Name: PACURE,FLORENELL FAITH V.

Class number:
Section:CE 3A Schedule: _ Date: 01/30/22

Lesson title: BASIC SUBSURFACE FLOW PART 2

Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of the module, you should be able to David Chin, Water
1) Calculate for the value of hydraulic Resources Engineering, 3rd
conductivity using constant head test Ed., Pearson , 2013
and falling head test
2) Calculate for the equivalent horizontal and
vertical hydraulic conductivity

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction

COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY

❖ The coefficient of permeability (K) is the velocity in meters or centimeters

per second of water through soils. Fine-grained soils such as clays might have
values of around 10-8meters/sec or lower, or a sand and gravel formation could
be 10-4meters/sec or higher.
❖ Soil permeability can be estimated using empirical methods like soil survey
mapping, soil texture, or particle size distribution. However, a variety of
different laboratory and field test methods make it just as easy to measure
these properties directly. The soil type and purpose of the test, accuracy
required, and specimen type influence the selected test method.
❖ Soil Permeability tests take place under either constant head or falling head
conditions:
o Constant Head Test
o Falling Head Test

1
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:
B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 1:

CONSTANT HEAD TEST

❖ Constant Head Test refers to an

apparatus where the same relative
elevation of the top of the water
column (head pressure) remains over
the sample throughout the test. It is
a valid test for soils with a high

rate of flow like sands and gravels,

but also some clay soils.

❖ Where
o V = volume of water collected
o L = length of the soil specimen
o A = area of cross section of
the soil specimen
o h = constant head causing the flow
o t = duration of water collection

FALLING HEAD TEST

❖ Falling Head Test allows the head to decrease as

water infiltrates the sample, diminishing the
pressure over the course of the test. Falling head
methods are generally limited to fine-grained soils.

❖ Where
o a = area of cross section of the stand pipe
o L = Length of the soil specimen
o A = area of cross section of the soil specimen
o t = time elapsed from initial head (h1) to final head (h2)
o h1 = initial head

2
o h2 = final head

2
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

EQUIVALENT HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY

❖ Water can flow through soils both horizontally and vertically. Which means
hydraulic conductivity can also be horizontal or vertical which is denoted
by kh and kv respectively.

❖ The equivalent hydraulic conductivity of a stratified soil in the horizontal

direction is equal to

h(eq) o n n 1 1 2 2 n n

h(eq) 1 1 2 2 n n
❖ The equivalent hydraulic conductivity of a stratified soil in the vertical
direction is equal to

o n 1 2 n
v(eq) n 1 2 n

o
v(eq)

2
❖ Where
o Ho = total height of the specimen
o kn = hydraulic conductivity at specific soil layer
o zn = height of specific soil layer

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Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

EXAMPLE :

❖ Find the hydraulic conductivity for the soil if the results of a constant
head permeability test for a fine sand and sample having a diameter of 150 mm
and a length of 150 mm are as follows:
o Constant head difference = 40 cm.
o Time of collection of water = 83 sec.
o Weight of water collected = 392 g.
o Find the hydraulic conductivity for the soil.

Solution:
Step 1: Since the data are already specified, and it is already stated that it is
a constant head permeability test, proceed with the substitution of the given data
to the formula. Make sure that all the units of the given data are the same. In
this case, all values are in centimeter.

EXAMPLE 2:

❖ The perimeter in a falling head permeability test set up involves a cylindrical

soil sample 50 mm in diameter and a height 200 mm. The hydraulic head in the
10 mm diameter standpipe through which test water passed dropped from 900 to
600 mm in one minute of observation. In that duration, the water collected in
the graduated flask was recorded at 1.5 liters. Evaluate the coefficient of
permeability of the soil sample in cm/sec.

Solution:
Step 1: Since the data are already specified, and it is already stated that it is
a falling head permeability test, proceed with the substitution of the given data
to the formula. Make sure that all the units of the given data are the same. In
this case, all values are in millimeter.

3
4
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

EXAMPLE 3:

❖ From the figure shown:

o What is the equivalent
coefficient of
permeability in the horizontal
direction?
o Determine the equivalent
coefficient of
permeability if the direction of
flow is vertical.

