INVESTIGATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL

SITES AND ITS IMPACT ON SOIL

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.

A Acknowledgement I

B Abstract II

C Table of contents III

D List of figures VII

Chapter 1 Introduction 1-34

1.1 General 1

Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and

1.2 2
Management

1.2.1 Solid Waste Open Burning 3

1.2.2 Sea Dumping Process 3

1.2.3 Solid Wastes Sanitary Landfills 3

1.2.4 Incineration Method 4

1.2.5 Composting Process 4

1.3 The Characteristics of Solid Waste 5

Management
1.4 Principles of Solid Waste Management

1.5 Steps in Waste Management 6

1.5.1 Monitoring 6

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1.5.2 Collection 6

1.5.3 Transportation 6

1.5.4 Processing 7

1.5.5 Recycling 7

1.5.6 Disposal of Wastes 8

1.9 Types of seismic energy control device 10

1.9.1 Passive control device 11

1.9.2 Active control device 20

1.9.3 Semi-active control device 21

1.9.4 Hybrid control device 30

1.10 Objectives of study 33

1.11 Scope of the study 33

1.12 Outline of project study 33

Chapter 2 Literature Review 35-45

Chapter 3 Seismic response analysis of RCC building with

46-64
semi-active VF control

3.1 Introduction 46

3.2 Objectives 46

3.3 Problem statement 46

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3.3.1 Equations of motion 49

3.4 Structural model 49

3.4.1 Computation of VF damper force 50

3.4.2 Response spectrum 51

3.5 Numerical study 52

3.5.1 Results and discussion 53

Chapter 8 Conclusion 140-142

Validation 143

Appendix 144

References 147

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Caption
No. No.

1.1 Pictorial view of various terms related to earthquake 2

1.2 Block diagram of structural passive control system 8

1.3 Block diagram of structural active control system 9

1.4 Block diagram of structural semi-active control system 10

1.5 Base isolation system 15

1.6 Cross section of LRB without central lead core 17

1.7 Lead rubber bearing (NZ system) 18

1.8 Schematic diagram of lead rubber bearing 18

1.9 Schematic of variable orifice damper 23

Schematic diagram of semi-active stiffness device in a chevron

1.10 23
bracing

1.11 Schematic of small scale electro-rheological damper 25

1.12 Schematic of magneto-rheological damper 26

1.13 Schematic diagram of variable friction damper 28

1.14 Schematic of adjustable device tested by Kawashima 29

3.1 Plan 47

3.2 Elevation 47

3.3 Lumped mass and stiffness model 47

3.4 Model representation of a shear building 48

3.5 Free body diagrams 48

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Solid waste disposal management is usually referred to the process of collecting and treating
solid wastes. It provides solutions for recycling items that do not belong to garbage or trash.
Solid waste management can be described as how solid waste can be changed and used as a
valuable resource.

Improper disposal of municipal solid waste can create unsanitary conditions, and these
conditions in turn lead to pollution of the environment. Diseases can be spread by rodents
and insects. The tasks of solid waste disposal management are complex technical challenges.
They can also pose a wide variety of economic, administrative and social problems that must
be changed and solved. Solid waste disposal and management includes planning,
administrative, financial, engineering and legal functions. It is typically the job of the
generator, subject to local, national and even international authorities.

Garbage arising from human or animal activities, that is abandoned as unwanted and useless
is referred as solid waste. Generally, it is generated from industrial, residential and
commercial activities in a given area, and may be handled in a variety of ways. However,
waste can be categorized based on materials such as paper, plastic, glass, metal and organic
waste. Solid waste disposal must be managed systematically to ensure environmental best
practices. Solid waste disposal and management is a critical aspect of environmental hygiene
and it needs to be incorporated into environmental planning.

