CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)

Module #13 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Effective Stresses in Soil Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, pencil, eraser
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
References:
1. Recall the principles and formulas involved in solving problems Fundamentals of Geotechnical
about Effective Stresses in Soil. Engineering 4th Edition by Braja M.
Das
2. Evaluate your understanding about the topic by answering
board exam related problems dealing with Effective Stresses Civil Engineering Reference
in Soil. Volume 4 by DIT Gillesania

Basic Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering 5th
Edition by V. Besavilla

A. LESSON REVIEW
Introduction

When a building is constructed, its weight is transmitted to the ground through its foundation, thus
inducing stresses in the underlying strata. These induced stresses might cause problems such as
excessive settlement or shear failure and thus are important to engineers.
Karl Terzaghi was the first to recognize the importance of effective stress. It is the stress
transmitted through grain to grain at the point of contact through soil mass. It is also known as inter-
granular stress. When soil mass is loaded. The load is transferred to the soil gains through their point
of contact. If at the point of contact, the applied load is greater than the resistance of the grains, then
there will be compression in the soil mass.
This compression is partly due to the elastic compression of the grains at the points of contact
and partly due to relative sliding between particles. This load per unit area of soil mass responsible
for deformation of the soil mass is termed as effective stress.
(https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/soil/effective-stress-in-soil-development-importance-and-principles)

B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building

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EFFECTIVE STRESSES IN SOIL

A. Effective Stress of point A

Saturated unit Weight, Effective Unit Pore Water Pressure or Neutral Stress
Weight or Buoyant Unit Weight
𝒖 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝟐
(𝑮𝒔 + 𝒆)𝜸𝒘
𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 =
𝟏+𝒆
Effective Stress at A

Submerged Unit Weight 𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝑷𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒆

𝜸𝒔𝒖𝒃 𝒐𝒓 𝜸′ = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘
𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸′ 𝒉𝟐

Total stress at A

𝝈𝑨 = 𝜸𝒅𝒓𝒚 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝟐

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B. Effective stress at A

Total Stress at A Effective Stress at A

𝝈𝑨 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝟐 𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝟏 + 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 𝒉𝟐 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐)

Pore water Pressure 𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸′ 𝒉𝟐

𝒖 = 𝜸𝒘 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐)

C. Effective Stress at A

Total Stress at A
Effective Stress at A
𝝈𝑨 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 )
𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 ) − 𝜸𝒘 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐)

Pore water Pressure

𝑬𝒇𝒇. 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝜸′ (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐 )
𝒖 = 𝜸𝒘 (𝒉𝟏 + 𝒉𝟐)

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Effective Stress in the Zone Capillary Rise

Capillary Rise Where:

ℎ𝑚𝑚 = capillary rise in mm
𝑪 C = a constant that varies from 10 to 50
𝒉𝒎𝒎 = mm2
𝑫𝟏𝟎
𝐷10 = effective size (mm)
e = void ratio

Range of Capillary Soil Type

Rise
0.1 - 0.2 m. Coarse Sand
0.3 - 1.2 m. Fine Sand
1.3 - 7.5 m Silt
7.5 - 23 m. Clay

Pore Pressure at a point in a layer of soil Where:

partially saturated caused by capillary u = pore pressure in kPa
action: S = degree of saturation
h = capillary rise in mm
𝑺
𝒖= − 𝜸 𝒉
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒘

Seepage Force Per unit Volume

Where:
F = seepage force per unit volume
𝒉
𝒉 𝒊=
𝑭= 𝜸 = 𝒊𝜸𝒘 𝑯
𝑯𝟐 𝒘 i = hydraulic gradient
h = head loss
H = length of soil

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Effective Stress of Saturated Soil with

Upward Seepage

Total Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Pore Pressure at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Effective Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 − 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 = 𝟎

Total Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at B: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅 + 𝒉𝟏 )
Effective Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅 + 𝒉𝟏 )

Total Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at C: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒉 + 𝑯𝟐 )
Effective Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒉 + 𝑯𝟐 )

Effective Stress of Saturated Soil with

Downward Seepage

Total Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Pore Pressure at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Effective Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 − 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 = 𝟎