Thickness of Soil Hydraulic

Layer Conductivity
z1 = 5 m k1 = 2.5 x (10^-3)
cm/s
z2 = 6 m k2 = 3 x (10^-4)
cm/s
z3 = 6.5 m k3 = 1.6 x (10^-2)
cm/s
z4 = 7 m k4 = 2.2 x (10^-3)
cm/s

Solution:
Step 1: Since the data are already specified, proceed with the substitution of
the given data to the formula to obtain the equivalent horizontal hydraulic

conductivity.
h(eq) 1 1 2 2 n n

–3
h(eq)
–4 –2 –3

–𝟑
𝒉(𝒆𝒒)
Note: Now try to calculate the hydraulic conductivity without converting the
thickness from meter to centimeter. Will it still yield the same answer?
v(eq)

5
 –2
–𝟒
𝒗
(
𝒆
𝒒
)

6
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:
Activity 2:

Question 1:

❖ Two observation wells have been constructed in the formation shown. The flow
rate is 0.01 cu. m/hr per unit width of the formation.
o Compute the hydraulic gradient
o Compute the equivalent hydraulic conductivity
o Compute the value of k2.
❖ Note: Since the soil is layered differently compared to the given figure
above. Check FAQ’s.

7
 Solution:
Hydraulic gradient
i=h<k ; h=head ; l=flow length

(5−2.5)
i= 1300
i=1.93x10-3

Hydraulic Conductivity
Given:
Flowrate Q=k;a
Equivalent hydraulic conductivity
Q=kiA
(k)0.01=(1.93x10-3) (20)
0.01
k=1.93𝑥10−3 (20)
k=0.26 m/hr
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
k= 0.26 x = 6.24 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟/𝑑𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Solving for k2
k=H1k1+H2k2 +H3k3
6.24=1300(200)(15)+600(k2)+400(10)
k2=4.045 meter/day

Question 2

❖ The permeameter in a permeability test setup involves a soil sample 200 mm

diameter and a length of 30 mm. The height of water is kept constant at 400
mm. In a duration of 4 min, water was collected in the graduated flask having
a volume of 420 cu. cm. Determine the following.
o Flow Rate
o Hydraulic gradient
o Hydraulic conductivity
Given:
d=200 m
h=30 mm
L=400 mm
v=420 cu.cm
T=4 min = 260 seconds

A. Flow Rate
𝑣
a= 𝑡

8
 420𝑥103
a=240 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
a= 1750 mm3 / sec

B. Hydraulic Gradient
ℎ
i= 𝑡
30 𝑚𝑚
i=400 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
i=0.075 mm/sec

C. Hydraulic Conductivity
𝑎
k=
𝑖𝐴
1750
k=(0.075)𝐴
𝜋𝑑 2
A= 4
𝜋(200)2
A=
4
A=31415.93 mm

1750
k=(0.075)(31415.93𝑚𝑚)
k=0.7427 mm/ sec

9
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:
Activity 3:

Question: If not stated, how will you differentiate falling head test from constant
head test?

• Constant Head Test refers to an apparatus where the same relative

elevation of the top of the water column (head pressure) remains over
the sample throughout the test. It is a valid test for soils with a
high rate of flow like sands and gravels, but also some clay soils.
• Falling Head Test allows the head to decrease as water infiltrates the
sample, diminishing the pressure over the course of the test. Falling
head methods are generally limited to fine-grained soils.

Additional Knowledge:
1) The given formula was derived from a stratified soil layered one on top of
the other. This would mean that the flow of water would be from top to bottom.
Whereas in the given practice problem, the flow of water would be from left
to right. In order to avoid confusion, horizontal equivalent hydraulic
conductivity means that the flow is parallel to the layers of the stratified
soil, whereas for vertical equivalent hydraulic conductivity, the flow is
perpendicular to its layers.