Figure 1.1 Solid Waste Management

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1.2 Methods of Solid Waste Disposal and Management

Here are the methods of solid waste disposal and management:

1) Solid Waste Open Burning

2) Sea dumping process
3) Solid wastes sanitary landfills
4) Incineration method
5) Composting process

1.2.1 Solid Waste Open Burning

Solid waste open burning is not the perfect method in the present scenario. An open dumping is
defined as a land disposal site at which solid wastes are disposed of in a manner that does not
protect the environment, are susceptible to open burning, and are exposed to the elements,
vectors, and scavengers. Open dumping can include solid waste disposal facilities or practices
that pose a reasonable probability of adverse effects on health or the environment. An officially
designated Municipal Solid Waste Landfill (MSWLF) is not an open dump.

Figure 1.2 Solid Waste Open Burning

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1.2.2 Sea Dumping Process

Dumping involves depositing all the waste materials from factories and industries, tankers and
ships and sewerage waste materials into the oceans and seas. Certain industrial wastage also
includes radioactive materials. Even small amounts of these substances tend to have negative
effects. This sea dumping process can be carried out only in coastal cities. This is very costly
procedure and not environment friendly.

Figure 1.3 Sea Dumping Process

1.2.3 Solid Wastes Sanitary Landfills

The sanitary landfill is a method of disposing waste on land without disturbing the environment
and public health by efficiently utilizing engineering skills to confine them in the
smallest practical area possible, before reducing the volume by covering with a layer of earth to
ensure the least exposure to the air. Solid wastes sanitary landfills process is simple, clean and
effective. In this procedure, layers are compressed with some mechanical equipment and covered
with earth, levelled, and compacted. A deep trench of 3 to 5 m is excavated and micro-organisms
act on the organic matter and degrade them.

Figure 1.4 Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills

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1.2.4 Incineration Method

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of substances contained
in waste materials. Industrial plants for waste incineration are commonly referred to as waste-to-
energy facilities. Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat.
This method would be suited in crowded cities where sites for land filling are not available. It
can be used to reduce the volume of solid wastes for land filling. Incineration reduces the volume
and toxicity of waste materials by converting hazardous organic compounds to non-hazardous
products such as water and carbon dioxide

Figure 1.5 Incineration method

1.2.5 Composting Process

Composting process is similar to sanitary land-filling and it is popular in developing countries.

Composting is a process by which organic wastes are broken down by microorganisms, generally
bacteria and fungi, into simpler forms. The microorganisms use the carbon in the waste as an
energy source. Yields are stable end products and good soil conditioners. They can be used as a
base for fertilizers.

Figure 1.6 Composting process

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1.3 The Characteristics of Solid Waste Management

1. Waste generation: Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being
of value and are either thrown away or gathered for disposal.

2. Onsite handling, storage and processing: Those activities associated with the handling,
storage and processing of solid waste wastes at or near the point of generation.

3. Collection: Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the hauling
wastes after collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.

4. Transfer and transport: Those activities associated with the transfer of wastes from the
smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and the subsequent transport
of the wastes, usually over long distance to the disposal site.

5. Processing and recovery: Those techniques, equipments and facilities used both to
improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials,
conversion products or energy from solid wastes.

6. Disposal: Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including
those waste collected and transported directly to the landfill site, semisolid waste from
waste water treatment plants, incinerator residue, compost or other substances from
various solid waste processing plants that are of no further use.

1.4 Principles of Solid Waste Management

The seven principles or the 7 Rs of solid waste management are as following –

1. Rethink: This is the stage where you should rethink before buying anything – is an item
really necessary? Will it not get wasted if you do not have an urgent need for it? For e.g.
you should not buy plastic water bottles as they are very harmful for the environment.
Instead, buy a glass bottle or a steel one for reuse.

2. Refuse: Refuse buying over packed materials and plastic bags for your items. Carry your
own paper or jute bag and use that for every shopping experience. Refuse to harm nature.

3. Reduce: Try to reduce the waste you generate at home. Buy things only that you require.
Reuse plastic bags that you have. Reuse glass jars, storing containers, and paper. Turn
your biodegradable waste into compost for plants. Try to avoid taking paper receipts
when you withdraw money. Reduce unnecessary solid waste.

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4. Reuse: The best way to reuse discarded items is to recycle most of them so that they turn
to valuable items. Plastic items, glass, paper etc can be easily recycled and hence, reused.
You can also reuse old clothes by donating them or using them at home.

