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228 views41 pagesAC Drives
AC_Drives
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/ 41
496 [art 12.6] Power Electronics
voltage is positive and positive armature current rises. When CHI is turned off positive
seaa ere carrent free-whcols and decreases as it flows through CH4, D2, In this manner,
conpolled ‘motor operation in first quadrant is obtained.
Morward regeneralive-braking mode.. A de motor can work in the
regenerative braking mode only if motor generated emf is made .o exceed the de source
Teltage. For obtaining this inode, CH, CH3 and CH4 are kept off whereas CH? is operated.
Wa Gia is turned on, negative armature current rises through CH2, D4, E,, Ly.‘ When
CH2 is turned off, diodes D1, D2 are turned on and the motor acting as a generator returhs
crergy to che de sou.ce, This results in forward regenerative-braking thode in the
second-quadrant.
Reverse motoring mode. This operating mode is opposite to forward motoring mode,
Choppers CH1, CHA are kept off, CH2 is kept on whereas CH9 is operated. When CHS and
eeenere ve armature gets connected to source voltage V, s0 that both armature voltage V,
‘and armature current i, are negative. As armature current is reversed, motor torque
vaversed and consequently motoring mode in third quadrant is obtained. When CHO is turned
Of, negative armature current freewheels through CH2, D4, F,,La. fai armature current
Jecroeses and thus speed control is obtained in third quadrant. Note that during this mode,
polarity of B, is opposite to that shown in Fig. 12.24 (a).
vqie
HZ operated! CHI operated
(chi, cH3,CHot| CH2,CH3 off
Forwarded | Forwarded
9 Reg. Motering
Braking
cud operoted | cis oper
De GHijcHe off | CH, CH2,CH off
- Reverse | Reverse Reg
Motoring, Broking
a
(@) )
Fig. 12.24, Pour-quadrant de chopper drive (a) circuit diagram and (b) four-quadrant diagram.
Reverse Regenerative-braking ‘mode. As in forward braking mode, reverse
regenerative-braking mode is feasible only if motor generated emf is made to exceed the de
Teeenervaltage, For thie operating mode, OH, CH2 and CHS are kept off whereas O74 ©
oerated, When CHé is turned on, positive armature current i, rises through CH4, D2,
Ty Ly Ey. When CH4 is turned off, diodes D2, DS begin to conduct and motor acting as @
Generator returns energy to the de source, This leads to reverse regenerativ broking
operation of the de separately-excited motor in fourth quadrant.
Note that in Fig. 12,24 (a), the numbering of choppers is done to agree with the quadrants
Tee eae reoperated. For example, CH is operated for first quadrant, .. CHA for
fourth quadrant ete.
126, A.C. DRIVES
Primarily, electric drives can be divided into two groups, de drives and ac drives, DC
drives have already been discussed in this chapter. Now ac ‘drives are described at their Electric Drives (art12.7 497
introductory level only. Advantages and disadvantages of ac drives with respect to de drives
are ps under :
Kivtotages of ac drives
() For the same rating, ac motors are lighter in weight as compared to de motors.
() AC motors require'low maintenance as compared to de motors
Gd) AC motors are less expensive as compared to equivalent de motors
() AC motors can work in hazardous areas like chemical, petrochemical ete. whereas
dc motors are unsuitable for such environments because of commutator sparking.
Disadvantages of ac drives
(© Power converters for the control of ac motors are more complex.
(ii) Power converters for ac drives are more expensive.
id) Power converters for ac drives generate harmonics in the supply system and load
cireuit. As a result, ac motors get derated.
‘The advantages of ac drives outweigh their disadvantages. As such, ac drives are used
for several industrial applications. In general, there are two types of ac drivers
1. Induction motor drives
2. Synchronous motor drives.
‘These are now described in what follows.