2
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

Lesson title: BASIC SUBSURFACE FLOW PART 3

Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of the module, you should be able to David Chin, Water
1) Relate radial ground water flow in confined Resources Engineering, 3rd
aquifer in calculating the hydraulic Ed., Pearson , 2013
conductivity
2) Relate radial ground water flow in
unconfined aquifer in calculating the
hydraulic conductivity

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
AQUIFERS

❖ A confined aquifer is an aquifer below the land surface that is saturated with
water. Layers of impermeable material are both above and below the aquifer,
causing it to be under pressure so that when the aquifer is penetrated by a
well, the water will rise above the top of the aquifer.
❖ A water-table–or unconfined–aquifer is an aquifer whose upper water surface
(water table) is at atmospheric pressure, and thus is able to rise and fall.
Water-table aquifers are usually closer to the Earth’s surface than confined
aquifers are, and as such are impacted by drought conditions sooner than

confined aquifers.

1
Name:
Section: Schedule: _

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 1:

CONFINED AQUIFERS

❖ In confined aquifers, also

known as artesian or pressure
wells, the pressure is above
atmospheric pressure since
there is an impervious layer

of soil overlying the

aquifer.

❖ Where
o q = the rate of discharge
o r1 =the farther radial
distance from the
center of the test well
o r2 =the nearer radial
distance from the
center of the test well
o H = height of the
confined aquifer
o h1,h2 = height of water,
with respect to the
impermeable layer
above, at a distance of
r1 and r2 respectively

2
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

❖ In confined aquifers, also known as

gravity wells, the pressure at the
surface is atmospheric.

❖ Where
o q = the rate of discharge
o r1 =the farther radial
distance from the center of
the test well
o r2 =the nearer radial distance
from the center of the test
well
o H = height of the confined aquifer
o h1,h2 = height of water, with
respect to the bottom
impermeable layer, at a
distance of r1 and r2
respectively

ROBLEM 1

❖ A well is fully penetrated into a 16m thick layer of sand which is underlain
by a rock layer. Water is pumped out of the well at a constant rate of 450
000 liters per hour. The water level in two observation wells situated at 15m
and 30m from the test well are found to be at 3.7m and 2.6m respectively below
the ground level.
o Determine the rate of flow in m^3/day
o Determine the coefficient of permeability of the soil.
Solution:
Step 1: Convert the given
rate of flow. 1𝑚3 24ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
450000𝐿 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖𝟎𝟎𝒎𝟑/𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑞 = 𝑥 1000𝐿 1𝑑𝑎𝑦
ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
3
Step 2: Since the given aquifer is an unconfined aquifer, the height should be
based from the impermeable layer below. Therefore, the given heights should be
subtracted from the thickness of the sand layer above.

4
 Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:
𝑟1 30
𝑞𝑙𝑛 ( ) 10800 ln ( )
𝑟2 = 15
𝑘 = 𝜋(ℎ2 − 𝜋[(16 − 2.6) 2 − (16 − 3.7)2]
ℎ2)
1 2
𝑘 = 84.30 𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦
PROBLEM 2

❖ A confined aquifer has a uniform thickness of 15 m and is overlain by an

impermeable layer. The static water table in a well is located 35 meters from
the base of the aquifer. After water was pumped at a rate of 13 L/sec, water
levels in the wells stabilized with the following drawdowns, 3.7 m in the
observation well 10 m from the test well and 2.4 m in the observation well at
a distance 30 m. Calculate the permeability of the aquifer.

Solution:
Step 1: Convert the given rate of flow.
13𝐿 1𝑚3 3600 𝑠 24ℎ𝑟
𝑞 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 = 1123.2 𝑚3/𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑐 1000𝐿 1 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦
Step 2: Since the given aquifer is an confined aquifer, the height should be based
from the impermeable layer above.
𝑟1
𝑞𝑙𝑛 1123.2 ln
(𝑟 ) 30
𝑘 = 2
( )
= 10
2𝜋𝐻(ℎ1 − 2𝜋(15)(3.7 −
ℎ2)
2.4)
𝒌 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟎𝟕 𝒎/𝒅𝒂𝒚
 Activity 2:

Question 1:

❖ A 300 mm diameter test well penetrates a 27 m thick sand layer below the
static water table. After 24 hours of pumping at 50 liters per second, the
water level in an observation well at a distance of 100 m from the test well
is lowered 0.5 m. At another test well located 50 m from the test well, the
water level dropped by 1.0 m.
o Estimate the rate of flow in cubic meters per day.
o Evaluate the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer in meters per
day.