5. Repurpose: Repurposing or up cycling is changing or modifying the item in a way to

reuse them. For e.g. using an old tire as a swing on your tree, painting your old shoes to
make them new, using small glass jars as candle stands etc.

6. Repair: Repairing broken or old materials to bring them back to life and to minimize the
generation of waste is very important in solid waste management. For example, repairing
your radio instead of throwing it in junk or repairing your broken chair.

7. Rot: Rotting or composting is a biological process in which biodegradable solid wastes

are allowed to decompose in the presence of a microorganism like fungi & bacteria
turning the waste into organic matter which is high in carbon and nitrogen and therefore,
functions well as an eco-friendly manure to be used in agricultural practices for growing
plants and trees.

1.5 Steps in Waste Management

1.5.1 Monitoring:
This is the first step in the waste management. Monitoring of waste includes a few
processes like identification of waste and assessment of waste. Even if it is commercial or
household waste it has to be properly monitored and accessed so that it can be wisely
disposed to recycling centers.

1.5.2 Collection:
The next step in effective waste management is collection. Here the waste are collected
from landfills and recycling centers. Now it is properly sorted as recycling plastics, glass,
cardboard, paper, metal, aluminum, and so on. After it is being sorted it is being collected
and sorted, it is being taken to the respective recycling industries or units.

1.5.3 Transportation:
This is the next step in the process is transportation which is done by vehicles. They carry
waste from the collection centers, Landfills, dumping grounds and sorting points and are
taken to the final destination. All these are done by vehicles. Transportation plays a major
role in effective waste management.

1.5.4 Processing:
This is a major step in waste management. After the waste is being sorted and cleaned, it
is broken down into bits for faster and speedy recycling. In case of hazardous waste, it
has to be separately dealt with and handled with at most care.

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1.5.5 Recycling:
This is the last step in the process. After processing, the final product is ready to be
recycled. Biodegradable and organic green waste should be used to make organic manure
of taken to the landfills. The rest should be completely recycled so as to reduce pollution
to an extent. New thins can be made with minimal use of available resources. This can
also prevent depletion of resources. Read about Paper Recycling & Plastic Recycling.

1.5.6 Disposal of Wastes:

The final step in hazardous waste management involves the safe disposal of
wastes.

Figure 1.7 Steps in Waste Management

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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal on Geotechnical Properties of Soil, H. S. Nanda,

Shivaraju. R, C. Ramakrishnegowda, December 15-17, 2011, Kochi.
This investigation aims to characterizing MSW and assessing geotechnical properties of
contaminated soils at dumping sites in Chickballapur city of Karnataka. The extent of effect of
MSW leachate on soil at dumping sites is presented in this paper. The objective of this
investigation was to determine the possible effect of leachate on soil in the solid waste dumping
site which was seven years old, in which solid waste dumping in this site was in practice for a
period of one to one and half years and later there was no further dumping took place in this site.
Leachate contamination leads to alter the compaction, density and strength properties of soil in
this paper. This investigation indicates that, greater effect to higher depth in the continued
dumping site could be expected, as the size of landfill and variety of solid wastes disposed
increases, large amount of leachate will be generated and create environmental problems.

Investigation of Groundwater and Soil Quality Near To A Municipal Waste Disposal Site
in Silchar, Assam, India, M. Choudhury, D. S. Jyeth, J. Dutta, S. P. Purkayastha, D. Deb,
R. Das, G. Roy, T. Sen, K. G. Bhattacharyya, 4 March 2021.
The extent of environmental contamination around the open landfill site can be measured by
monitoring the soil and groundwater quality using a set of measurable parameters. The impact of
the nearby dumpsite on trace element contamination is indicated by the ‘extremely
contaminated’ status of the soils with respect to geo-accumulation index. Majority of the
groundwater samples exhibited pH levels below the desired limits, making it unfit for
consumption by local communities. This section deals with the results of analysis of
physicochemical parameters and trace elements present in soil and groundwater samples. In this
paper the moisture content of a soil sample is dependent on its porosity. Moisture contents for all
the soil samples collected from the different sites.