12.7, INDUCTION-MOTOR DRIVES
‘When 3:phase supply is connected to three-phase stator winding, rotating magnetic field
's produced. The speed of this rotating field, ealled synchronous speed, ie given by
N= 2206 pm or a, % rps
te, 0 2 nee
where fi, supply frequency in Ha,
©, = supply frequency in rad/s
dor P= number of stator poles,
cannot attain synchronous speed. It must run at a speed N, less than N,, where
N,=N,Q-8)
On = a, (1 —3)
where N= rotor speed in rpm
= rotor speed in rad/s
N,
‘ A o
Analysis and performance. Per-phaso equivalent circuit of a three-phase induction
‘motor is shown in Fig. 12.25. In this eireuit, ry = rotor resistance referred to stator, 42 = rotor 498 fArt. 12.71 : Power Electronics
@ 6
rig 1298, Parphace equivalent crit of thretphase induces smotor referred to stator
leakage reactance referred to stator. 71+ J#: is the stator leakage impedance and Xq =
magnetizing reactance. In this figure, core loss resistance R, is not shown. But, for
determining the shaft power or shaft torque, the core oss must be taken into consideration.
jeace stator impedance drop is assumed MMegligible as compared to terminal voltage
VipX,, cam be moved to stator terminals to get ‘dhe simplified equivalent circuit of Fig. 32:25 (0)-
From this per-phase circuit model, stator current Js ‘and rotor current Jp can be calculated.
Once I, are known, the performance parameters ‘of a 3 phase induction motor can be
determined as follows :
Vy
7
papel
ate Tt
A245)
From Fig. 12.25 (),
#0)
Aie-gap power (power transferred from stator to rotar ‘through the
p,=31)2
Rotor ohmic loss =8iyry
Developed power in rotor, Py, =P, rotor ‘ohmic loss
gap),
AZAD
Developed rotor torque,
(12.48)
Also, 12.49)
‘Substituting the value of I, from Eq. (12.45), we get
ned vi 012.60)
oo, Ys
(ef mest
Motor power input, P=P, + stator core loss + stator copper 1035,
utpat, or shaft, power, Pah = Pn fixed los icon and windage loss) Electric Drives
‘Motor efficiency, ape
"Output, or shaft, torque,
Tyo eh Ph
a, @,=8)
2.50)
Slip at which maximum torque oceurs is given by
ty
Oa ae
(12.52)
‘Substituting the value of s,, in Eq, (12.50), we get an expression for maximum torque as
Tae ve
om * 20, | rads eta
‘The maximum torque, also called pull-out or
breakdown torque, is independent of rotor
resistance. However, s,, is directly proportional to
rotor resistance.
It is seen from Eq. (12.50) that if three-phase
induction motor is energised from fixed voltage at
a constant frequency, motor torque is a function of
the slip. For different values of slip, the
speed-torque characteristic of a three-phase
induction motor is plotted in Fig. 12.26. In motoring
mode under normal running (s<8,), as stator
current is not high, the air-gap flux remains
substantially constant and torque increases with
increase in slip from zero to 5. After maximum
torque T,,, at slip sq, a8 the slip increases, stator
current rises much more than the rated current,
air-gap flux decreases and therefore torque
decreases with an increase in slip.
In case rotor resistance r; ‘s neglected, which
is usually true in large induetion motors, the
expressions for slip and torque are as under :
2.
Sy Ren (12.54)
red. t
a fy 3
a] tet
23
Tony, Faye)
(12.53)
Forward
motoring
Toraue
pluggnng
Fig. 12.26. Speed-torque characteristics of
fa three-phase induction motor.