Given:
d=300 mm
300
radius= 2
r0= 150 m
r1=100 m
r2= 50 m
h= 27 m
h1= H-0.5 = 27m-0.5m= 26.5 m
h2= H-1= 27 m- 1m= 26 m

A. Estimate the rate of flow in cubic meters per day

Rate of Flow= (50x10-3 m3/s)

3600 𝑚3
Rate of Flow= (50x10-3 m3/s)( ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟
)
3600 𝑚 3 24 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
Rate of Flow= (50x10-3 m3/s)( ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟 )( 1 𝑑𝑎𝑦 )
Rate of Flow= 4320 m3 / day

B. Evaluate the coefficient of permeability of the aquifer in meters per day

𝑘𝜋(ℎ12 −ℎ22 )
q= 𝑟1
2.3 log 10 ( )
𝑟2
𝑘(𝜋)(26.52 −262 )
4320= 100
2.3 log 10 ( )
50
k=36.26 m/ day
 Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:
Question 2

❖ A well with a diameter of 0.6 m is constructed in a confined aquifer. The sand

aquifer has a uniform thickness of 15 m, overlain by an impermeable layer with
a depth of 35 m. A pumping test was conducted to determine the coefficient of
permeability of the aquifer. The initial piezometric surface was 15 m. below
the ground surface datum of the test well and observation wells. After water
was pumped at a rated of 13 liters/sec for several days, water levels in the
wells stabilized with the following drawdowns, 6.4 m in the test well, 3.7 m
in the observation well 10 m from the test well, and 2.4 m in the second
observation well at a distance of 30 m. From these data:
o Find the depth of the water in the test well
o Calculate the permeability of the aquifer.

Given:
Diameter of well = 0.6m
Thickness of sand aquifer = 15m
Aquifer is overlain by impermeable layer of depth = 35m
Initial piezometric surface = 35m
Pumping rate of water = 13litre/second
after stabilization of water level,
drawdown in test well was observed = 6.4m
and drawdown in observation well which is 10m apart = 3.7m
and drawdown in observation well which is 30m apart = 2.4m

A.Depth of water in the test well

THICKNESS OF AQUIFER BEFOR PUMPING
Ho= depth of surface layer- depth of piezometer surface
Ho= 35-15
Ho=20m
DEPTH OF WATER IN THE TEST WELL
Hw= Ho – drawdown of observation well
Hw= 20-64
Hw=13.6 m

B.Permeability of aquifer
Drawdown in well 1
H1= Ho – drawdown of observation well
H1=20-3.70
H1=16.3 m
Drawdown in well 2
H2= Ho- drawdown of observation well
H2=20-2.40
H2=17.6 m
𝑄 𝑟
k=2𝜋(ℎ log𝑟1
1 −ℎ2 ) 2

13 30
k=2𝜋(15)(17.6−16.3) log10

k=0.106
k=0.12mm/s
Activity 2:
Question: What does impermeable mean? Give types of soil which are impermeable.

Impermeable/impervious surfaces are solid surfaces that don't allow water to

penetrate, forcing it to run off. Impermeable soils and rocks such as clay
or shale do not allow water to infiltrate, this forces water to run
off reducing river lag times and increasing flood risk.
Examples are asphalt, concrete,traditional stone or brick.
Name:
Section: Schedule: _

Name: Class number:

Section: Schedule: _ Date:

Lesson title: RAIN – RUNOFF

RELATION Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of the module, you should David Chin, Water
be able to Resources Engineering, 3rd
1) Define runoff and its Ed., Pearson , 2013
classifications.
2) Define what hydrograph is.
3) Determine the applications of a
hydrograph.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction

RUNOFF

❖ Runoff means the draining or flowing off of precipitation from a catchment area
through a surface channel. It thus represents the output from the catchment in
a given unit of time. Consider a catchment area receiving precipitation. For
a given precipitation the evapotranspiration, initial loss, infiltration, and
detention storage requirements will have to be first satisfied before the
commencement of runoff. When these are satisfied, the excess precipitation
moves over the land surfaces to reach smaller channels.
This portion of runoff is
called overland flow and
involves building up of a
storage over the surface
and draining off of the
same. Flows from several
small channels join
bigger channels and flows
from these in turn
combine to form a larger
stream, and so on, until
the flow reaches the
catchment outlet. The
flow in this mode, where
it travels all the time

1
over the surface as
overland flow and through
the channels as open-
channel flow and reaches
the catchment outlet is
called surface runoff.