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Impact of Solid Waste Dumping in Pallavaram Dumping Site, India, T. Janani, K.

Prasanna and R. Annadurai, 24 June 2019.
This paper studies the Pallavaram Dumping Site located in Pallavaram, Tamil Nadu, India. The
aim of the paper is to characterize the solid waste collected from the site and find its impact on
the leachate generated from the heaps of waste dumped. Ten samples of solid waste and leachate
were collected before and after North east monsoons to comprehend the effect of rainfall on the
characteristics of waste and leachate. The solid waste samples were tested for proximate and
ultimate analysis. The moisture content increased significantly in the post monsoon season thus
altering bringing down the percentage of ash and fixed carbon content. The quantity of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur were also calculated. Generally there was a decreasing
trend in the samples collected in Post monsoon period, however some samples showed increase
in Carbon, Hydrogen and Sulphur content. Thus it can be concluded that the heaps of waste lying
uncovered and untreated in the Pallavaram dumping site are extremely dangerous to the
environment. The concerned authorities must take steps to treat the accumulated waste and
dispose them safely. This would also improve the quality of leachate generated thereby
preventing any contamination of ground water.

Assessment of the Effect of Solid Waste Dump Site on Surrounding Soil and River Water
Quality in Tepi Town, Southwest Ethiopia, Besufekad Mekonnen, Alemayehu Haddis, and
Wuhib Zeine, 8 June 2020.
In Ethiopia, this waste is eventually thrown into open dump sites. It can cause severe impact on
soil and surface water quality. As a result, it becomes the probable source of human health risk
through food chain. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the effect of a solid waste dump
site on surrounding soil and river water quality in Tepi town, Southwest Ethiopia. It is highly
recommended that the municipality in Tepi town should invest in waste management and
environmental protection activities. The soil in the study area needs different phytoremediation
technologies. Indiscriminate waste discharge should be prohibited. Waste reduction, recycling,
and reuse must be promoted, while at the same time, there is a critical need for the construction
of a sanitary landfill or at least a controlled tipping site to manage the generated waste.

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Municipal Waste Disposal on Soil Quality, Sisay Taddese, November 05, 2019.
The municipal urban solid waste or slurry waste discarded to the open waste dumping site that
located in the nearly residential area which determined in terms of biological, physical and
chemical indicators for soil quality measuring indicate series damage to soil through excess and
lesser presence of chemical with regard to their standard. The garbage dumps were physically
detected to have large masses of totally decomposed animate resources on the soil. The main
ecological problem associated with the disposal sites is the potential risk posed to the soil. Since
the waste was disposed directly onto surface of soil, a number of contaminants including heavy
metals like Pb, Cd, Cr, Co and Ni readily influences to the surface and eventually they
contaminate the subsurface of the soil and affect microorganism abundance. So, it is
recommended that, this open dump site should be closed and the municipal afford training to the
community regarding pretreatment and use sustainable waste disposal system.

Impact of Open Dumping of Municipal Solid Waste on Soil Properties in Mountainous

Region, Anchal Sharma, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Rajiv Ganguly, 26 May 2018.
This paper presents the effect of open dumping of municipal solid waste (MSW) on soil
characteristics in the mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The study includes the
geotechnical investigation of dump soil characteristics and its comparison with the natural soil
samples taken from outside the proximity of dumpsites. This can be explained by the
characterization of MSW from the dumpsites of all four regions of Himachal Pradesh. The
specific gravity, dry density and strength properties are found to be lower as compared to those
of the natural soil because of the degradation of the organic matter present in the MSW. The
proportion of toxic materials including metal, plastic, batteries, biomedical waste, glass and
bottles is found to be less in the waste of dump-yard because the dry waste is already collected
by rag pickers before it is disposed of in the dumping yards. Therefore, there is less chance of
presence of toxic heavy metals in the waste till now. However, increasing population in
Himachal Pradesh will lead to industrialization and urbanization due to which the volume and
varieties of solid waste are going to increase. In this context, it is recommended to construct
proper sanitary engineered landfill system with liner system, leachate collection and treatment
system, gas collection facility and final cover system to avoid the percolation of leachate into the
soil and hence to prevent the soil contamination.