Total Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at B: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅 − 𝒉𝟏 )
Effective Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅 − 𝒉𝟏 )

Total Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at C: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 − 𝒉 + 𝑯𝟐 )

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Effective Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 − 𝒉 + 𝑯𝟐 )

Effective Stress of Saturated Soil with

Downward Seepage

Total Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Pore Pressure at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘
Effective Stress at A: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 − 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 = 𝟎

Total Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at B: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅)
Effective Stress at B: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝒅𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝒅)

Total Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕

Pore Pressure at C: 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 )
Effective Stress at C: 𝑯𝟏 𝜸𝒘 + 𝑯𝟐 𝜸𝒔𝒂𝒕 − 𝜸𝒘 (𝑯𝟏 + 𝑯𝟐 )

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are sample problems with solutions.

PROBLEM:
For the given soil profile shown in the figure,
compute the following:
a. Total stress at pointy A.
b. Value of h if the effective stress at A is equal to 81.6 kN/m2.
c. Effective stress at B.

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a.. Total stress at A 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁

81.6 2
= 195.70 2 − 9.81 3 (ℎ)
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝜎𝐴 = 5𝑚(20.11 ) ℎ = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟔 𝒎
𝑚3

𝒌𝑵 c. Effective stress at B
𝜎𝐴 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓 . 𝟕𝟎
𝒎𝟐 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝐸𝑓𝑓. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 81.6 𝑚2
+ 11.97 𝑚3
(20𝑚)
b. Value of h
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁 𝐸𝑓𝑓. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐵 = 𝟑𝟐𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
𝐸𝑓𝑓. 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐴 = 195.70 2
− 9.81 3 (ℎ)
𝑚 𝑚

PROBLEM:
A thick layer of clay underlies a sand formation having a thickness of 5 m. the groundwater is
located 2 m below the ground surface. Specific gravity of sand and clay is 2.65 with sand having an
average void ratio of 0.52. The clay has a water content of 42%
a. Compute the saturated unit weight of clay.
b. Compute the total stress at a depth of 10 m below the ground surface.
c. Compute the effective stress at a depth of 10 m. below the ground surface.

a. Saturated unit weight of clay

(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
𝐺𝑠 𝑤
𝑆=
𝑒
42(2.65)
100 =
𝑒
𝑒 = 1.113

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(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
(2.65 + 1.113)(9.81 ) (2.65 + 0.52)(9.81 )
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚3 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑚3
1 + 1.113 1 + 0.52

𝒌𝑵 𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝟏𝟕. 𝟒𝟕 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.46
𝒎𝟑 𝑚3

𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 17.10 3
(2) + 20.46 3 (3)
b. Total stress at a depth of 10m below the 𝑚 𝑚
𝑘𝑁
ground surface + 17.47 3 (5)
𝑚
𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟗𝟑 𝒌𝑷𝒂
1+𝑒
𝑘𝑁
(2.65)(9.81 )
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑚3 c. Effective stress at a depth of 10 m below
1 + 1.113
the ground

𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 17.10 𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 − 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠
𝑚3
𝑘𝑁
𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 182.93 kPa − 9.81 (8) -
𝑚3

𝑄𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝟏𝟓𝟑. 𝟓 𝐤𝐏𝐚

PROBLEM:
From the figure shown, the total height of soil sample is 25 cm.
The water table is located 5 cm below E.
a. Compute the difference between the pressure heads of C
and D.
b. Compute the total head at C.
c. Compute the head loss at D.