(12.58)
(12.56)
From Eqs, (12.55) and (12.56), it can be obtained that
(12.87) om tare soy Power Electronics
Ifs Bon 2 c.980H 724797
(i) For constant current input, T,. . from Eq. (12.75) is
: 2
Teg Gee COEF 560.4 = 5:756Nm
BOR 0.4? + 51°
Maximum torque, from Eq. (12.73) is
= 3. 28x50? en
Teom= Bon” 2x51 ~ 966-9981
It is seen from above that for constant-current mode, 7, is much smaller (5.756 Nm) as
compared to 7, y for tonstant-voltage mode (96,012 Nm). But maximum torque for
constant-current mode is much moré (366.993 Nm) than its value for constant-voltage mode
(247.37 Nm), Also the slip at which maximum torque occurs is very low (0.00784) for constant-
current mode as compared to its value for constant-voltage mode (0.202).
(@) At maximum torque, Sr 0.00784. From the equivalent circuit of Fig. 12.33 (a), the
magnetizing current I, is given by
t
te,”
mT
Bait Xn)
‘Supply voltage required to sustain constant current of 28A is given by
V, = VB (19.806) (50) = 1715.2 V
‘This shows that maximum torque at low value of slip necessitates a large value of source
voltage which is much higher than the rated source voltage. But acquiring such a large voltage
is not feasible. Thus, a large value of maximum torque at low slip is not a practical possibility.
Jn actual practice, saturation occurs and the magnitude of X,, is reduced. As a
consequence, the value of maximum torque under constant-current mode has a much lower
value than that computed here,
Summary of Characteristics of Adjustable-frequency Induction-motor Drives.
Spegd-toraue characteristics of a three-phase induction-mator drives depend upon the
methods of control techniques employed. For different stator frequencies, a family of
speed-torque characteristics as shown in Fig. 12.34 can be obtained. These characteristics
can be subdivided into three regions; constant-torque region, constant-power region and high-
speed series-motor region. A summary of these characteristics is reviewed here.
‘Constant-torque region. As explained before, this region of constant torque can be
obtained by volts/hertz control as shown in Fig. 12.29. In the low-frequency range of speed,
the effect of stator resistance is compensated by a boost in the stator voltage as shown in Fig.
12.85. In this region, stator current is kept constant at its rated value. Power, equal to the
product of constant torque and speed, varies linearly with speed as shown. Slip frequency
remains constant during this region. Blectrie Drives (art 128) 513
onstant-power region. When maximum speed, called base speed, is attained in the
ftant-torque region, stator voltage reaches its rated value. Motor speeds beyond base (or
rated) speed are obtained by keeping stator voltage constant and lowering the stator
frequency. :
‘Torque in a 3-phase induction motor is given by
7, = (Power input to rotor)
= 3 B00,
Pa
At ke stor fre ly
Jow rotor frequency, oat awa
3
“ T= (12.76)
v3 Bah «
is almost nearer to unity.
1B,
Tay
ptt
But rotor current, [y=
2
At small slips,
a Thin gives 1y= St
‘Substituting this value of fy in Eq, (12.76), we get
AIT)
‘Emf induced in rotor at stand-still,
By= Enh Nyaa 1a
‘This gives air-gap flux, @ « z
From Eq. (12.77), Te F oF a,
or T,2K-¢2
If stator impedance is neglected, then
y= NB mf Nyaa 41a roy tase seor
\ Power Electronics
From Eq. (12.78),
or (12.79)
Per unt speed
pone
High speed series
+ Rewyea ‘motonng region
wy=2.0
Constant power
Oe wre 20 Max. alt ‘region.
torque *
Constant torque
aero region
Moxm
{ atiowable torque
~ Torave
Fig. 12.34. Typical speed-torque characteristics of =
S-phase induction motor with variable-voltage and variable-frequency power supply.
Stator voltage, Vj '
Motor torque,Te
° z 3 per ont
Constant torque |. Constant power_.|_ High speed series, ed
EN he cog alee roregomd e
Fig. 12.35. Stator voltage, current, stip-frequency, torque and power variation
with speed for speed-torque characteristics of Fig. 12.34. Electric Drives (Art. 12.8) S15
‘Bq. (22.79) gives approximate value of motor torque for a 3-phase IM working in the
low-slip range. It shows that if IM is operated at constant stator voltage V, and constant
rotor frequency ©, the motor torque is inversely proportional to supply-frequency squared.
