Scribd
Upload
63 views20 pages

CHM02 - CO1 - LESSON2 - Intermolecular Force

This document discusses intermolecular forces, which are the attractive forces between molecules. It defines intermolecular forces and how they differ from intramolecular forces. The main types of intermolecular forces are described as ion-ion forces, ion-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces. Examples are provided to illustrate polar vs non-polar molecules and the different types of intermolecular forces. The influence of intermolecular forces on properties like evaporation rate, boiling point, and solubility is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Meg Igliane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
63 views20 pages

CHM02 - CO1 - LESSON2 - Intermolecular Force

This document discusses intermolecular forces, which are the attractive forces between molecules. It defines intermolecular forces and how they differ from intramolecular forces. The main types of intermolecular forces are described as ion-ion forces, ion-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and dispersion forces. Examples are provided to illustrate polar vs non-polar molecules and the different types of intermolecular forces. The influence of intermolecular forces on properties like evaporation rate, boiling point, and solubility is also summarized.

Uploaded by

Meg Igliane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

INTERMOLECULAR

FORCE IN SOLIDS AND


LIQUIDS
COURSE OUTCOME 1
INTERMOLECULAR
FORCE
COURSE OUTCOME 1 – Lesson 2
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE

What are intermolecular forces?


How does it differ from intramolecular force?
What are the intermolecular forces in solids and
liquids?
INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
Intermolecular Force – attractive forces between molecules
Intramolecular Force – attractive forces that hold atoms together in
molecule.

Intermolecular forces are much weaker than intramolecular forces


TYPES OF INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
• Ion-Ion Force (Strongest)
• Ion-Dipole Force
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Dipole-Dipole Interaction
• Dispersion Forces (weakest)
REVIEW OF TERMS
• IONS are charged atoms or molecules.
• DIPOLE is a molecule that has both positive and negative regions
that are separated with each other.
• ELECTRONEGATIVITY is the ability of an atom to attract shared
electrons; how much electrons wants to be near an element
• POLAR molecules are those that possess dipole moments, which
arise from differences in electronegativities
POLAR VS NON-POLAR
POLAR
• The molecule has one slightly positive end and end slightly negative
end.
• central atom with lone pair.
• The terminal atoms are not symmetrically arranged.
Ex: H2O, SO2
POLAR VS NON-POLAR
NON-POLAR
• compounds having the same atom / monoatomic molecules.
• central atoms without lone pairs.
• All of the terminal atoms (or groups) are symmetrically arranged
around the central atom.
Ex: CO2, N2
EXAMPLES:
Determine whether the following compounds are polar or non polar.
1. CO2
2. BF3
3. NH3
4. ClF3
5. BrF5
ION-ION FORCE
Ion-Ion interactions are attractive force between positive and negative
ions. It is also known as Ionic bonds. It is the strongest force in all
intermolecular force.
The ion that loses the electron becomes a positively charged ion
(cation) and the one that gains electrons becomes negatively charged
ion (anion).
ION-DIPOLE FORCE
These are forces that attract an ion
(either a cation or anion) and a polar
molecule to each other.
The strength of this interaction depends
on the charge and size of the ion, on the
magnitude of the dipole moment, and
the size of the molecule.
Ex: Sodium ion or Magnesium ion
interaction with a water molecule
HYDROGEN BONDING
It is a special type of dipole-dipole
interaction between the hydrogen atom
in a polar bond, such as N-H, O-H, or F-H,
and an electronegative O, N, or F atom.
DIPOLE – DIPOLE INTERACTION
• These are attractive forces between polar molecules (between
oppositely charged ends of polar molecules).
• Molecules have dipole moments.
• The larger the dipole moment (larger difference in electronegativity),
the larger is the dipole-dipole force.
DISPERSION FORCES
• These are attractive forces that arise as a result of temporary dipoles
induced in atoms or molecules due to the proximity of an ion or
polar molecule.
• It is present in all molecules (Polar, Non-polar, Ionic)
• Monoatomic substances and non-polar molecules
• Dispersion forces usually increase with molar mass

ion-induced dipole interaction dipole-induced dipole interaction


INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
EXAMPLES
Determine what type of intermolecular forces may be present the in
the following compounds.
Choices: ion-dipole, hydrogen bonding, Dipole-dipole, ion-induced
dipole, dipole-induced dipole
1. CO2 molecules 6. Sodium chloride dissolved in water
2. NaCl molecules molecules
3. ammonia (NH3) and C6H6 7. HBr and H2S
4. methane (CH4) 8. I2 and NO3-
5. Oxygen gas (O2) 9. NH3 and C6H6
10. HCOOH in water
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
Intermolecular forces influence three properties.
1. Rate of evaporation
2. Boiling point
3. Solubility
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
Rate of Evaporation:
• Evaporation requires the input of energy, specifically the enthalpy of
vaporization (Δ vap H°).
• The value for the enthalpy of vaporization has a positive sign → evaporation
is an endothermic process.
• The enthalpy change for the condensation process → has a negative value
• The greater the forces of attraction between molecules in a liquid,
the greater the energy that must be supplied to separate them.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
Boiling Point:
• As the temperature of a substance is raised, its molecules gain
kinetic energy.
• When the boiling point is reached, the molecules have sufficien.t
kinetic energy to escape the forces of attraction of their neighbors

Stronger Intermolecular force = High Boiling Point


INTERMOLECULAR FORCE
Solubility
• Likes dissolve likes
• Polar Solute and Polar Solvent
• Non-polar Solute and Non-polar Solvent
Examples:
1. Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is dissolved in water (H2O).
2. Nonpolar motor oil dissolved in gasoline.
3. Table salt is dissolved in water

You might also like