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a. Difference between the pressure heads of c. Head loss at D

C and D
1
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐹 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷 𝑖𝑠
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 20 2
𝑚𝑖𝑑𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐹
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 12.5
1
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = (40)
𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 20 − 12.5 2

𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝟕. 𝟓 𝐜𝐦 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒄𝒎

b. Total head at C

𝐻 = 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

𝑃𝑐
𝐻= + 12.5 + 7.5
𝛾𝑤

𝐻 = 20 + 20

𝐻 = 40 cm

PROBLEM:
A soil profile is shown in the figure. A zone of
capillary rise of 2.5 m is on the sand layer overlaying clay. In
the zone, the average degree of saturation is 60%.
a. Compute the effective stress right below B.
b. Compute the effective stress of C.
c. Compute the effective stress of D.

a. Effective stress at B. 𝐺𝑠 𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 =
1+𝑒
For sand:

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𝑘𝑁 (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑆𝑒)𝛾𝑤
(2.66)(9.81 ) 𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 =
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 𝑚3 1+𝑒
1 + 0.5
𝑘𝑁
𝑘𝑁 (2.71 + 0.60(0.75))(9.81 )
𝛾𝑑𝑟𝑦 = 17.40 3 𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 𝑚3
𝑚 1 + 0.75

Pore pressure on the zone of capillary rise: 𝑘𝑁

𝛾𝑚𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑡 = 17.71
𝑘𝑁 𝑚3
= −0.60 (9.81 ) (2.5) = −14.72 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑚3 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 17.40(40) + 17.71(2.5)
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟕𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Effective stress right above B:
= 17.4(4) = 69.60 𝑘𝑃𝑎 c. Effective stress at D
Effective stress right below B: (𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
𝑘𝑁 1+𝑒
`= 17.4 (4 𝑚) − (−14.72 𝑘𝑃𝑎)
𝑚3 (2.72 + 0.95)(9.81) 𝑘𝑁
= 𝟖𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 18.46 3
1 + 0.95 𝑚

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 17.4(4) + 17.71(2.5)

b. Effective stress at C +(18.46 − 9.81)(3.5)
For clay: 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂

PROBLEM:
The figure shows a layer of granular soil in a tank with an upward
seepage by applying water through the valve at the bottom of the
tank. The loss of head caused by upward seepage between the
levels of A and B is 0.70 m. and between levels A and C is 0.28 m.
The void ratio of the soil is 0.52 and its specific gravity is 2.72.
a. Compute the effective stress at C.
b. Compute the critical hydraulic gradient for zero effective stress.
c. Compute the upward seepage force per unit volume.

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a. Effective stress at C.

(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 c. Upward seepage force

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(2.72 + 0.52)(9.81) 𝑘𝑁 ℎ 0.70
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = = 20.91 3 𝑖= = = 0.14
1 + 0.52 𝑚 𝐿 5

𝐹 = 𝑖𝛾𝑤
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 9.81(1) + 20.91(2)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 51.63 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑁
𝐹 = 0.14 (9.81 )
𝑚3
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 9.81(1 + 2 + 0.28) 𝒌𝑵
𝑃𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 32.18 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐹 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟕
𝒎𝟑
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 51.63 − 32.18
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝐶 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟒𝟓 𝒌𝑷𝒂

b. Critical hydraulic gradient

𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
𝑖𝑐𝑟 =
𝛾𝑤
20.91 − 9.81
𝑖𝑐𝑟 =
9.81
𝑖𝑐𝑟 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

A quiz for you to check how well you understood the lesson.

SELF ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

Speed Test Challenge: Try to solve each problem for 4 Minutes or less.

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Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

1. Given the soil strata shown in the figure. Determine

the effective stress at B in kg/m2.

a. 32320 b. 32330
c. 32340 d. 32350

2. A thick layer of clay underlies a sand formation having a

thickness of 4.5m. The groundwater is located 2 m below the
ground surface. Specific gravity of sand and clay is 2.65 with
sand having an average void ratio of 42%. Degree of saturation
above the water table is 0.37. Compute the total stress at a depth
of 10 m before the ground surface.

a. 188.92 kPa b. 635.345 kPa

c. 183.92 kPa d. 638.345 kPa
.

