Embedded Systems And its Application in Medical

Field
M.C.D. Jayasundara
Faculty of Information Technology
University of Moratuwa
[email protected]

Abstract-An electro system with a computer hardware

integrated software is known as an embedded system. Hardware and software together combined to make
These systems are widely used in all the fields including an embedded system. For instance, systems liked E-
the medical field. This paper discusses different types of commerce. In these kinds of systems require a
embedded systems, types of processors utilized, platform for hardware with the use of microprocessor
applications of embedded systems, and the tools and or microcontroller. User interfaces, I/O interfaces,
other peripherals used in these systems. The main focus screens memory are the components of hardware in
of the paper is on modern embedded systems used in an embedded system.
the medical field which enables the successful prediction
and diagnosis of various diseases. Furthermore, existing
medical applications of the embedded systems are
literally reviewed in the paper. Embedded devices such
as Oximeter, Fetal Monitor and Defibrillator have
become the prime focus of the paper to highlight the
importance of these systems and to depict how they
enhance the efficiency of medical professionals.[7][15]

1. Introduction
Integrated system is a combination of software and
hardware that is integrated into an electronic system.
It is feasible to be programmed or not programmed Fig1: Block diagram of embedded system
depending on the features of the device. Embedded
system is a way of organizing and executing one or Software was written a sophisticated language and
more tasks in accordance with established rules. The compiled in the secondary hardware memory to
embedded system works together with all the units. execute a special function. The embedded system
Examples of Embedded systems include washing software has been designed considering three
machines, printers, microwave ovens, cameras and limitations, which are accessibility of processor speed
cars. These systems use processors such as and system memory. During execution, shutdown
microprocessors, micro controllers and DSPs (Digital and wakeup power dissipations need to be limited.
Signal Processor). In this article we provide an
overview of the installed system. Important features
of embedded systems are size, speed, adaptability, 3. Types of embedded systems
reliability, accuracy and power. Therefore, embedded
systems can be used for real-time applications when
they are used in performing high-speed systems.
System size and energy consumption are very small,
so the system can easily adapt to different conditions .
[7]

2. What is embedded system?

 Examples
 ATM machine
 Security point associated with the main server in
the home automation system.
 IOT Devices
IV. Mobile Embedded system
These systems are used for portable embedded
devices such as mobile phones, laptops, personal
digital assistants, digital cameras, and MP3 players.
The main limitations of these devices are in resources
Functional requirements and their performance are and memory restrictions.
the basis of the four categories of embedded system.
Furthermore, integrated systems can categorize into
three kinds dependent on the microcontroller's
efficiency in performance.
I. Real time embedded systems
I. Small Scale embedded systems
Real-time systems can be considered as systems These types of systems have 8 or 16-bit
which gives exact output in time. These systems are microcontroller systems, the basic programming tools
connected to a computer system via players, sensors, are assembler, editor, cross-assemblies, editor and
and other I / O interfaces. It can consist of all kinds of integrated development environment (IDE).
physical and biological objects. People are usually a
crucial factor of the connected world, but many Examples
natural and artificial objects, as well as animals, are  Oven
also available.  washing machine
Examples  CD Drive
 Radio therapy, defibrillation, and patient  Motion Controlled Home Security System
monitoring system.  Automatic Door Lock
 printer
 Vehicle systems for cars, subways, airplanes,
 Keyboard controller
railways, and ships.
 Photocopy machine
II. Standalone embedded systems  fax machine