2
Name:
Section: Schedule: _
B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 1:

RUNOFF

❖ The components of runoff is known variously as interflow, through flow, storm

seepage, subsurface storm flow, or quick return flow. The amount of interflow
depends on the geological conditions of the catchment. A fairly pervious soil
overlying a hard impermeable surface is conducive to large interflows.
Depending upon the time delay between the infiltration and the outflow, the
interflow is sometimes classified into prompt interflow, the interflow with
the least time lag, and delayed interflow.
❖ Another route for the infiltered water is to undergo deep percolation and
reach the groundwater storage in the soil. The groundwater follows a
complicated and long path of travel and ultimately reaches the surface. This
part of runoff is called groundwater runoff or groundwater flow. Groundwater
flow provides the dry-weather flow in perennial streams.
❖ Based on the time delay between the precipitation and the runoff, the runoff
is classified into two categories:
o Direct Runoff – is the part of the runoff which enters the stream
immediately after the rainfall. It includes surface runoff, prompt
interflow, and rainfall on the surface of the stream.
o Base Flow – the delayed flow that reaches a stream essentially as ground
water flow. Many times, delayed interflow is also included in this
category.
❖ Runoff representing the response of a catchment to precipitation reflects the
integrated effects of a wide range of catchment, climate, and rainfall
characteristics. True runoff is therefore stream flow in its natural condition.
Such a stream flow unaffected by works of man such as reservoirs and diversion
structures on a stream is called natural flow or virgin flow.

3
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

HYDROGRAPH

❖ A plot of the discharge in a stream plotted against time chronologically is

called a hydrograph. Depending upon the unit of time involved, we have
o Annual hydrographs showing the variation of daily or weekly or 10 daily
mean flows over a year.
o Monthly hydrographs showing the variation of daily mean flows over a
month.
o Seasonal hydrographs depicting the variation of discharge in a
particular season such as the monsoon season or dry season.
o Flood hydrographs or hydrographs due to a storm representing stream
flow due to a storm over a catchment.
❖ Each of these types have particular applications. Annual and seasonal
hydrographs are of use in
o Calculating the surface water potential of stream
o Reservoir studies
o Drought studies
❖ Flood hydrographs are essential in analyzing stream characteristics associated
with floods.
❖ In annual runoff studies it is advantageous to consider a water year beginning
from the time when the precipitation exceeds the average evapotranspiration
losses. In a water year, a complex cycle of climatic changes is expected and
hence the water budget will have the least amount of carryover.
❖ A study of the annual hydrographs of streams enables one to classify streams
into three classes as
o Perennial stream – is one which always carries some flow. There is
considerable amount of groundwater flow throughout the year. Even during
the dry seasons, the water table will be above the bed of the stream.
o Intermittent stream – has limited contribution from the groundwater.
During the wet season the water table is above the stream bed and there
is a contribution of the base flow to the stream flow. However, during
dry seasons the water table drops to a level lower than that of the
stream bed and the stream dries up.
o Ephemeral stream – is one which does not have any base-flow contribution.
The annual hydrograph of such river shows series of short-duration spikes
marking flash flows in response to storms. The stream becomes dry soon
after the end of the storm flow. Typically, an ephemeral stream does not
have any well-defined channel. Most of the rivers in arid zones are of
the ephemeral type.
❖ The interrelationship of these factors is extremely complex. However, at the
risk of oversimplification, the following points can be noted.
o The seasonal variation of rainfall is clearly reflected in the runoff.
o The shape of the stream hydrograph and hence the peak flow is essentially
controlled by the storm and the physical characteristics of the basin.