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Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Sunder Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, India,

Anchal Sharma, Rajiv Ganguly, and Ashok Kumar Gupta, May–June 2017.
The paper presents physical characterization of municipal solid waste for Sunder Nagar town of
Himachal Pradesh and evaluation of the existing sanitation setup of town. Physical
characterization of solid waste indicates that the waste is rich in organic waste that is good for
composting. The resources of bio-energy in municipal solid waste are paper and plastic. From
the existing sanitation setup of the town, it is concluded that solid waste management in the
study area of Himachal Pradesh is very uncertain and inadequate. The present scenario of the
existing technique of waste management in the town of Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) has demanding
major improvements for the proper management of waste. The study convey suitability to choose
the best technologies for the processing of municipal solid waste to local decision makers on the
basis of physical characterization of solid waste.

The Importance of Waste Management to Environmental Sanitation, Jaspal Singh, Richa

Saxena, Vandana Bharti, and Anita Singh, March 2018.
In this paper look over the present status of waste management practices in India, its effects on
public health and on environment, and also the probability of introducing improved means of
disposing solid waste in India. Waste generation has witnessed an increasing trend parallel to the
development of industrialization, urbanization, and rapid growth of population. The techniques
include Recycling, Composting, Anaerobic Digestion, Incineration and Land filling etc. The
objective was to study and find out the ways in which the enormous quantity of solid wastes
currently disposed of.

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CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4
STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES REGARDING VARIABLE FRICTION
DAMPER
4.1 STRENGTHS
 Material being less affected by the degradation due to aging.
 Materials being insensitive to the change of ambient temperature.
 No material yielding and replacement problems after a large earthquake.
 No fluid leaking problems.
 A semi-active friction damper is able to adjust its slip force by controlling its clamping
force in real-time in response to a structure’s motion during an earthquake.
 A semi-active damper can provide a better energy dissipation capacity, it is expected that
the number of semi-active dampers required for efficient seismic control may be reduced.

4.2 WEAKNESS
 The energy dissipation capacity of a friction damper may not be best used if the level of
the slip force is set too low or the damper does not slip most of the time.

CHAPTER 5
FUTURE SCOPE
 Excitation due to earthquake shall consider under bilateral components of earthquake.
 Analysis of seismic response shall be performed by considering soil structure interaction.
 Mitigation of seismic response can be analyzed for asymmetrical and vertically irregular
structure.
 The same building shall be analyzed by considering the influence of staircase.

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CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION
A predictive feedback control method has been proposed for controlling semi-active friction
dampers that are installed on a seismic structure. By assuming that a friction damper is in its
stick state at the next time step, the proposed method predicts the minimum friction force
required to keep the damper in its stick state and adjust its slip force to be slightly less than this
value. By doing so, the semi-active friction damper is able to remain in its slip state and
continuously dissipate energy throughout an earthquake of any intensity and waveform. When
under a sinusoidal excitation, a semi-active damper controlled by the proposed method has an
elliptical hysteresis loop. The area of the hysteretic ellipse and energy dissipation ratio of a semi-
active damper depend on a single parameter that can be preselected by the control designer.
From the numerical simulation of a multiple DOF structure, it was observed that semi-active
control with the proposed control method is effective for both displacement and acceleration
controls. By using a single semi-active friction damper and a few sensors, the proposed method
is able to achieve better results on structural acceleration control than the case in which all stories
are equipped with passive friction dampers. This demonstrates that semi-active friction dampers
with the proposed control method can form an effective and economical semi-active control
system.