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3. From the given soil formation of soil and the water

table. Compute the effective stress at A in kPa.

a. 49.05 b. 48.08
c. 52.14 d. 37.43

4. The soil profile shown consists of a layer of dry sand and

4 m thick which overlies a layer of clay having a thickness
of 6 m. Ground water table is located at the interface of the
sand and clay. Determine the effective stress at the bottom
of the clay layer if the water table rises by 2 m.

a. 124.67 kPa b.114.38 kPa

c. 134.67 kPa d. 164.38 kPa

5. From the figure shown, H1 = 0.60, H2 = 0.90 m and h =

0.45 m. The sand has a saturated unit weight of 18.65
Kn/m3. Hydraulic conductivity of sand K = 0.12 cm/sec. If
the cross sectional area of tank = 0.46 m2, determine the
rate of upward seepage of water in liters/sec.

a. 0.016 b. 0.276
c. 1.186 d. 0.342

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Key to Corrections
Activity 2
1. B
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. D

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Compressibility of Soil Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, pencil, eraser
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
References:
1. Recall the principles and formulas involved in solving problems Fundamentals of Geotechnical
about Compressibility of Soil. Engineering 4th Edition by Braja M.
Das
2. Evaluate your understanding about the topic by answering
board exam related problems dealing with Compressibility of Civil Engineering Reference
Soil. Volume 4 by DIT Gillesania

Basic Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering 5th
Edition by V. Besavilla

A. LESSON REVIEW
Introduction

Compressibility characteristics of soils forms one of the important soil parameters required in
design considerations.
In the theory of compression, soil compression is assumed to occur by the decrease in the
volume of voids, the volume of solids remaining constant throughout the process. Also, higher the
effective stress in soils, higher is the resulting compression. Void ratio is used to represent compression
because it is a ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of solids, the former being reflective of
compression and the latter being constant in soil compression. The construction of any structure takes
place in stages causing stresses in soils also in increments. To represent this field condition, the
laboratory consolidation test is conducted by applying the stress in increments on an undisturbed soil
specimen, allowing sufficient time for the complete consolidation to take place under each stress
increment.
(https://www.soilmanagementindia.com/soil/soil-compressibility)

B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building

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SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS

Total Settlement
Where:
𝑆𝑡 = total settlement
𝑺𝒕 = 𝑺𝒄 + 𝑺𝒔 + 𝑺𝒆 𝑆𝑐 = primary consolidation settlement
𝑆𝑠 = secondary consolidation settlement
𝑆𝑒 = immediate or elastic settlement

A. Primary Consolidation Settlement

Where:
1. Normally Consolidated Clays 𝑆𝑐 = Primary consolidation settlement
𝐶𝑐 = compression index
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009(LL-10)
𝑒0 = in situ void ratio
𝑪𝒄 𝑯 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷 𝐻 = thickness of clay layer
𝑺𝒄 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝑷𝒐 ∆𝑃 = average increase of effective stress on clay
layer
𝑃𝑜 = average effective stress at the mid-height of
clay layer

2. Over Consolidated Clays

1. When 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷 < 𝑷𝒄 Where:

1 1
𝐶𝑠 = swell index (ranges from 5
𝑡𝑜 10
𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑐 )
𝑪𝒔 𝑯 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷
𝑆𝑐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝑷𝒐 𝑃𝑐 = preconsolidation pressure
2. When 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷 > 𝑷𝒄

𝑪𝒔 𝑯 𝑷𝒄 𝑪𝒄 𝑯 𝑷𝒐 + ∆𝑷
𝑆𝑐 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 ( ) + 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝑷𝒐 𝟏 + 𝒆𝟎 𝑷𝒐

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B. Secondary Settlement

Where:
𝑪𝜶 𝑯 𝑻𝟐 𝑆𝑠 = secondary settlement
𝑺𝒔 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈( )
𝟏 + 𝒆𝒑 𝑻𝟏 𝐶𝛼 = secondary compression index
𝑇2 = time after completion of primary settlement
𝑇1 = time for completion of primary settlement
𝒆𝑷 = 𝒆𝒐 − ∆𝒆 𝑒𝑃 = void ratio at the end of primary consolidation
𝑒𝑜 = in situ void ratio

𝑷𝒐 +∆𝑷
∆𝒆 = 𝑪𝒄 𝒍𝒐𝒈( 𝑷𝒐
)

