11

General Mathematics
Quarter 1 – Module 10:
Logarithmic Function
General Mathematics – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 1 – Module 10: Logarithmic Function
First Edition, 2020
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Introductory Message
This Self-learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to
understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-
by-step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-test are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module, or
if you n eed to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better
understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer
the post-test to check self- check your learning. Answer keys are provided
for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the teachers are also
provided to the facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on
how they can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises
and tests. Read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the task in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or
facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Intercepts, Zeroes, and Asymptotes of Logarithmic Function. The scope of this
module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. determine if the problem involves logarithmic equation or inequality;
2. define the variables of a logarithmic equation or inequality ;
3. device logical steps to answer the real problems;
4. draw the situations to illustrate the logarithmic problems; and
5. derive or use a formula to answer the logarithmic equations or inequality.
 What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper. If you think the options are not enough, write your own answer.

1. The logarithmic problem uses the connectors at least, greater than, more
than, and at most. Which of the logarithmic is referred?
a. Logarithmic Equations c. Logarithmic Property
b. Logarithmic Inequality d. Logarithmic identity
2. Which of the following is/are the common application of logarithmic
equations in real life problems?
a. Richter Scale c. pH -Level
b. Sound Intensity d. All of the above
3. The solution to the logarithmic equation is also known as
a. Horizontal Asymptote c. Zero
b. Vertical Asymptote d. y-intercept
2 E
4. The equation R = log 4.40 is an equation of
3 10
a. Sound Intensity c. pH -Level
b. Richter Scale d. Love
I
5. The equation D = 10 log is an equation of
10−12
a. Sound Intensity c. pH -Level
b. Richter Scale d. Love
1
6. The equation log is the formula for
H+
a. Sound b. Richter Scale c. pH-Level d. Love

7. The population growth P(x) is exponential in nature where x is the number of

years after 1955, P(x)=20,000e0.0251x, which of the questions can be solved
using logarithmic function?

a. Find the value of P(20).

b. What is the population of the Philippines after 20 years?

c. How many years will take so that the Population of the Philippines
become 109,000,000?
d. What is the rate of growth of the Philippine population?

8. In the real-life function f(x) = log1.3x, the variable x refers to the

a. time b. exponent c. Growing machine d. result

For items 9-12, refer your answer from the problem below:

“The 2013 earthquake in Bohol Cebu had a magnitude 7.2 while the 2012
earthquake that occurred in Negros Oriental recorded a 6.7 magnitude. How
much more energy was released by the 2013 Bohol Cebu earthquake compared
to that by the Negros Oriental earthquake?”
9. Which of the following should be determined?

EnergyCebu Earthquake
a. c. Energy Negros Earthquake( EnergyCebu Earthquake)
EnergyNegros Earthquake

EnergyNegros Earthquake
b. d. Energy Negros Earthquake + ( EnergyCebu Earthquake)
EnergyCebu Earthquake

10. What is the Energy of the Cebu Earthquake?

a. 1015.2 b.1014.45 c. 1013.9 d. 1013.40

11. What is the Energy of the Negros Oriental Earthquake?

a. 1015.2 b.1014.45 c. 1013.9 d. 1013.40

12. How much more energy was released by the 2013 Bohol Cebu earthquake
compared to that by the Negros Oriental earthquake?

a. 7.20 b. 6.71 c. 6.52 d. 5.62

For items 13-15, refer your answer from the problem below:
“The population of the Philippines can be modeled by the function P(x)=
20,000,000e0.0251x where x is the number of years since 1955 (x=0 at year 1955).
Assuming that this model is accurate, in what year will the population reach 200
Million?”

13. Which of the following should be determined?

a. P (1955) b. the value of x c. p(e) d. P(2.71828…)

14. The problem can be solved by which of the following?

a. Logarithmic Equations c. Logarithmic Property

b. Logarithmic Inequality d. Logarithmic identity

15. In what year will the population reach 200 Million?

a. 2020 b. 2038 c. 2046 d. 2050

 Lesson LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION:
7
Solving Problems involving problems logarithmic Functions,
equations and inequalities

I am teacher Live, at this point, we already learned about x-intercept, and

zeroes of a logarithmic function. The zeroes of a logarithmic function is the solution
of the logarithmic equation while for logarithmic inequality is the solution set.

What’s In

Let’s have a drill! Answer as fast as you can mentally.

1. Identify the zeroes or solution set of the following:
A. F(x)= 2log1.2x C. M(x)= 20002x E. 2logx < 2log20
1 x
B. T(x)= log 2 D. L(x) = 1000(2)1.2x F. 216 > log2x + log3x
2 10
2. Identify the whether logarithmic equation or Logarithmic inequality?
A. When organisms die, the amount of carbon-14 in its system starts to decrease.
The carbon-14 is about 5,600 years. If a piece of human bone was found to contain
only 1/3 of the carbon-14 it originally had, how long ago did the human die?