Standalone embedded systems don’t need a host

system like a computer, they work alone. It takes II. Medium Scale embedded systems
These combined systems are combined with one, 32
inputs from the analog and / or digital input ports,
or 16-bit microcontroller, RISC, or DSP. These types
processing, computing, converting data, and displays
of embedded systems have complexity in software
output through the connected devices.
and hardware. The basic programming tools used to
develop embedded software for these systems are
Examples JAVA, C ++, RTOS, C, Visual C ++, simulators,
 video game consoles, digital cameras, MP3 source code engineering tools, debugger and IDEs.
players.
 Systems for measuring the temperature and III. Sophisticated embedded systems
microwave ovens. software and hardware are more complex in this
system compared with others. These requires PLAs,
III. Networked embedded systems IPs, ASIPs and scalable processors. They are used in
These systems are connected to the resources with advanced software that requires hardware and
the use of a network. Connectivity networks can be software. Combined models and components are used
the Internet, WAN and LAN. It may be wireless or to connect to the final system.[12]
wired connection. This type of integrated systems is
the fastest growing region in the applications of 4. Embedded software architectures
embedded systems. The web server embedded is a Several kinds of architecture of software are
system that controls all integrated devices with web frequently used.
servers and controls web browsers.
I. simple control loop due to restrictions of memory performance or battery
In this model, the software is a repetition/loop. life restrictions, size, cannot support extra expenses
Repeats call subroutines that handle some part of connected with general real-time systems. The RTOS
software and hardware. option must be chosen before starting the
development of application. This time the developers
II. Interrupt-controlled system choose the current integrated operating system based
There are usually interruptions in some embedded on their own devices and restrict future releases. The
systems. This implies that the system’s activities will limitations of future choices are more complicated
rely on different occurrences. For example, a serial
as product life is reduced. In addition, devices are
port controller that receives a predefined frequency or
required to handle serial, Bluetooth, USB, TCP / IP,
byte will break the timer.
remote radios, wireless LAN, data, multi-channel,
Operating leaders require low-level systems, and voice, multi-state, improved graphics, and multiple
these systems are used when they are short and easy. variables. threads, and so on. In relation to real-time
Generally, these types of systems perform simple operating systems, these developments lead the the
tasks, but this work is not very susceptible to sudden implementation of integrated systems.[19][21]
downturns.
V. Microkernels and Exokernels
The interrupt handler sometimes stores as a queue The microcontroller is a logical step in the real-time
lengthy assignment. Then, after the interrupt handler operating system. A typical rule is to separate the
has been completed, the loop performs these duties memory from the operating system kernel and divert
on a periodic basis. This method is working like a CPU to separate threads. The user mode process
multitasking kernel with separate processes. implements the main features, like network interfaces
and file systems.