C. Immediate or Elastic Settlement

Where:
1. 𝐶𝑠 = shape and foundation rigidity
𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐 B = width of foundation or diameter of circular
𝑺𝒆 = 𝑪𝒔 𝒒𝑩 ( ) foundation
𝑬𝒔
𝑃
𝑞 = 2 (𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑)
𝐵
2.
𝜇 = Poissons ratio of soil
𝟏 − 𝝁𝟐
𝑺𝒆 = 𝑰𝒑 𝒒𝑩 ( ) 𝐸𝑠 = modulus of elasticity of soil
𝑬𝒔
𝐼𝑝 = influence factor

Swell Index

1. 2.

0.0463 (𝐿𝐿)(𝐺𝑠 ) 1 1
𝐶𝑠 = 𝐶𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜 𝐶
100 5 10 𝑐

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Time Rate of Consolidation (Theory of Consolidation)

Compression Index
Where:
𝐶𝑐 = compression index
𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝑒1 = void ration at a pressure 𝑃1
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑃 𝑒2 = void ratio at a pressure 𝑃2
log ( 1 )
𝑃2

Coefficient of compressibility

Where:
𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝑎𝑣 = coefficient of compressibility in m2/kN
𝑎𝑣 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃1

Coefficient of Volume Compressibility

Where:
𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝑎𝑣
𝑚𝑣 = =
(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) (1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 ) 𝑚𝑣 = coefficient of volume permeability

𝑒1 + 𝑒2
𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
2

Coefficient of Consolidation

Where:
𝐾 𝐶𝑣 = coefficient of consolidation
𝐶𝑣 =
𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤 𝐾 = coefficient of permeability
𝑚𝑣 = coefficient of volume compressibility

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Time Factor

Where:
𝐶𝑣 𝑡 𝐶𝑣 = coefficient of consolidation
𝑇𝑣 =
(𝐻𝑑𝑟 )2 𝑡 = time corresponding to degree of consolidation
𝐻𝑑𝑟 = half the thickness of the sample if drained on
both sides
𝐻𝑑𝑟 = thickness of the sample if drained on one
side only

Degree of consolidation for the entire depth of clay layer at any time “t”

Where:
U = degree of consolidation
𝑆𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑐𝑡 = settlement of the layer at time “t”
𝑈=
𝑆𝑐 𝑆𝑐 = ultimate settlement of the layer from primary
consolidation

Degree of consolidation at a distance “z” at any time “t”

Where:
1 − 𝑈𝑧 𝑈 = degree of consolidation
𝑈=
𝑈𝑜 𝑈𝑧 = excess pore pressure at time “t”
𝑈𝑜 = initial excess pore water pressure

Over Consolidation Ratio (OCR)

Where:
𝑃𝑐 𝑃𝑐 = preconsolidation pressure
𝑂𝐶𝑅 =
𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝑜 = present effective vertical pressure

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Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are sample problems with solutions.

PROBLEM:
For a normally consolidated clay, the following are given.
Thickness of clay = 4m
Po = 50 kPa eo = 0.81
𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 = 120 kPa e = 0.70
Hydraulic conductivity k of the clay = 3.1 x 10-7 cm/sec
a. In how many days will it take for a 4 m thick clay layer (drained in both sides) in the field to reach
50% consolidation? Tv = 0.196
b. Compute the primary consolidation settlement of the soil?
c. What is the settlement when it reaches 50% consolidation?