B. A culture starts at 2,000 bacteria, and doubles every 80 minutes. How long will
it take the number of bacteria to reach 10,000?

C. Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the equation

1
P(t ) = , where P(t) is the proportion of the population who has heard of
1 + 15e −0.3t
the rumor at time t days. How long will it take the rumor to reach 80% of the
population?

D. Suppose that a fish population t days from now can be modeled by an exponential
function P(t) = Aekt. Suppose that the fish population doubled in 90 days. By how
much will the fish have multiplied from its initial number after 120 days?
 What’s New
P(x) = 20, 000, 000 · e0.0251x , based on this model we will reach 100 Million in
the year 2019. But last July 2014, the Philippines officially welcomed its 100
Millionth baby. Hence mathematical models must always be reviewed and
verified against new data.

What is It

Solving Logarithmic Equations and Logarithmic Inequality

In solving, ensure that the domain is set, because there is a possibility, that
the answer could have a solution that is not in the domain.

One-One Property of Logarithmic Equations

If b > 1, then the logarithmic function y = log bx is increasing for all x. If 0
< b < 1, then the logarithmic function y = log bx is decreasing for all x. This
means that logbu = logbv if and only if u = v.

Some Strategies in Solving Logarithmic Equations

1. Rewriting to Exponential Form
2. Using Logarithmic Properties
3. Applying the one-to-one property of Logarithmic Equations
4. Applying the Zero Factor Property: if ab=0, then either a=0 or b=0.

Common Formula Used

Earthquake Magnitude on a Richter Scale

2 E
The magnitude R of an earthquake is given by R = log 4.40 where E (in joules) is
3 10
the energy released by the earthquake (the quantity 10 4.40 joules is the energy
released by a very small reference earthquake).

In 1935, Charles Richter proposed a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of an

earthquake. He defined the magnitude of an earthquake as a function of its
amplitude on a standard seismograph. The following formula produces the same
results, but is based on the energy released by an earthquake. The formula indicates
that the magnitude of an earthquake is based on the logarithm
of the ratio between the energy it releases and the energy released by the reference
earthquake.
Example 1. Suppose that an earthquake released approximately 1012 joules of
energy.
(a) What is its magnitude on a Richter scale?

(b) How much more energy does this earthquake release than the reference
earthquake?
Solution:

a. What is its magnitude on a Richter scale?

Given E= 1012, then we have

2 1012
R= log 4.40
3 10
2
R = log 1012− 4.40
3
2
R = log 107.6
3
2
R = (7.6)
3
R  5.1

Thus, the magnitude in Richter scale is 5.1.

b. Given that E=1012, we will determine the

1012
Energyreleased
Energyreleasedverysmallparticle = = 107.6  39810717
104.4
The energy releases 107.6  39810717 times more energy released than the
reference earthquake

Practice: What is the magnitude in the Richter scale of an earthquake that

released 1014 joules of energy? How much more energy does this earthquake
release than that of the reference earthquake?

2 1014 2 2
Answer. Magnitude R = log 4.4 = log 109.6 = (9.6) = 6.4 . The earthquake
3 10 3 3
released 1014/104.40 = 109.6 = 3981071706 times more energy than that by the
reference earthquake.

Sound Intensity

In acoustics, the decibel (dB) level of a sound is where I is the sound

intensity in watts/m2 (the quantity 10–12 watts/m2 is least audible
sound a human can hear).
Example2. The decibel level of sound in a quiet office is 10–6watts/m2 .

(a) What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?

(b) How much more intense is this sound than the least audible sound a human
can hear?

Solution:
a. What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?

Given that I
D = 10 log
10 −12
10−6
D = 10 log −12
10
D = 10 log 10 −6+12
D = 10 log 106
(Since by definition, we have log 106 =6,) D = 10(6) = 60
Thus, D = 10(6) = 60 decibels.

b. This sound is 10–6 /10–12= 106 = 1,000,000 times more intense than the
least audible sound a human can hear.

Practice 2. Suppose the intensity of sound of a jet during takeoff is 100

watts/m2

A. . What is the corresponding sound intensity in decibels?

B. How much more intense is this sound than the least audible sound a
human can hear?

Answer.

A. Sound intensity
I 100 102
D = 10 log −12
= 10 log −12
= 10 log −12
= 10 log 102+12 = 10(log 1014 ) = 10(14) = 140
10 10 10
decibels .
B. This sound is 102/10–12 = 1014 times more intense than the least audible
sound a human can hear.