III. Cooperative multitasking In general, micro-kernels exchange tasks, interactions

Quite similar to a simple control loop but loops are are fast, and they slow down slowly.
hidden inside the API. In its own working setting, the
The viewer communicates effectively with the
programmer assigns a set of duties and each task. If
normal subroutine call. Equipment and all system
the job is idle, it usually calls a pause called
software can be used by programmers.
"temporary break", "wait", "harvest," and "no
operation". VI. Monolithic kernels
In that case, the relatively large nucleus is integrated
The disadvantages and advantages are similar to the into a complex environment. It produces an operating
control loop where this can be easily added to new system similar to a desktop such as Microsoft
apps or add them to queue, etc. Windows or Linux and is therefore very efficient in
growth. On the other hand, more hardware resources
IV. Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading are needed, often more expensive and cannot be
In this system, lower-level code switches between predicted and reliable because of the complexity of
threads or tasks by interrupting dependent on a timer. these nuclear elements. Linux and Windows CE are
At this level, the system is generally considered to be general examples of embedded monolithic kernels.
containing the "operating system" kernel. Depending
on the number of required functions, it manages the Even though the price of the hardware has risen, this
complexity of the multiple tasks which are running system is becoming increasingly popular in more
parallelly. powerful devices such as GPS navigation systems
and wireless routers. There are a couple of reasons
Because codes may damage other work data when here.
sharing, other than large systems using MMUs,
programs need to be thoroughly developed and • Portable to the famous platform.
tested, and also access to shared data should be • Allows the user to reuse the public code to the
under-control. messaging order, semaphore or device driver, firewall, web server and other
scheme of non-blocking synchronization. code.
Because of these difficulties, RTOS (real time
• Development systems begin with multiple
functions, removing unnecessary functions and
operating systems) usually can be used in concerning
on device functionality rather than the services of the adjusting the distribution to save the amount of
memory used.
operating system. Smaller systems cannot bear RTOS
 • Many engineers see more engineers Processors in Embedded System
implementing the application code, making it Integrated processors can be classified into two broad
more debugging, reliable, simpler to enable categories. A simple microprocessor (μP) uses
development process, and more portable code. separate circuits in memory and support devices.
• Characteristics that require faster response than Microcontrollers (μC) reduce the power
assertion are integrated into the hardware. consumption, volume, and costs with chip devices.
Unlike the computer market, many core CPU
VII. Exotic custom operating systems architectures have been designed for software
A small part of integrated systems require that these applications and are not end-products. Von Neumann
architectures work as safe, fast, efficient or and Harvard are using various architectural methods.
impossible. In this case, an organization creates an RISC processors and non-RISC processors are
appropriate system. In some cases, the system may be available. The word length is 4 bits from 64 bits or
divided into "mechanism controller" using unique less, but the simplest is 8/16 bits. Most of the
techniques and can be divided into "desktop architectures come in many versions and form, and
controller" with traditional operating systems. The most of them produce different companies.
communication scheme transmits two-way There are many microprocessors in the use of
information. embedded systems. The general purpose is to use the
microprocessor as well as the embedded systems, but
VIII. Additional Software components generally requires a support circuit rather than a
Besides the basic operating system, multiple microwave controller.[2]
integrated systems include components of the upper
layer software. These components include network Peripherals:
protocol stacks such as TCP / IP, CAN, HTTP, FTP, Embedded systems communicate with devices that
and HTTPS, as well as Storage features such as flash can communicate with the outside world:
memory management system and FAT. If the device