In case slip (or rotor) frequency w, is increased linearly as «, is increased to obtain
hign-operating speed ( a waa} then 3 is constant and therefore T, -@,=K:V;? @)
remains constant giving a constant power characteritic. During constant power operation,
stator voltage is kept constant but stator frequency is raised. As a result, stator flux decreases
or air-gap flux is weakened, In view of this, constant-power mode of a 3-phase IM is also
called field- weakening mode of an IM.
‘The upper limit of constant-power mode is reached when maximum working value of rotor
frequency is-reached.
High-speed series-motoring region. From Eq. (12.79),
2
rex, (02.79)
oy
After the constant-power region, high-speed series-motoring region ia obtained. In this
region, stator voltage V, and rotor frequency i» are maintained constant at their maximum
values. It is seen from Eq. (12.79) that under constant V; and a» operation of a 3-phase IM,
output torque 7, is inversely proportional to supply frequency equared or T, vaties inversely
as speed squared. In other words, T, @,? remains constant and series-type characteristics
are ‘thus obtained. As this region corresponds to high-speed series-type characteristics,
operation under constant V;,a and variable w, is usually referred to as high-speed
series-motoring region. .
In Fig. 12.34, speed-torque characteristics at different stator frequencies in the
constant-torque, constant-power and high-speed series-motoring regions are shown. The
maximum torque, indicated by dashed line, is constant below base speed and decreases
inversely with speed above base speed and upto @,=2.0. In the constant-torque and
constant-power regions, maximum allowable torque is shown somewhat lower than the
maximum or breakdown torque Tym just a8 a matter of precaution because inverter current
carrying capability is limited. Maximum allowable
torque is indicated by solid line in the constant-torque
region and by solid-curve in the constant-power region.
Example 12.26. Is it possible to obtain
Ward-Leonard type of characteristics from a 3-phase
induction motor # Discuss.
Solution. Word-Leonard system of speed control
for a separately-excited de motor gives torque-speed
and power-speed characteristics as shown in Fig.
12.36, A comparison of Figs. 12.35 and 12.36 shows
that Ward-Leonard type of characteristics as obtained
in a de motor can be obtained from a 3-phase induction 0 Y
motor.
‘hem. voltage Motor field
‘onto contrat
| constant |
Constant
torque Te ped
1
woot
1
!
2
. ueepeed an
Prom base speed down to zero speed, the spead _phif,2296,Torauesspend and
control is obtained by (i) armature voltage control in Ward-Leonard system of speed control. 516 [Art 12.8) Power Electronics
ade motor and (ii) stator voltage and frequency control in a 3-phase induction motor. In both,
the flux is kept constant by keeping (i) field current constant in a de motor and (it) V/f
onstant in a 3-phase IM, Armature current in a de motor and stator current in IM are kept
Jonstant at their rated, values. In both, constant torque and variable power characteristics
‘are obtdined from zero to base speed.
Above base speed, the speed control is obtained by field-weakening method in both de
and ac motors. Constant power and variable torque characteristics are obtained in both types
of motors as shown, Armature current in de motor and stator current in 3-phase IM are kept
constant. In de motor, armature voltage is kept constant whereas field flux is weakened by
decreasing the field current. In IM, stator voltage is kept constant and air-gap flux is
‘weakened by increasing stator frequency but by keeping 2 constant.
12.8.5. Static Rotor-resistanee Control
In a slip-ring induction motor (SRIM), a 3-phase variable resistor Ry can be inserted in
the rotor circuit as shown in Fig. 12.37 (a). By varying the rotor circuit resistance Ry, the
motor torque can be controlled as shown in Fig. 12.37 (2). The starting torque and starting
current can also be varied by controlling the rotor circuit resistance, Fig. 12.37 (b) and (c).