Acidity and the pH scale

The pH level of a water-based solution is defined as pH = – log [H+], where [H+]
is the concentration of hydrogen ions in moles per liter. Solutions with a pH of 7
are defined neutral; those with pH < 7 are acidic, and those with pH > 7 are
basic.
Example 3. A 1-liter solution contains 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions. Find its pH
level.
Solution. Since there are 0.00001 moles of hydrogen ions in 1 liter, then the
concentration of hydrogen ions is 10–5 moles per liter.

The pH level is –log 10–5. Since log 10–5is the exponent by which 10
must be raised to obtain 10–5, then log 10–5 = –5. Thus, pH = – (log 10–5) = – (–
5) = 5. Thus the concentration is acidic.

Practice 3. A 1-liter solution contains 10–8 moles of hydrogen ions. Determine

whether the solution is acidic, neutral, or basic.

Answer: pH = − log( H + ) = − log(10−8 ) = 8 . Thus the solution is basic.

Population Growth and Population Decay

Population growth and Population decay is exponential in nature,
however, logarithmic function plays the role in finding the time it takes to
grow or decay.

Example 4. In a bacteria culture, an initial population of 5,000 bacteria grows to

12,000 after 90 minutes. Assume that the growth of bacteria follows an exponential
model f(t) = Aekt representing the number of bacteria after t minutes.

(a) Find A and k, and (b) use the model to determine the number of bacteria after 3
hours.
Solution.
a. Find A and k,
It is given that f(0) = 5,000 and f(90) = 12,000.
To find A, use
f(t) = Aek(t) , let t = 0 to get
f(0) = Aek(0) , since f(0) = 5,000, substitute it to the equation,
5000 = Aek(0) , simplify to get
5000 = Ae 0, since any number raise to zero is one, then we get,
5000 = A(1), simplify
5000 = A

To find k, use
f(t) = Aek(t) , let t=90 and A=5000
f(90) = 5000ek(90) , Since, f(90)=12,000, substitute it to the equation
12000 = 5000ek(90) , Divide both sides by 5000, and get
12
= e90k , Take the ln of both sides to obtain
5
12
ln = lne90k, Use the Law of logarithm to obtain,
5
12 12
ln = 90k Since ln ≈ 0.8755 , then
5 5
0.8755 ≈ 90k, Divide both sides by 90 to obtain,
0.00973 ≈ k , Therefore, k ≈ 0.00973
The exponential model is f(t) = 5,000e0.00973t .
 b. use the model to determine the number of bacteria after 3 hours.

Use the model,

f(t) = 5,000e0.00973t , Substitute t=180, since 3hours = 180
Minutes
f(180) = 5,000e0.00973(180) , Simplify, using your calculator to obtain,
f(180) = 28,813, Therefore, there are 28, 813 bacteria after
3 hours

Practice 4. A culture starts at 2,000 bacteria, and doubles every 80 minutes. How
long will it take the number of bacteria to reach 10,000?

Answer. A model for this situation is y = 2000(2) t/80, where y is the number of
bacteria at time t.
y = 2000(2)t/80 , Substitute y = 10,000

10,000 = 2000(2)t/80 , Divide both sides by 2000 to obtain,

5 = 2t/80 Take the ln of both sides

ln 5 = ln 2t/80 , Use the Law of logarithm to get
𝑡
ln 5 = ln 2 Divide both sides by ln 2,
80
ln 5 𝑡
= Multiply both sides by 80,
ln 2 80
ln 5
80 (ln 2) = 𝑡 Solve using your calculator,

185.7 = 𝒕
Hence, it will take approximately 185.7 or 186 minutes for the bacteria to
reach 10,000.

What’s More

Activity 1.1 Solidify your understanding. Answer the following

Problems. Show your solution.

1. When organisms die, the amount of carbon-14 in its system starts to decrease.
The carbon-14 is about 5,600 years. If a piece of human bone was found to contain
only 1/3 of the carbon-14 it originally had, how long ago did the human die?

2. A culture starts at 2,000 bacteria, and doubles every 70 minutes. How long will
it take the number of bacteria to reach 10,000?
3. Under certain circumstances, a rumor spreads according to the equation
1
P(t ) = , where P(t) is the proportion of the population who has heard of
1 + 15e −0.3t
the rumor at time t days. How long will it take the rumor to reach 80% of the
population?

4. Suppose that a fish population t days from now can be modeled by an

exponential function P(t) = Aekt. Suppose that the fish population doubled in 90
days. By how much will the fish have multiplied from its initial number after 120
days?