has video and audio features, it has the correct • synchronous serial interface of communication:
device. SSC, ESSI, I2C, and SPI.
• Serial Communication Interfaces (SCI): RS-
There will be drivers and encoders in the scheme. In 485, RS-422, RS232, etc.
the case of monolithic films, there are several layers • Multimedia cards (Compact Flash, SD cards,
contained. The RTOS category depends on the etc.)
availability of commercial purposes.[4] • Universal Serial Bus (USB)
• Fieldbus: LIN bus, CAN bus, PROFIBUS, etc.
• Networks: Ethernet, Lon Works, etc.
5. Characteristics • Discrete I / O: Also called General Purpose
Input / Output (GPIO)
Embedded systems are designed not only for general • Debugging: ICSP, JTAG, ISP, BITP Ports,
purpose computers, but also for specific tasks. Some DP9 and BDM Port.
have real-time performance restrictions that should • Timers: PLL (s), input / comparison, time
be respected for reasons such as security, ease of use, processing units
etc. Some are easy to simplify system tools to reduce • Digital to Analog /Analog to Digital (DAC /
the amount of costs. ADC)

Embedded systems are not self-contained. Most

installed systems are generally comprised of small Tools:
computerized components in larger devices with Like other software, integrated system developers are
larger general purpose. For instance, Gibson Robot developing integrated system software using
guitar has a unified system of sound adjustment, but converts, assembles and debuggers. However, they
the music in the music world is a general goal. can also use more specific tools.
Similarly, embedded systems in the machine play a
role in the role of the machine as their own • Add program or control card to the program to
subsystem. test the unified system in order to test the validity
The integrated system application is called firmware of the program.
and is stored in memory or Flash memory read only. • Debuggers or circuit emulators.
They work with limited memory, hands or small or • Model-based development tools such as VisSim
inadequate hardware.[7] allow the creation and design of UML diagram
 diagrams, such as graphic data flow, modeling It is used to detect the patient's heartbeat in a
motor controllers, digital filters, communication rhythmic rhythm, and it is necessary to return the
protocol reports, and multi-level tasks. It is normal rhythm using embedded technology. Doctors
possible to create executives to disconnect implement the defibrillators fitting with a patient
graphically. After simulation, it is possible to using an external device. The defibrillator may be
create a C code on the base control task and the placed on the patient and substitutes the external
basic tasks as the VisSim RTOS. an automatic (manual) defibrillator. The patient may not be able to
setup of on-chip devices. feel any distinction until start the machine working.
• Systems used by digital signals can use math In addition to cardiovascular disease, there is a lot
workshops such as Scicos /Scilab, more in the medical field, such as blood analyzer,
Simulink/MATLAB, EICASL AB, Mathcad, diagnostic apparatus, cholesterol monitoring device,
Flowstone DSP or Mathematica to assume and diabetes mellitus. They allow patients to respond
mathematics. Similarly, DSPnano RTOS can well to treatment based on unified devices, and their
also use host and target libraries to stop condition can be monitored remotely by technology.
development of DSP procedures.
i. Digital Flow Sensor
• The integrated system may have its own
Digital Flow Sensors are used to measure respiratory
language and design tools. flows in patients. It also contains some additional
• Special converter and connectors can be used to features that we need to identify. For example, offset
rationalize specific hardware. monitoring, self-checking, etc. These devices
• State-based modeling and code-making tools, measure fluid flow and allow them to control the
this software comes from many sources. supply of drugs.
• Another solution is to introduce a real-time
operating system or DSPnano RTOS integrated ii. Fetal Monitor Electronic
operating system with DSP functionality. Fetal heart control is performed to control the heart
• Deprecated from the development tools of GNU. rate of the baby (heart rate), uterine contractility,
• Software publishers specializing in the duration, and duration of pregnancy, labor and
embedded software market. delivery. Your child's heartbeat is the best way to
know if your child is good or has problems