‘The disadvantages of this method of speed control are : (i) reduced efficiency at low speeds
Stator corrent
{a) (o) ©)
Fig. 12.97. Three-phase IM speed control by rotor resistance (a) circuit arrangement
(6) effect on developed torque (c) effect on stator current.
(di) speed changes very widely with load variation (ii) unbalances in voltages and currents
if rotor circuit resistances are not equal. In spite of these, this method of speed control is
used when speed drop is required for a short time, as for example in overhead cranes, in load
equalization etc.
‘The three-phase resistor of Fig. 12.37 (a) may be replaced by a three-phase diode rectifier,
chopper and one resistor as shown in Fig. 12.38 (). In this figure, the function of inductor
Lyi to smoothen the current I,. GTO chopper allows the effective rotor circuit resistance to
‘be varied for the speed control of SRIM. Diode rectifier converts slip-frequency input power
to de at its output terminals.
‘When chopper is on, Vie= Vz=0 and resistance R gets short-circuited. When chopper is
joff, Vz, = V4 and resistance in the rotor circuit is R. This is shown in Fig. 12.38 (6). From this
figure, effective external resistance R, Electric Drives fart 12.8) 517
sheseueoy
san
ae a)
a cnorper &)
Fig. 12.98. (2) SRIM control by static variation of external rotor resistance
(@) waveforms pertaining to Fig. (a)
R=" ge RTT) Rah (012.80)
Diode rectver,
T
1,
where A= “H" = duty eycle of chopper.
Analysis of induction motor with chopper control. The equivalent circuit for 3-phase
IM, diode rectifier and chopper circuit of Fig. 12.38 (a) is as shown in Fig. 12.39 (a).
L
Hx ity Sk
+ de = OO
Tr fe
she Ne Yee SresRthk)
- a a
@
Nae La
= a ee
y 38 Ns Vee $Re-RUt-K)
, @
ppproximate equivalent circuit.
Fig. 12.39 (a), Equivalent circuit for Fig. 12.38 (a), (6)
Hf stator and rotor leakage impedances are neglected as compared to inductor La,
equivalent circuit of Fig. 12.39 (b) is obtained. Stator voltage V, when referred to rotor circuit
gives slip-frequency voltage as
vy,
s N N,=8aV,=6 Eq 518 [Art 12.8) ‘ Power Electronics
where E, = rotor induced emf per phase at stand-still
V, = stator voltage per phase
rotor effective turns, Ny
Stator effective turns, Ny
per phase turns ratio from rotor to stator.
Voltage s E,=sa Vy, after rectification by 3-phiase diode bridge appears as V, (rectifier
output voltage).
Nar. se Zsa V, = 2.339 saV, 412.81)
where Voq © miaxirum value of phase voltage = WZ sa ¥i
‘Total slip power = 9. P,. For no losses in the rectifier, this must be equal to Vgly.
3 P= ere Ig
Per-phase developed power, Pa.=(1~2) Py
wa-9 a
Also, Py = Ty° Gy = Te: (1-8)
From Eqs. (12.82) and (12.83), we get
vl 2eD=T,-0,1-9)
T,-@,-38
. la
Substituting the value of V; from Eq, (12.81), we get
Ign = afr Sy = a6 1.012.840)
Load torque 1-31,
where T, = motor developed torque per phase.
l= ae (12.84 6)
Ea. (12.84) shows that inductor current 1, is independent of motor speed. Assuming
inductor to be ideal, de voltage at the rectifier output,
Vent RO-B)
From Eq. (12.80, V¥y=2.3898a V,=1,-R(-h)
, 1-R-*
Slip, ee
Motor speed, 0, =4,0-8)
Jy:RO-b|
-afi- Soe ao) (12.86 a)
WRG “aI
or I=
(12.88)
Alto went So99 2%; Electric Drives fart 128) 519
Kouneticting the value of I, from Eq. (12.84 b) in Eq, (12.86 a), we get
: Ty -@-R-k)
Tee RO-®) (12.86 8
(2.339-aV)? € 7
For fixed value of duty cycle, speed falls
as load torque 7;, is increased.
