HIGH VOLTAGE TECHNIQUES

electrostatic field analysis methods

Assistant Professor Suna BOLAT KRÖGER

Eastern Mediterranean University

Department of Electric & Electronic Engineering
Electrostatic field analysis methods

1. Analytical calculations
2. Analog methods
3. Numerical methods
Analytical calculations

• Analytical solution of differential equations (Laplace, Poisson)

• Conform transform
• Schwarz – Christoffel transform
• ...
Analog methods

• Graphical methods
• Experimental methods
– On the model
– On a real system
Numerical methods

• Finite difference method

• Finite element method
• Boundary element method
• Charge simulation method
• Monte – Carlo method
• Moment method
Experimental methods

• Electrolytic tank experiment

• Semi-conductor paper method
• Resistance simulation method
• Grass seed method
Electrolytic tank experiment

Principle: static electric field has an analogy with current field.

Application:
• Create a scaled model of electrode system
• Replace the dielectric with a conductive material
• Determine the current field lines on conductive media
• Draw the electric field lines perdendicular to them
Current lines analogy Flux lines
To voltage source

Model electrodes

Electrolitic liquid
(?)
Experimental setup
Measurement bridge
 𝑈
• 𝐼=
𝑅1 +𝑅2
𝑅2
• 𝑈2 = 𝐼𝑅2 = 𝑈 = 𝑈𝐴
𝑅1 +𝑅2
Numerical methods

• Finite difference method

Principle: it leans on finite difference operations

All the derivatives are substituted by numerical representations.

 𝜕2𝑉 𝜕2𝑉
2
+ 2=0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑2 𝑉 𝑉 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦
2
≅
𝑑𝑥 ℎ2
𝑑 2 𝑉 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘 − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑘)
2
≅
𝑑𝑦 𝑘2
𝑉 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦
ℎ2
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑘 − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑘)
+ 2
=0
𝑘
Letting k = h, (square grids)
𝑉 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + ℎ − 2𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦 − ℎ)
+ =0
ℎ2 ℎ2

1
𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑉 𝑥 + ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑉 𝑥 − ℎ, 𝑦 + 𝑉 𝑥, 𝑦 + ℎ + 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑦 − ℎ)
4
Example
Numerical methods

• Charge Simulation method

Principle: simulating the field between condutors by using

simulation charges
 Q1 Q4

Q3
+ X
B1
Q2
XB4 + V1
+ X B2 XB3 +
+ + + +

Ṽ

- - - -
- -
V2
-
Steps

• Place simulation charges outside of the region to be analyzed

• Determine boundary points
• Solve potential equation to calculate simulation charges for
boundary points
• Control the value of charges
• Calculate potential and electric field values for the desired
point using determined simulation charges
Accuracy of this method depends on

1. Type of the simulation charges

2. Number of simulation charges
3. Location of simulation charges
4. Number of boundary points
5. Location of boundary points
Types of simulation charges

• Point charge
• Line charge
• ...
Point charge

For spherical systems

𝑞 2 2
𝑉= 𝑟= 𝑥𝑞 − 𝑥𝑝 + 𝑦𝑞 − 𝑦𝑝
4𝜋ε𝑟

1
potential factor: 𝑃 =
4𝜋ε𝑟

(𝑋𝑞 , 𝑌𝑞 )
q P (𝑋𝑝 , 𝑌𝑝 )
 q1
q2
q3

electrode X
X B1 Boundary points
B1 X
V B2
Voltages at the boundaries
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑉𝐵1 = + +
4𝜋 ε 𝑟11 4𝜋 ε 𝑟12 4𝜋 ε 𝑟13

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑉𝐵2 = + +
4𝜋 ε 𝑟21 4𝜋 ε 𝑟22 4𝜋 ε 𝑟23

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑉𝐵3 = + +
4𝜋 ε 𝑟31 4𝜋 ε 𝑟32 4𝜋 ε 𝑟33
In general...

[P] [q] = [V]

Simulation charges
vector
Potential factor matrix
Potential vector
• After finding simulation charges, the value of the charges
should be controlled

• Choose control points on known potentials&

Potential of any point
𝑃11 𝑃12 𝑃13 𝑞1 𝑉1
𝑃21 𝑃22 𝑃23 𝑞2 = 𝑉2
𝑃31 𝑃32 𝑃33 𝑞3 𝑉3

Potential of any K point in the region:

𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑉𝐾 = + +
4𝜋 ε 𝑟1𝐾 4𝜋 ε 𝑟1𝐾 4𝜋 ε 𝑟1𝐾

𝑟𝑖𝑘 = (𝑥𝑖 − 𝑥𝑘 )2 −(𝑦𝑖 − 𝑦𝑘 )2

Electric field at any point
𝑞
𝑑𝑉 𝑑
𝐸=− =− 4𝜋ε𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝑟

𝑞 1
𝐸= . 2
4𝜋ε 𝑟
Infinite line charge

For cylindrical systems

𝑄
𝜆=
𝑙

𝜆 𝑟0
𝑉𝑃 = ln
l 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟

r0 r0: the distance between line

P charge and the point with 0
potential
V=0 r: the distance between
charge and the point P
Potential at my heart
if I stand under a high voltage line

r
q
rHP 𝑞 ℎ
𝑉ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡 = ln
2𝜋𝜀 𝑟𝐻𝑃
VL
Suna 𝑞 ℎ
h 𝑉𝐿 = ln
V=0 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟

Ground (earth)
Chapter 1 is over...