With the increase of the complexity of Embedded Two types of monitoring - both internal and external
systems, high-level tools and operating systems move a. External monitoring
to significant machines. Personal digital aids, mobile You can do external controls at the time of pregnancy
phones and other consumer computers, for instance, or at work at different times. External monitoring can
involve significant software that has been obtained or be heard by a special stethoscope for a child's
anyone other than an electronic component provided. rhythm. Often, external control is performed using
In above systems, open programming environment, two flat devices (sensors) placed with a flexible
such as NetBSD, Linux or integrated Java, should be elbow. The sensor uses the sound waves (ultrasound)
able to sell third-party vendors to larger markets.[9] to control the heartbeat of the child. The other
detector measures the contraction length. Sensors are
connected to the machine that records information.
6. Embedded System in Medical field Your baby's heart rate is either can be heard or
printed in a chart. Frequency and duration of
The integrated technology in the medical device is contraction of the cervix is usually shown on the
one of its applications. Embedded technology has chart.[6]
many advantages, as well as the use of graphical user
interfaces in medical devices. External monitoring is used for contraction stress
tests that records changes in baby’s heart rate when
In today's world, heart disease is one of the most mother is having uterine contractions. Non stress
common issues in the world. testing can be used to measure amniotic fluid by
ultrasound.
Therefore, you should be able to control the patient
for 24 hours to continue monitoring.[10] In addition, a stress test is used to detect changes in
the heart rate in the uterus. If the child does not move
7. New embedded Medical Devices enough during stress-test, it can be done to check the
i. Defibrillators
health of the child. It helps to predict your child's Doctors use ICDs with immune-generated
stress and vaginal delivery. defibrillators. The ICD is similar to a pacemaker.
However, the use of low-energy electrical impulses
Sometimes the external monitor is conducted to control heart rhythm, and ICDs can also use high-
remotely (called telemetry) and no need to energy electrical impulses to treat some harmful
connection with the machine. At some hospitals, the arrhythmia.
sensors may be sent to remote nurses, often with a
nurse, with a heart rate and contraction information. Pacemaker has a battery, a computer generator, and
Remote monitoring enables free travel. one at the same time a sensor called an electrode.
Electrodes detect electric activity in your core and
b. Internal monitoring transmit information to your computer.
Internal monitoring can only be done after dilation of
the cervix at least 2 centimeters (cm) and can be Before the dental implant is recommended, the
performed after rupturing your amniotic sac. Internal physician will check all signs of symptoms such as
surveillance is carried out continually after the start. dyspnea, dyspnea, and shortness of breath. This will
tell you the history of heart disease, the drug you are
With a strap for internal monitoring, a sensor is currently using, and your heart rate test results. If
linked to your thigh. A good sensor wire(electrode) is your heartbeat is not normal, the computer sends an
placed through your vagina and cervix into your electric impulse from the generator. Then cross the
uterus. Then the electrode is connected to the scalp of wires to reach the heart [19].
baby. The hart rate of baby can be heard as a beep or
printed on a chart. Internal surveillance is not used to New heart devices control breathing, blood
monitor reflected sound waves (ultrasound). temperature and other factors and can control
A small tube of uterine contraction can be placed in changes of heartrate.
the uterus of the uterus. Usually the graph shows the Placement of a pneumatic regulator requires less
power and length of the cervical contraction. surgery. Surgery is usually performed at a medical or
Internal controls to regulate baby’s heart rate and heart treatment laboratory. You will receive your
contraction are more accurate than external checks. medication before you begin treatment.
[14] It takes a few hours, but you will be in the hospital
for checking the heart rate of the heart rate and
checking for a pacemaker to work properly.
8. Existing Embedded Medical
The complications of neonatal surgery are rare. Most
Devices people can continue to function normally in a few
i. Pacemaker days.
pacemakers are used for treating arrhythmias. Your physician can avoid strong exercise or heavy
Arrhythmias are related problems in rhythm and heart tissue 1 month after surgery. If you are speaking to
rate. In arrhythmias, the heart is too fast in beating, your doctor after completion of the surgery, talk
too slow or uneven. about the size and type of physical activity you are
Heart pacemaker is another use of embedded looking for.[22]
systems. The pacemaker in the abdomen and chest is If you have a pacemaker, avoid working longer or
a tiny tool. This device uses low power speeds that longer working on an electric device or strong
make the heartbeat normal. magnetic field. You must also prevent certain health
Pacemakers can relieve some signs of arrhythmia, process that influence your pacemaker.
fatigue, and so on. A pacemaker may also help a Tell the doctor, medical staff and dentist with
human with an abnormal heart rate to resume a more everyone with a pacemaker. Your doctor will be able
active lifestyle. to offer you a cardiac card. Put this card in your
For several reasons, doctors suggest pacemaker. wallet. You may even use a health bracelet or
Bradycardia and hart block are the most prevalent pendant that you know you have a heartbeat.
cause. Bradycardia is a heart rate that is slower than Your doctor wants to check your heart condition
ordinary. Heart block is in the heart a core issue. This regularly. Some features can be checked online or
disease happens when the heart transit slows down over the Internet by telephone. Your doctor will go to
the electrical signal. your office to check your heartbeat.
The recovery device battery is 5 to 15 years on sensitive when 75-80% are saturated. As a result,
average (6 to 7 years on average), according to your pulse oximetry has a wide range of applications.