a. Time to reach 50% consolidation? b. Pre Consolidation of clay layer

𝑒1 − 𝑒2 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
𝑚𝑣 = 𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
(1 + 𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 )(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 ) 1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
0.81 + 0.70 𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑒 = = 0.755 𝐶𝑐 =
2 𝑃
log (𝑃1 )
0.8 − 0.70 2
𝑚𝑣 = 0.81 − 0.70
(1 + 0.755)(120 − 50) 𝐶𝑐 =
120
𝑚2 log (
50
)
𝑚𝑣 = 8.95 𝑥 10−4
𝑘𝑁 𝐶𝑐 = 0.289
𝐾 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑚𝑣 𝛾𝑤
0.239(4) 120
3.1 𝑥 10−7 𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 0.81 50
= 𝐶𝑣 (8.95 𝑥10−4 )(9.81)
100 𝑆𝑐 = 𝟐𝟒𝟑 𝒎𝒎
2
𝑚
𝐶𝑣 = 3.53 𝑥 10−7
𝑠𝑒𝑐
c. Settlement when it reaches 50% consolidation
𝐶𝑣 𝑡
𝑇𝑣 = 𝑆𝑐 = 0.5( 243 𝑚𝑚)
(𝐻𝑑𝑟 )2
(3.53 𝑥 10−7 ) 𝑡 𝑆𝑐 = 𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎𝒎
0.196 =
(2)2

𝑡 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟕𝟏 𝒅𝒂𝒚𝒔

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
From the given soil profile shown, the ground surface is
subjected to a uniformly distributed load of 80 kPa.
a. Compute the compression index
b. Compute the present overburden Po at mid-height of the
compressible clay layer
c. Compute the settlement due to the primary consolidation.

a. Compression Index
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (𝐿𝐿 − 10)
𝑃𝑜 = 13.6(1.5) + (20.78 − 9.81)(3.2) + (19
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (42 − 10) − 9.81)(2)
𝑪𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖𝟖
𝑃𝑜 = 𝟕𝟑. 𝟖𝟖𝟒 𝒌𝑷𝒂

c. Total settlement due to primary

consolidation
b. Overburden pressure Po
For Sand: 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤 𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(0.288)(4000) 80 + 73.884
(2.70 + 0.52)(9.81) 𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1 + 0.60 73.884
1 + 0.52
𝑆𝑐 = 𝟐𝟐𝟗 𝒎𝒎
3
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 20.78 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
A normally consolidated clay layer 3 m thick has a void ratio 0f 1.10. Liquid limit is equal to 40
and the average effective stress on the clay layer was 80 kPa. The average stress on it is increased
to 120 Kpa as a result of the construction of the project.
a. Compute the consolidation settlement that the clay undergo.
b. If the clay layer is pre-consolidated, compute the consolidation settlement if the pre-consolidation
pressure is 96 kPa.
c. Compute the consolidation settlement if the pre-consolidation pressure is 130 kPa.

a. Consolidation settlement (0.0675)(3) 96 0.27(3) 120

𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 1.0 80 1 + 1.10 96
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (𝐿𝐿 − 10)
𝑆𝑐 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎
𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (40 − 10)
𝐶𝑐 = 0.27

𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 c. Consolidation settlement if Pc = 130 kPa

𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 < 𝑃𝑐 = 130 𝑘𝑃𝑎
0.27(3) 120
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 1.10 80 𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
𝑺𝒄 = 𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝒎 1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜

b. Consolidation settlement 0.0675(3) 120

𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( )
Pc = 96 kPa, ∆𝑃 = 30 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1 + 1.10 80

𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃 = 120 > 𝑃𝑐 𝑆𝑐 = 𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎

𝐶𝑠 𝐻 𝑃𝑐 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) + 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜 1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
1
𝐶𝑠 = (0.27) = 0.0675
4

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
From the soil profile shown, given B =
1.5 m and L = 2.5 m. The footing carries
a load 120 kN.
a. Compute the average effective
pressure at mid-height of clay layer.
b. Compute the average increase of
effective pressure in the clay layer using
2:1 method.
c. Compute the primary consolidation
settlement of foundation.