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REFERENCES
1. Impact of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal on Geotechnical Properties of Soil, H. S. Nanda,
Shivaraju. R, C. Ramakrishnegowda, December 15-17, 2011, Kochi.
2. Investigation of Groundwater and Soil Quality Near To A Municipal Waste Disposal Site
in Silchar, Assam, India, M. Choudhury, D. S. Jyeth, J. Dutta, S. P. Purkayastha, D. Deb, R. Das,
G. Roy, T. Sen, K. G. Bhattacharyya, 4 March 2021.
3. Impact of Solid Waste Dumping in Pallavaram Dumping Site, India, T. Janani, K. Prasanna
and R. Annadurai, 24 June 2019.
4. Assessment of the Effect of Solid Waste Dump Site on Surrounding Soil and River Water
Quality in Tepi Town, Southwest Ethiopia, Besufekad Mekonnen, Alemayehu Haddis, and
Wuhib Zeine, 8 June 2020.
5. Municipal Waste Disposal on Soil Quality, Sisay Taddese, November 05, 2019.
6. Impact of Open Dumping of Municipal Solid Waste on Soil Properties in Mountainous
Region, Anchal Sharma, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Rajiv Ganguly, 26 May 2018.
7. Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in Sunder Nagar, Himachal Pradesh, India, Anchal
Sharma, Rajiv Ganguly, and Ashok Kumar Gupta, May–June 2017.
8. The Importance of Waste Management to Environmental Sanitation, Jaspal Singh, Richa
Saxena, Vandana Bharti, and Anita Singh, March 2018.

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ABSTRACT

The solid wastes are the materials which have been excluded for further use and which neither be
transported by water nor readily escape into the atmosphere. Solid wastes consist of the highly
heterogeneous mass of discarded solid materials from the community as well as the more
homogeneous accumulation of agricultural, industrial and mining wastes Dumping of solid wastes on
land is a common waste disposal method and practiced almost by all the cities around the globe. Rainfall
that penetrates through the municipal solid waste leach the constituent from the decomposed waste
mass, while moving down causes the subsurface soil to be contaminated by organic and inorganic
solutes. On the other hand, waste materials, and materials derived from wastes, possess many
characteristics that can improve soil fertility and enhance crop performance. These materials can be
particularly useful as amendments to severely degraded soils associated with mining activities. Due to
urbanization and demographic pressure, generation of solid waste increases enormously. Mizoram is
also one of the state in India where a huge amount of garbage is disposed off without proper disposal
system, which may cause adverse effects on environment as well as human health. In view of above, the
present investigation has 2 been carried out which may be pioneer study for Mizoram in terms of
aspects related to solid waste generation and its disposal. The present study was conducted during
November 2016 to October 2018, the study period was divided into three season viz., Pre-monsoon
(January to April), Monsoon (May to August) and Post-monsoon (September to December). It was
carried out in Kolasib town, Mizoram. Solid waste management of Kolasib town was studied by using
field observation, interviews and site survey. Waste generation was analyzed by taking random sample
from the study site and the sample were segregated and weighted manually. The objectives of this study
were (i) survey of solid waste disposal in Kolasib Town (ii) solid waste generated in Kolasib Town (iii)
assessment of impact of solid waste disposal on soil characteristics. The study area was specifically
localised in Kolasib Town solid waste dumping ground which is located at Rengtetlang about 7km from
Kolasib Town. The waste after being scavenged by waste collectors are usually left in the dumping
ground with occasional burning. Run-off from rainfall usually transport this leftover to the adjoining river
and annual streams which ultimately gets deposited to River. The slope of the hill is about 65 degree
from the bottom line. The unprocessed solid wastes were dumped over the slope of the hill. The height
of the hill is 200 feetapproximately. The garbage thickness from the top soil is about 6 inches. For waste
generation study personal interviews, questionnaire was engaged. For soil physic-chemical analysis
‘Handbook of soil and water analysis’ Maiti, 2004 was referred. 3 The findings of present investigation
can be summarized as follows: • The approximate amount of waste collected daily is 7 tons, wastes
were not segregated at the source and dumping ground. Solid waste management was carried out by
Urban Development and Poverty Alleviation Department, Government of Mizoram, in which there was
no safety measure for the garbage collectors. There were only two trucks which ply around the town for
garbage collection and can cover only 40% of the town area. All the wastes were burnt occasionally
whenever it was needed. The solid waste management in Kolasib Town does not meet the existing Solid
Waste Management Rules, 2016 in different manner. • The wastes generated were segregated into
eight categories i.e., Organic (food waste), Paper and paper product, Plastics, Glass, Metal, Textiles
(Rubber, leather cardboard, Polyster), Inorganic substance(concrete, stone, ash, carbon parts), others.