activator's activity. Your heart-operators can also be  Pulps oximetry is a factor in hypoxemia.
replaced. The doctor can tell you if you need to  Continuous footage - It is possible to assess
switch your device or cable. hypoxemia by anesthesia, sedation or sleep
study. However, postoperative monitoring was
[1]Pulse oximetry is a simple, relatively inexpensive not performed improve surgical results.
and non-invasive way of controlling oxygen. It  Pulse oximeter can substitute blood gas test in
controls the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with many clinical conditions if PaCO2 does not
oxygen. Oxygen discharge should be greater than require an acidic base. It is less precise, easier to
95%, but long-term respiratory illness and congenital perform, pain less, and more patient (PaO2 pain
heart disease complications are associated with relapses during pain relief).
severe disease. The oxyhemoglobin disintegration  Pulse oximeter allows for delicate oxygen
curve is less than 90% and reflects the rapid consumption and waste avoidance. For instance,
formation of oxygen partial pressure reduction in respiratory failure patients, it may be possible
(PaO2). In most cars, the default configuration of the to clinically acceptable ~ 90% saturated
minimum oxygen setting is 90%[11]. conditions instead of restricting the
administration of hypoxia to ventilate.
Neonatal care -the oxygen saturation security
boundaries are greater and narrower than those for
adolescents (95-97%). As latest trials demonstrate, it
appears to be considerably more reliable than clinical
techniques alone.
Pediatric cartilage control - the use of fetal pulse
oximeter in combination with a constant control of
the fetus's heart creates an interest. However,
consumption does not reduce surgical results.
Usually, pulse oximetry is used for extensive
Pulse oximeter does not give information about treatment, anesthesia, medication and aids that are
oxygen content and air conditioning. Therefore, care often used in ambulance trucks. They are becoming
should be taken to keep the carbon dioxide in patients more and more part of the doctor's package. Primary
due to anemia and respiratory failure. care includes pulse oximetry.
Principles of pulse oximetry  Chronic congestive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Oximeters applications work as a spectrophotometer. is severe.
Relative absorption of red light (diluted blood) and  Record the seriousness of asthma infection. If the
excessive absorption (oxygenated blood) is oxygen is less than 92% saturated air, assume
associated with oxygen syringes in the bloodstream that the attack can be deadly.
of systolic blood absorption. Relative light absorption  Evaluate the needs of patients with pulmonary
measurements are conducted several times per inflammation and oxygen
second, resulting in a fresh device read once in 0.5  Evaluate risk management for infant and young
seconds, an average of the last three seconds. children with bronchiolitis.
Two light-emitting diodes, red and red radiation, are Using an oximeter
positioned to resist 5-10mm cells in a separate touch.  Read at least five minutes.
The probes are usually located at the tip of the
 Moderate injury (due to cold or lower blood
fingertip. Although the forehead and forehead are
pressure) is a major cause of inadequate pulse
sometimes used. The study found that ear oxygen is
wave. The smooth waveform in the form of the
not a reliable site for measuring oxygen supply.
cone is sensual, indicating excellent perfusion, a
Probes tend to use a "wrap" or "clip" sensors.
poor method is the sine waveform.
Uses  If a digital signal is used, the heart should be
 Symptoms of central cyanosis and traditional placed in the chest in order to minimize the
clinical signs hypoxemic symptoms are less
 movement of the hand to the brakes (usually the addition, the use of embedded technology enables the
patient) in the air. doctor to obtain the patient’s medical data. Doctor
 Checking the correlation between hand-cranked can view the integrated software-driving PDA
heart rate (Within 5 strokes per minute) between medical reports. This means that doctors-patient
the heart rate and the heart rate usually prevents counseling can be done anytime quickly. The use of
cellular significance. integrated technology in hospitals offers endless
 Emitter and detector should be conflicting and opportunities. The benefits mentioned above are only
should not touch the detector unless it is a light a small set from a wide range, for both the patient
tube. Check that the drawing is fully inserted and the medical staff.
into the probe and the flexible specimen should Embedded systems technology in the medical sector
be securely attached. Adjust the size to the baby is promising. The medical field is always seeking
and the newborn. new therapies and diagnostics. As the technology
 It is unusual for oxidized precision to be expands, the medical sector will require this
examined at least once from the blood gas. technology and new software will be designed to
Depending on the accumulated data, the anaphor meet the specific needs of specialized medical
meter may correct an average number of drops, equipment.
but this does not exclude the possibility of a
large error.
Sources of error 10. References
Pulse oximetry does not differentiate between
different forms of hemoglobin. Carboxyhemoglobin
is recorded as 90% oxygenated hemoglobin and 10%
desaturated hemoglobin, which overestimate the
actual saturation levels.

 Severe venous pulsations, such as those caused

by venous congestion and tricuspid
incompetence.
 Environmentally disturbing vibrations at 0.53.5
Hz, excessive and possibly high movements
ambient light level, including infrared lamps.
 Cold hands - hot end in case of poor local
infusion.
 Nail polish should be removed Because it can
distort the reading.

Such as methylthioninium chloride can make the

saturation of a saturated lie.[5]

9. Conclusion

Implementation of technology with embedded

systems (hardware and software) in diagnostics in
medical field and treatment is effective. Up to now
only physicians can provide hand-to-hand treatment
24 hours a day for patients. These types of embedded
devices are constantly monitored by health indexes
and therefore contribute to the right diagnosis.
Embedded technology reduces cargo costs to send
medical records. Instead of sending via mail carrier,
we can use fast telecommunications networks. In
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