4
 o The annual runoff volume of a stream is mainly controlled by the amount
of rainfall and evapotranspiration. The geology of the basin is
significant to the extent of deep percolation losses. The land use/cover
play an important role in creating infiltration and evapotranspiration
opportunities and retarding of runoff.
❖ The total quantity of surface water that can be expected in a given period
from a stream at the outlet of its catchment is known as yield of the catchment
in that period.

5
Name: Class number:
Section: Schedule: _ Date:

❖ The relationship between rainfall in a period and the corresponding runoff is

quite complex and is influenced by a host of factors relating to the catchment
and climate. Further there is the problem of paucity of data which forces one
to adopt simple correlations for adequate estimation of runoff.

Activity 2:
Question: Draw a detailed water cycle entailing the lessons from modules 1 up until
now and write an explanation or procedure of how it works using at least 10
sentences.

2
This Hydrologic Cycle recycles the earth’s valuable water supply. In other words, the
water keeps getting reused over and over. Just think, the next glass of water you drink
could have been part of a dinosaur’s bath in the Mesozoic Era one hundred million years
ago. Water in that glass of water could have been a liquid, a solid, and a gas
countless times over thanks to the water cycle.

The sun is the energy that powers this remarkable process. It’s energy in the form of
light, and heat causes water to EVAPORATE from oceans, rivers, lakes and even puddles.
“Evaporate” means it turns the water from a liquid to a gas, or “vapor.” Warm air
currents rising from the earth’s surface lift this water vapor up into the atmosphere.

When the air currents reach the cooler layers of the atmosphere, the water vapor
condenses around and clings on to fine particles in the air. This step is called
CONDENSATION. When enough vapor attaches itself to tiny pieces of dust, pollen or
pollutants, it forms a cloud. Clouds do not last forever. Old clouds constantly re-
evaporate and new ones form, creating ever-changing patterns in the sky.

As the air gets more and more moist, the droplets that form the clouds grow larger and
larger. Eventually they will get so big that the swirling atmospheric winds can no
longer hold them up. The droplets then fall from the sky as PRECIPITATION.
Precipitation can be in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail depending on other
atmospheric conditions such as temperature.

Once the precipitation reaches the ground, several things can happen to it. First, it
might be re-evaporated. For instance, we’ve all seen the mist rising off hot roads
after a summer shower. If it isn’t re-evaporated, much of the water will become RUN -
OFF that goes into streams and rivers as it flows back to the ocean.

Some of the precipitation will be absorbed into the ground. This is called
INFILTRATION. Once in the ground, the water can join the earth’s GROUND WATER supply.
This is one of the world’s largest storehouses of water. The water could also be
absorbed from the ground by the roots of plants.

Another form of evaporation that contributes to the water cycle is TRANSPIRATION. Here,
water given off through the pores of plants and animals joins the atmosphere as a
vapor. Check, for instance, your own breath on a cold day. What you are seeing is water
vapor being given off by your body.

2
With transpiration and evaporation, the cycle begins again: EVAPORATION, CONDENSATION,
PRECIPITATION, RUN-OFF, INFILTRATION, and TRANSPIRATION. Each time a molecule of water
goes through the cycle it is cleaned, or purified, so it can be used by plants and
animals again tomorrow, next year, and hopefully forever.

Activity 3:
Question: Identify which of the following describes a perennial stream, intermittent
stream, and ephemeral stream.
Perennial Stream
A stream that has flowing water year-round during a typical year. The water table
is located above the streambed for most of the year. Groundwater is the primary
source of water for stream flow. Runoff from precipitation is a supplemental source
of water for stream flow.
Intermittent Stream
A stream that has flowing water during certain times of the year, when groundwater
provides water for stream flow. During dry periods, intermittent streams may not
have flowing water. Runoff from precipitation is a supplemental source of water for
stream flow.
Ephemeral Stream
A stream that has flowing water only during or for a short duration after
precipitation events in a typical year. In many states, this term refers to
streambeds that are located above the water table yearround and streams where
groundwater is not a source of water for the stream.