from exercise A with its definition.

custom actual factor still traditional

developing disappear. regions preserve estimate

a. _______________
custom an action or practice that is f. _______________
actual real
common to a person or group
g. _______________
estimate to make a guess based on available
b. _______________
regions areas of a country or the world information

c. _______________
still up to and including the present developing
h. _______________ making into something bigger or
more complete
d. _______________
preserve to keep or protect
i. _______________
disappear to no longer exist or be visible
e. _______________
factor an issue in, a cause of
j. _______________
traditional customary or normal in a certain
culture
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
VOCABULARY
Fill in each blank with the correct form of a word from exercise B. Use each word only once. Then listen and
check your answers.
custom actual factor still traditional
developing disappear. regions preserve estimate
COWBOY LIFE AND CULTURE
In the 1800s, cowboys worked with Over time, cowboys (4) Cowboys have
cattle all across the _____________
developed some very not (8) _____________
disappeared completely;
region
Western (1) _____________ of the customs
interesting (5)_____________. however, there are not nearly as many
United States. An For example, some cowboys as there were in the past. And even
factor
important (2) _____________ in the would sing to their cattle at though there are
cowboys' work was the long distance night to keep them quiet. actual
fewer (9) _____________ cowboys now,
from cattle ranches to the nearest Some (6) _____________
traditional many people in parts of the United
railroad. Cowboys moved cattle in American songs were States wear cowboy hats and boots.
huge cattle drives. It was hard work. originally cowboy songs, and Rodeos are also very popular in many
estimate
Experts (3) _____________ that in a still
people (7) _____________ sin parts of the United States and
cattle drive, only about 10 cowboys g them today. help (10) _____________
preserve some aspects
would be involved in moving over of the cowboy culture.
3,000 cattle.

A cattle drive: the process of moving cattle from one place to another Ranches: large farms where animals are raised
Rodeos: public events where cowboys show their skills.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
VOCABULARY
Complete these sentences with your own ideas.

custom actual factor still traditional

developing disappear. regions preserve estimate

1/ A traditional food from my country that I like is __________________________________________

Banh Tet

2/ People in my country still __________________________________________

give money to children on the 1st day of Tet.

3/ A holiday custom that I enjoy is __________________________________________

4/ In my country, __________________________________________ has/have disappeared.

In some parts of my country, the custom of setting up “Tet Pole / Lunar New Year Pole” has disappeared.

5/ I think it’s really important to preserve __________________________________________

the custom of giving people best wishes for the Lunar New Year.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LISTENING
You are going to listen to a lecture about cowboys in North America. Read the box for “Critical Thinking” and
discuss these questions.

1. What do you know about the work that cowboys do?

2. Besides North America, do you know of any other regions that have cowboys?
3. What else would you like to learn about cowboys?

Cowboys

Work Where they What else to

live learn
They work America, ▪ What else
with cattle Europe, they do
and horses Australia, ▪ What they
and Africa eat
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LISTENING
Listen to the lecture and choose the correct answers to the questions.

1/ Which two countries are mentioned in the lecture?

a. Canada
b. The United States
c. Mexico
d. Spain

2/ Which two aspects of Robb Kendrick's book does

the lecturer mention?
a. photos
b. number of pages
c. information about modern cowboys
d. how old the book is
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LISTENING
Listen again and complete the notes about the two cowboys.

2 years old
4 years old
2,300
married
electricity move back
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LISTENING
Read the statements. Listen again and choose T for True or F for False for each statement. The professor does not
say the answers directly. You will need to think about what you hear.
1/ Tyrel liked school.
True False Explanation: He didn’t like to be indoors.

2/ Tyrel and his brother ate a healthy diet.

True False Explanation: They ate the same three foods (pancakes, potatoes,
hamburgers); A healthy diet includes a variety of foods.

3/ Both of these cowboys would be unhappy living in a big city.

True False Explanation: Tyrel loves the outdoors, and Manuel plans to move back
to the countryside.

4/ The two men want to get better jobs.

True False Explanation: They both like working as cowboys, and they never
mention wanting a different job.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
LISTENING
Discuss these questions:

1/ Why do you think Robb Kendrick used an old kind of

camera to take photos of cowboys?
Possible answer: He probably used an old camera to
give the images a more traditional look.

2/ Why do you think some people still want to be cowboys

today?
Possible answer: Some people might still want to be
cowboys today because it gives them a lot of freedom
and allows them to be in nature.

3/ Would you like the cowboy way of life? Explain.

 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING
Read the box for “Asking for and Giving Clarification.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING
Read and listen to the conversation. Write the missing phrases you hear.