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organic (food waste) constitute highest percentage 32.5% which was followed by Inorganic substances
like concrete cements, stone, ash and carbon parts 24%, paper and paper productscontribute 21%,
plastics waste 11% was the third highest contributor of waste, textiles waste (rubber, leather,
cardboard, polyester etc.) accounts 5% followed by glass 4% and metals 2%. Apart from metal wastes,
no others were not processed or collected for recycled. • The physico-chemical characteristics of the soil
were studied by examining seven parameters viz., pH, Bulk Density, moisture content, organic carbon,
total 4 nitrogen, available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium were analyzed. Soil sample were
analyzed monthly and the data observed were presented seasonally. For impact assessment, the
findings at control site were with values at sampling sites within dumping area.The major finding on
physico-chemical parameters of the soil can be summarized as follows: • The pH of the soil varied from
4.7 – 6.95mg/l,control site has higher pH value compare to dumping site. pH value was higher during
pre-monsoon and post monsoon season and lower during monsoon season. This could be due to
dilution of hydrogen ion concentration by rain water which is acidic in nature. Soil pH is the amount of
acidity and alkalinity in soil pH levels range from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral, below 7 acidic and above
7 alkaline. The ideal pH range for most plant is between 5.5 and 7.0. However, many plants have
adopted to grow best at pH values outside this range. • The bulk density of the soil ranges from
1.01gcm-3 to 2.10gcm-3 during the study period. Bulk density shows higher value at monsoon season
and lowers during post monsoon season which could be due to compaction of soil texture by rainfall.
Control sites have higher bulk density value than dumping area. Soil with a bulk density higher than
1.6g/cm3 tends to decrese root growth. It is an indicator of soil compaction. It is calculated as the dry
weight of soil divided by its volume. This volume includes volume of soil particles and volume of pores
among soil particles. 5 • The moisture content of the soil varied from 19% to 41%. It was higher during
monsoon period and lower during pre-monsoon period which is due to increase in humidity of soil by
rain water. Control site has lower moisture content than dumping site. The optimum moisture content is
the water content at which maximum dry unit weight can be achieved after given compaction effort. A
maximum dry unit weight would have no space in the soil. If the moisture content of soil is optimum for
plant growth, plants can readily absorb soil water, much of water remains in the soil as a thin film. • The
organic carbon content ranges from 0.25% to 1.37%. It was high during monsoon seasons and lowers
during pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons. Dumping site has higher amount of organic carbon
than control site. Organic Carbon enters the soil through the decomposition of plant and animal
residues, root exudates, living and dead microorganisms and soil biota. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the
organic fraction of soil exclusive of non-decomposed plant and animal residues. Increase in total organic
carbon in soil may lead to decrease in atmosphere carbon dioxide and increased soil quality. • The Total
Nitrogen content of the soil varied from 1.02mgkg-1 - 4.43mgkg1 during the study period. It was found
higher during monsoon season and lower during pre-monsoon season this could be due to leachate that
enter in the soil through rain water run-off. Control site has lower nitrogen content than dumping site.
The increase in the value for soil nitrogen supply the more likely it is that 6 microorganisms in soil will
transform more organic nitrogen into mineral nitrogen for plant uptake. However, in coarsed textured
soil with higher values of soil nitrogen supply, it is also more likely that nitrate will be leached down the
soil profile out of reach of plant roots and possibly into water ways. • The available Phosphorus content
ranges from 0.3mgkg-1 to 4.32mgkg-1 . It was found to be higher during monsoon season and lower