Each diode in Fig. 12.38 (a) conducts for:
120°, The waveform of rotor current i; is
shown in Fig. 12.40. For a ripple-free output
current Iy, it is seen from Fig. 12.40 that
rms value of rotor current,
nee B22 0280 Be 1240, oor current waveform
ripplesree 1.
m=,
My aloo tele 2
heyhmahna TeN3 12,88)
Fourier analysis of the waveform in Fig. 12.40 can be obtained from Eq. (8.61).
22 rai 2 ae
a2 fe Again at -d (ot) = 51, |-co9 at] = ale
‘This gives fundamental component of rotor current as
Ay Ne
Ine ie PEAS, (02.89)
Fundamental component of rotor current referred to stator ,
Iyeplae Ina eal (22.90)
Example 12.27. A S-phase, 420V, 4-pole, 50He, star-connected SRIM has its speed
controled by means of GTO chopper in its rotor circuit. The effective phase turns rato from
rotor to stator is 0.8, The filter inductor makes the inductor current ripple free. Losses in the
eth inductor, GTO chopper and no-load losses of the motor are neglected. Load torque,
roportional to speed squared, is 460 Nm at 1440 rpm.
Teg) For a minimum motor peed of 1000 rpm, calculate the value of chopper resistance R.
For the value of R obtained in part (a, if the speed is to be raised to 1320 rpm, caleulate.
(b) inductor current (@) duty eye ofthe chopper (d) rectified output voltage ()eficiency
in case per-phase resistances for stator and rotor are 0.015 2.and 0.02 0 respectively.
Solution. Per-phase stator voltage,
vy =P -2425V
t
Load torque at 1000 rpm, Ty, -sso(t23} =217.01Nm
Synchronous speed, «= 21500 son rad/s 520 [Art 12.8) ' Power Electronics
Minimum motor speed, ©, aq = 21002 = 104.72 rade
” 60
(a) From Eq. (12.84 6), the inductor current, .
217.01 50 2
Ta™ 390 x 0.8 x 240.8 7 704224
For minimum motor speed, duty eycle & = 0 in Eq. (12.86 a).
I,-RQ-0)
om wero "23390;
= _ 15,128 xR
1047250 fh 2.339% 0.8% has]
‘This gives R=2.01340
Inductor current from Eq, (12.84 b) is
[,=_S18.125 x 508
'd™ 9.989 x 0.8 x 242.5
© + thy = PEA I920 - 198,28 rad/s.
= 130,895 A
60
. __ 390,895 x 2.0134
From Eq, (12.86 a), 198.23=50n| 1-555 og x 242.8
50 x {1 - 0.5808 (1 ~ &)}
. 2. Duty cycle of chopper, ).7934
@ lip, #= 200051820 - 0.12
From Bq. (1231), Vg=2.830%0.12x 0.8 x 242.5= 54.452 V .
(e) Power loss in chopper resistance
. 12 Vy [g = 54.452 130.895 = 7127.5 W
Also, power loss in chopper resistance
21? -RQ-*)
= (130.895)? x 2.0184 (1 - 0.7934) =.7127 W
From Eq, (12.87), inductor current referred to rotor,
L V2 ly =? x 130,895 = 106.88 A
‘Total rotor ohmic loss = BIg? ry = 3 x 106.88" x 0.02 = 685.4 W
From Eq. (12.88), stator current,
1,= aly = 08 x 106.88 = 85.504.