Emily: During the lecture, you said that the cowboy tradition in Mexico began in the
Could you please explain the situation there today?
1600s. (1)__________________________
Professor Diaz: Certainly. Some cowboys in Mexico are workers who live with the cattle and take care of them. The
ranches there can be very large, and cattle need to be moved from place to place, so there are still cowboys
working in Mexico today.
Liam: You talked about two kinds of cowboys in Mexico. (2) __________________________
Could you explain them again?
Professor Diaz: Sure. The most famous cowboys in Mexico are the charros. They ride their horses in contests
called charreadas. The other kind of cowboys are the vaqueros—the ones who work with cattle every day.
I’m afraid I still don’t understand What kind of work do charros do, exactly?
Liam: (3) ________________________________.
put it another way
Professor Diaz: I'll (4) __________________________. For charros, riding horses and roping cattle is mostly a sport, or a
hobby. Charros have many of the same skills as any cowboy, and they perform those skills for an audience in
the charreada events. But for the vaqueros, this is their job. It's how they make a living.
Liam: OK. So, Manuel Rodriguez … the cowboy in the book … is a vaquero, not a charro, right?
Professor Diaz: Exactly!
do you mean that
Emily: Just to clarify, (5) __________________________ charros aren't real cowboys?
Professor Diaz: No, (6) __________________________
I said that charros are a part of the cowboy tradition, but many of them don't
do it as actual work.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING
The past continuous S + was / were + V-ing
Affirmative
Examples:
▪ I was doing my homework at 7 o’clock last night.
▪ They were playing badminton in the park at 4 p.m. yesterday.

I / He / She / It / Singular nouns + was + V-ing

We / You / They / Plural nouns + were + V-ing

Negative
Examples:
▪ I was not doing my homework at 7 o’clock last night.
▪ They were not playing badminton in the park at 4 p.m. yesterday.

I / He / She / It / Singular nouns + was + not + V-ing was not = wasn’t

We / You / They / Plural nouns + were + not + V-ing were not = weren’t
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING
The past continuous S + was / were + V-ing
Interrogative / Question
1/ Yes/No Questions:
Examples:
▪ Was he doing his homework at 7 o’clock last night? – Yes, he was. / No, he wasn’t.
▪ Were they playing badminton in the park at 4 p.m. yesterday? – Yes, they were. / No, they weren’t.

Was + I / He / She / It / Singular nouns + V-ing…? → Yes, … was. / No, … wasn’t.

Were + We / You / They / Plural nouns + V-ing…? → Yes,…were. / No, … weren’t.

2/ Wh-questions: (Question words: What, Where, Why, etc..)

What was he doing at 7 o’clock last night? → He was playing chess.
What were they doing at 4 p.m. yesterday? → They were playing tennis.

Question word + Was + I / He / She / It / Singular nouns + V-ing…?

Question word + Were + We / You / They / Plural nouns + V-ing…?
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING

USAGE
Examples: Complete the sentences using the past simple or past
1/ I did my homework last night. continuous form of the verbs in brackets.
2/ I was doing my homework at 7 o’clock last 1. I ____________________
was making (make) my dinner at 8
night. o’clock last night.
2. Last summer, my friend and I ____________________
traveled
3/ They played badminton in the park (travel) around the south of France.
yesterday. 3. Joe and Sam ____________________(use)
used the wrong
4/ They were playing badminton in the park at 4 program in IT yesterday.
p.m. yesterday. 4. What ____________________
were you doing (you / do) at 8:30 p.m.
yesterday?
We use the past continuous to describe an
action that was in progress at a specific 5. At 7:30 this morning, I ____________________
was waiting (wait)
moment in the past. for the bus.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING

USAGE
▪ A car crashed into him while he was rollerblading across the US.
While
▪ The Egyptian police arrested him while he was kayaking across Lake Nasser.
S + V(past simple) WHILE S + was/were + Ving.

▪ While Jason was swimming across a river in Australia, a crocodile attacked him.
▪ While he was travelling in the Pacific region, he caught malaria.
WHILE S + was/were + Ving, S + V(past simple)

▪ He was rollerblading across the US when a car crashed into him.

When
S + was/were + Ving WHEN S + V(past simple)
▪ When the Egyptian police arrested him, he was kayaking across Lake Nasser.
WHEN S + V(past simple), S + was/were + Ving.

We use the past continuous and the past simple together when we describe a sudden action that
interrupted a longer action.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING

USAGE
▪ He was working outside while his classmates were indoors playing computer games.
While
▪ Were you listening to music while you were studying?
S + was/were + Ving WHILE S + was/were + Ving.

We use the past continuous to talk about two actions that were in progress at the same time.
 L&S_UNIT 3: CULTURE AND TRADITION
SPEAKING GRAMMAR FOR SPEAKING

Complete the sentences. Use the past simple or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets.

1 caught
The basketball player ___________________ threw
(catch) the ball and ___________________ (throw) it to another player.

2 My dad ___________________
arrived (arrive) home while I ___________________
was watching (watch) an ice hockey match on TV.

3 The referee ___________________

stopped (stop) the match because it ___________________
was snowing (snow).

4 The cyclist ___________________

put on (put on) his helmet and ___________________
got on (get on) the bike.

5 She ___________________
broke (break) her leg while she ___________________
was skiing (ski).

6 Maria ___________________
was surfing (surf) when she ___________________
saw (see) a shark near the beach.