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during pre-monsoon season. Dumping site has higher available-P than control site. It is essential micro-
element, required for plant nutrition. The types of phosphorous compounds that occurs in the soil are
mostly determined by soil pH and by the type and amount of minerals in the soil, mineral compounds of
phosphorous usually contain aluminium, iron, manganese and calcium • The exchangeable K varied
from 90.36mgkg-1 to 405.78mgkg-1 . It was lower during pre-monsoon and post monsoon season and
higher during monsoon season. Control site has lower potassium content compare to dumping site.
Potassium, unlike nitrogen and phosphorous, is not associated to any great extent with organic matter.
Total amount of potassium in soil will vary from 0.3% to more than 2.5%. While total content of
potassium is important. It is of little value in determining low were a given soil can supply potassium to
growing plants. • Dumping of solid waste has great impact on soil characteristic in which it changes the
concentration of different physico-chemical parameters. Statistical analysis also proved this change
except for pH and Total Nitrogen content at 95% level confidence. From the observation we can say that
dumping of waste 7 improves soil productivity by increasing soil nutrient and soil moisture content but
there is possibility of build-up of harmful micro-organisms detailed investigations is needed to check the
health of the soil. Based on findings of present investigation it can be concluded that the existing solid
waste management practices does not meet the requirements of Municipal solid Waste Management
rules, 2016. The number of garbage trucks is not sufficient to collect every waste in the Town area. Most
of the wastes generated were not processed for re-use and recycle. The Studied physico-chemical
parameters show that there is significant change between dumping site and control site which indicates
that the solid waste has great impact on the soil quality. It signifies that if the waste was properly
managed in the dumping area, it can be used to enhance the soil quality in some manner. On the other
hand, as this study does not include soil micro-organisms and pathogenic microbes, dumping of waste in
an open area may affect the health of the soil as well as human beings and other living organisms. Also,
as the solid waste were not segregated and dumped in one place, all the dumping area was covered by
waste material and did not support plant growth. Burning of waste in open air may seriously affect
health. Detail investigation on soil micro-organism and pathogenic microbes needs to be addressed to
study the impact of solid waste on soil quality. For the better management of solid waste in the study
area, it is suggested/ recommended that1. Segregation of waste at the source is of utmost importance
for better management. For this, public awareness needs to be strengthened. 8 2. Health and safety
measures were needed for garbage collector to check their health impact due to solid waste. 3. Garbage
trucks need to be construct with hood as open truck were not recommended for carrying solid waste. 4.
Burning of waste at dumping area needs to be avoided as it creates a lot of air pollution. 5. Organic and
inorganic wastes need to be dumped separately. 6. Different waste which can be recycled should be
collected for recycle which will reduce the amount of solid waste and also will generate economic
income to the people. 7. Open dumping of solid waste on ground should be minimized especially for
inorganic was as leachate can affect the soil as well as ground water.

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ADVANTAGES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Effective waste management reduces pollution considerably. The green house gases like methane
and carbon di oxide that is emitted from waste accumulated also reduces in the process.
 Effective waste management keeps the environment clean as not much waste will be accumulated in
the surroundings. There will be considerable reduction in the landfills.
 The process of waste management creates wide job opportunities. This is mainly because of the
different processes that are involved in waste management.
 Effective waste management protects the biodiversity thus protecting the mother earth. This process
conserves energy since most of the processes involve the aspect of recycling. For example, many
trees are cut for making paper but if old paper is recycled, new paper can be made. Deforestation will
be reduces considerably.

To conclude, effective waste management is an asset to the economy. A lot of environmental problems
like water pollution, air pollution, land pollution, emission of green house gases can be reduced to a great
extend. More technical advancement should be made in this field so that more waste can be recycled
effectively. Government should conduct more awareness programs so that more people will be aware about
the benefits of proper waste management. Effective waste management should start at every household. It can
be practiced a daily basis which in turn reduces the waste considerably.

Disadvantages:
Though open dumping is a cheapest method of solid wastes disposal, it has the following
drawbacks:
1. Open dumps are aesthetically revolting.

2. They breed pests and microorganisms.

3. Pollute the air, surface water and groundwater (by leaching).

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