120
∆𝑃𝑚 = = 5.38
a. Effective pressure at mid-height of clay (4.25)(5.25)
120
layer ∆𝑃𝑏 = = 3.36
(5.6)(5.25)
𝑤𝐺𝑠
𝑆= ∆𝑃𝑡 + 4∆𝑃𝑚 + ∆𝑃𝑏
𝑒 ∆𝑃 =
35(2.7) 6
100 = 10 + 4(5.38) + 3.36
𝑒 ∆𝑃 =
6
𝑒 = 0.945
∆𝑃 = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
(𝐺𝑠 + 𝑒)𝛾𝑤
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1+𝑒
(2.70 + 0.945)(9.81) c. Primary consolidation settlement
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 =
1 + 0.945 𝐶𝑐 𝐻 𝑃𝑜 + ∆𝑃
3
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 18.38 𝑘𝑁/𝑚 1 + 𝑒0 𝑃𝑜
𝑃𝑜 = 15(1.5) + (18 − 9.81)(1.5) + (18.38 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (𝐿𝐿 − 10)
− 9.81)(1.25) 𝐶𝑐 = 0.009 (38 − 10)
𝑃𝑜 = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑷𝒂 𝐶𝑐 = 0.252
(0.252)(2500) 45.50 + 5.81
𝑆𝑐 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔( )
1 + 0.945 45.50
b. Average increase in effective pressure in
𝑆𝑐 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎
the clay layer
120
∆𝑃𝑡 = = 10
(3)(4)

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PROBLEM:

When the total pressure acting at a mid-height of a consolidating clay layer is 200 Kn/m2, the
corresponding void ratio of the clay is 0.98. When the total pressure acting at the same location is
500 Kn/m2, the corresponding void ratio decreases to 0.81.

a. Compute the compression index

b. Compute the void ratio of the clay if the pressure acting at mid-height of the consolidating clay
layer is 1000 kPa?
c. Compute the coefficient of compressibility

a. Compression index 𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝑎𝑣 =
𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑒1 − 𝑒2
𝐶𝑐 = 0.98 − 0.81
𝑃 𝑎𝑣 =
log ( 1 ) 500 − 200
𝑃2
0.98 − 0.81 𝑎𝑣 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟓𝟔𝟕 𝒎𝟐 /𝒌𝑵
𝐶𝑐 =
500
log (200)

𝐶𝑐 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟕

b. Void ratio if P = 1000kPa

𝑒1 − 𝑒3
𝐶𝑐 =
𝑃
log (𝑃3 )
1
0.98 − 𝑒3
0.427 =
1000
log ( 200 )

𝑒3 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖

c. Coefficient of compressibility

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Activity 2: Check for Understanding

A quiz for you to check how well you understood the lesson.

SELF ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Solve for the following problems.

From the given soil profile:

1. Compute the effective stress at the mid-height of

the clay layer.
a. 80.21 kPa b. 84.58 kPa
c. 51.30 kPa d. 70.25 kPa

2. Compute the void ratio at the end of primary

consolidation.

a. 0.639 b. 0.635
c. 0.854 d. 0.768
.
The soil shown has its properties. A surcharge of 140 kPa is
applied at the ground surface.
3. Estimate the primary consolidation settlement of the clay
assuming that it is normally consolidated.

a. 190 mm b.191 mm
c.192 mm d. 193 mm

4. Compute the primary consolidation settlement if the pre-

consolidation pressure is 160 kPa. Assume Cs = 1/5 of Cc

a. 65 mm b.50 mm
c. 38 mm d.76 mm

5. Estimate the settlement after 300 days if the pre-

consolidation pressure is 160 kPa and the coefficient of
consolidation is Cv = 0.002 cm2/sec

a. 58.2 mm b. 57.82 mm c. 57.2 mm d. 60 mm

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Key to Corrections
Activity 2
1. B
2. A
3. A
4. D
5. C

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
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Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Lateral Earth Pressure Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, pencil, eraser
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
References:
1. Recall the principles and formulas involved in solving problems Fundamentals of Geotechnical
about Lateral Earth Pressure. Engineering 4th Edition by Braja M.
Das
2. Evaluate your understanding about the topic by answering
board exam related problems dealing with Lateral Earth Civil Engineering Reference
Pressure. Volume 4 by DIT Gillesania

Basic Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering 5th
Edition by V. Besavilla