5. The dapdap tree in the Philippines is prone to wasp infestation. Suppose that the
300
percent P of defoliation is approximated by P = , where x is the
3 + 17e −0.0625 x
number of egg masses in thousands. If the percent of defoliation is 20%,
approximately how many egg masses are there?

What I Can Do

Suppose that I0 and I denote the light intensity before and after going through a
1 I
material. Then according to Beer-Lambert’s law, x = − ln where k is a constant
k I0
that depends on the material. If k = 0.03 and I0 = 15 lumens, find the line intensity
at a depth of 30 feet.
 Assessment

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of
paper. If you think the options are not enough, write your own answer.
2 E
1. The equation R = log 4.40 is an equation of
3 10
a. Sound Intensity c. pH -Level
b. Richter Scale d. Love
I
2. The equation D = 10 log is an equation of
10−12
a. Sound Intensity c. pH -Level
b. Richter Scale d. Love
1
3. The equation log is the formula for
H+
a. Sound b. Richter Scale c. pH-Level d. Love

4. The logarithmic problem uses the connectors at least, greater than, more
than, and at most. Which of the logarithmic is referred?
a. Logarithmic Equations c. Logarithmic Property
b. Logarithmic Inequality d. Logarithmic identity
5. Which of the following is/are the common application of logarithmic
equations in real life problems?
a. Richter Scale c. pH -Level
b. Sound Intensity d. All of the above
6. The solution to the logarithmic equation is also known as
a. Horizontal Asymptote c. Zero
b. Vertical Asymptote d. y-intercept
7. The population growth P(x) is exponential in nature where x is the number of
years after 1955, P(x)=20,000e0.0251x, which of the questions can be solved using
logarithmic function?
a. Find the value of P(20).
b. What is the population of the Philippines after 20 years?

c. How many years will take so that the Population of the Philippines
become 109,000,000?
d. What is the rate of growth of the Philippine population?

8. In the real-life function f(x) = log1.3x, the variable x refers to the

a. time b. exponent c. Growing machine d. result

For item 9-12, refer your answer from the problem below:
 “The 2019 earthquake in North Cotabato had a magnitude 7.2 while the 2019
earthquake that occurred in Malungon recorded a 6.9 magnitude. How much
more energy was released by the 2019 North Cotabato earthquake compared to
that by the Malungon earthquake?”

9. Which of the following should be determined?

EnergyNorthCotabato Earthquake
a. c. Energy Malungon Earthquake( Energy NorthCotabato Earthquake)
EnergyMalungon Earthquake

EnergyMalungon Earthquake
b. d. Energy Malungon Earthquake + ( Energy NorthCotabato Earthquake)
EnergyMalungon Earthquake

10. What is the Energy of the Malungon Earthquake?

a. 1015.2 b.1014.75 c. 1014.4 d. 1014.12

11. What is the Energy of the North Cotabato Earthquake?

a. 1015.2 b.1014.75 c. 1014.4 d. 1014.12

12. How much more energy was released by the 2019 North Cotabato earthquake
compared to that by the Malungon earthquake??
a. 2.818 b.1.031 c. 0.781 d. 0.451

For item 13-15, refer your answer from the problem below:

“The population of the Philippines can be modeled by the function P(x)=

20,000,000e0.0251x where x is the number of years since 1955 (x=0 at year 1955).
Assuming that this model is accurate, in what year will the population reach 200
Million?”
13. Which of the following should be determined?
a. P (1955) b. the value of x c. p(e) d. P (2.71828…)

14. The problem can be solved by which of the following?

c. Logarithmic Equations c. Logarithmic Property
d. Logarithmic Inequality d. Logarithmic identity
15. In what year will the population reach 200 Million?

a. 2050 b. 2046 c.2038 d. 2020

Enrichment

When organisms die, the amount of carbon-14 in its system starts to decrease. The
carbon-14 is about 5,600 years. If a piece of human bone was found to contain
only 1/4 of the carbon-14 it originally had, how long ago did the human die?
 Lexicon Press. First Edition 2016
Department of Education. General Mathematics Teacher’s Guide. Philippines.
Lexicon Press. First Edition 2016
Department of Education. General Mathematics Learner’s Manual. Philippines.
Books
References
Assessment
1. B 10. B
2. A 11. A
1. C 12.A
2. B 13. B
3. D 14. A
4. C 15. B
5. C
6. D
7. A
What I Can Do What's More What I Know
15e-0.9 = 6.10 Lumens 1. 8,876 1. B 10. A
2. 162.53 2. D 11. B
Enrichment 3. 14 3. C 12. D
11,200 years 4. 2.6 times 4. B 13.B
5. 34,241.05 5. A 14. A
6. C 15.C
7. C
8. D
9. A
Answer Key
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Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN

Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)

Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal

Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893

Email Address: [email protected]