‘Total stator ohmic loss = 8I,°r = 3 x 85,504" x 0.015 = 329 W
Power output #1, O,= 78,128 x 221820 - 52268.25 W
Power input = 52268.25 + 7127.5 + 685.4 +329 = 60410.15 W Electric Drives fart. 12.8) 521
Bicieney = $2705 73 x 100 = 86.52
Example 12.28. 3-phase, 400 V, 50 Hz, 960 rpm, star- connected SRIM has the following
per-phase parameters referred to stator:
11=0.19, 1=0.082, x)=%2= 0.99, Xq 20
Per-phase turns ratio from rotor to stator = 0.7
Spéed of this motor is controlled by a GTO chopper in its rotor circuit. For a speed of 800
rpm, the inductor current is 110 A and the chopper resistance is 2.9. Calculate
(a) the value of chopper duty cycle
(8) efficiency for a power output of 20 kW and for negligible no-load losses.
(6) the input power factor.
Solution. (a) Per-phase voltage = 4P° = 230.9
Syrichronous speed, N= 1000 rpm
- __Mox2a=%
From Eq.(12.86a), 800 1000[, Baa9, 0 Da09
‘This gives chopper dirty cycle, # = 0.656
(8) Power loss in chopper =J,?- R (1 ~ A) = 110° 2 (0 - 0.656) = 8324.8 W
‘Rims value of rotor current referred to stator, from Eq. (12.88), is
heal V2 morx 10x 62.874,
Power loss in stator and rotor resistances
= 3 (62,87) x (0.1 + 0.08) = 2134.4 W
Power input += 20,000 + 8324.8 + 2184.4= 30459. W
Efficiency = Pott * 100 = 65.66%
(©) From Eq. (12.90), fundamental component of rotor current referred to stator is
yee 14>. (0.9 x110= 60.08
Power input IS x 400 x 60.04 x cos 0 = 30459.2 W
304592
Input f= 9g goo cap ba = 0.7323 lag
12.8.6, Slip-Power Recovery Schemes
In chopper method of speed control for SRIM, the slip power is dissipated in the external
resistance and it leads to poor efficiency of the drive. However, instead of wasting the slip
power in the rotor circuit resistance, it can be conveniently converted by various schemes for
the speed control of SRIM. Two important slip-power recover schemes are static Kramer drive
and static Scherbius drive. These are now discussed in what follows.
12.8.6.1, Static Kramer Drive. The circuit configuration for static Kramer drive is
shown in Fig. 12.41. The slip-fiequency power from the rotor circuit is converted to de voltage
‘which is then converted to line frequency and pumped back to the ac source. As the slip power
can flow only in one direction, static Kramer drive offers speed control below synchronous
speed only. 522 Art. 12.8) Power Electronics
3-pha8°-——$ $$ ASAoOO
supply i
| Ny
. or 8 [ranatorme]
ri
LE
‘Sip power
Diode rect
Line commutated
inverter
Fig. 12.41. Static Kramer drive.
‘The stip power from rotor is rectified to de voltage by diode bridge. Inductor L, smoothens
the ripples in the rectified voltage V,. This voltage V, is then converted to ac voltage at line
frequency by line-commutated inverter. As the power flow is from rotor circuit to supply, static
Kramer drive offers constant-torque drive. As stated before, this scheme offers speed contra!
below synchronous speed only. Simplified torque and speed expressions for this drive can be
derived as follows.
Rotor voltage per phase = sE,
where Eq= per phase rotor e.m-f. at standstill
and lip
‘Voltage sE, is rectified to V, by diode bridge, Uncontrolled output voltage of diode rectifier,
from Eq. (6.37), is
2x maximum value of input line
Vex
3 in)
;
+
oR
E,_V; Ny
But NeW or ByViqneMs
NY
here effective rotor turns per phase, Ny’
™ © cffective stator turns per phase, Ny’
V, = supply voltage per phase.
v2 38 -saV, = 2,939 saV; 12.91)
| For three-phase line-commutated inverter, average de output voltage (with no
transformer) is Electric Drives fart 128) 523
t : By, cosa 90°