A. LESSON REVIEW
Introduction

In the construction and design of many structures, a thorough knowledge of the earth
pressure to which these structures will be subjected is required. Important among these structures
are retaining walls, sheet pile bulkheads, temporary sheathings for supporting vertical or near-
vertical cuts in soils, and earth anchors. The earth pressure to which the above types of retaining
structures are subjected is commonly referred to as lateral earth pressure.
Braja M. Das 2007
Structures that are built to retain vertical or nearly vertical earth banks or any other material
are called retaining walls. Retaining walls may be constructed of masonry or sheet piles.
Whatever may be the type of wall, all the walls listed above have to withstand lateral pressures
either from earth or any other material on their faces. The pressures acting on the walls try to
move the walls from their position. The walls should be so designed as to keep them stable in
their position.
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B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building
Lateral Earth Pressures
Active Soil Pressure – lateral pressure exerted by the soil that causes a slight movement of the wall away from
the retained soil materials.

Passive Soil Pressure – lateral pressure exerted by the soil by moving the wall slightly towards the retained soil
materials.

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Rankine Coefficient Inclined Backfill

Active Earth pressure if β=0

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅ 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝒌𝒂 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 𝒌𝒂 =
𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅

Passive Earth Pressure

𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 + √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅ 𝟏 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝒌𝒑 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 𝒌𝒑 =
𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 − √𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜷 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ∅

Rest Earth pressure

𝒌𝒐 = 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏∅

where: β = angle of backfill from the horizontal

ø = angle of internal friction

Pressure Diagram for 1 Layer of Soil

Element Pressure Force (Total Pressure)

𝟏 ′ 𝟐
Soil 𝑷𝑺 = 𝒌𝜸′ 𝒉 𝑭𝑺 = 𝒌𝜸 𝒉
𝟐

Cohesion 𝑷𝑪 = 𝟐𝒄√𝒌 𝑭𝑪 = 𝟐𝒄√𝒌 𝒉

𝟏
Water 𝑷𝑾 = 𝜸𝒘 𝒉𝒘 𝑭𝑾 = 𝜸 𝒉 𝟐
𝟐 𝒘 𝒘

Surcharge 𝑷𝒒 = 𝒌𝒒 𝑭𝒒 = 𝒌𝒒𝒉

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are sample problems that will be discussed when face to face meeting. If off-campus, the
solutions will be given and feel free to chat your instructor for any clarifications.

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
The soil material is supported by a retaining wall to a height of 6m. The unit weight of soil is 16 KN/m3
and the angle of internal friction is 290. Assuming that the soil is cohesionless. Determine the following:
1. Rest earth pressure on the wall.
2. Locate the position of the total active pressure from the bottom if a surcharge of 20 kPa is applied
on the surface of horizontal backfill.

Solution:

1.
𝑘𝑜 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝑃𝑆 = 𝑘𝛾 ′ ℎ
𝑘𝑜 = 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛(29°) 𝑃𝑆 = 0.52(16)(6)
𝑘𝑜 = 0.52 𝑷𝑺 = 𝟒𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐

2.

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑎 = = 0.35
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

𝑃𝑆 = 𝑘𝛾 ′ ℎ = 0.35(16)(6)
𝑃𝑆 = 33.31 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1 1
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑘𝛾 ′ ℎ2 = (0.35)(16)(6)2
2 2
𝐹𝑆 = 99.93 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑃𝑞 = 𝑘𝑞 = 0.35(20)
𝑃𝑞 = 6.94 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐹𝑞 = 𝑘𝑞ℎ = 0.35(20)(6)
𝐹𝑞 = 41.64 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

; 𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑆 + 𝐹𝑞 = 141.57 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Using Varignon’s,
6 6
𝐹𝑇 (𝑋) = 99.93 ( ) + 41.64 ( ) ; 𝑿 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟗 𝒎
3 2

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
The retaining wall is supporting two layers of soil with different
properties. Determine the following:

1. Total active force acting on the wall considering 1 m

width

2. Overturning moment

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛28
𝑘 𝑎1 = = 0.36
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛28

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛26
𝑘 𝑎2 = = 0.39
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛26

Pressure Total active Pressure, F d OM (F x d)

1 2.4
𝑃𝑆1 = 0.36(17.4)(2.4) = 15.03 𝐹𝑆1 = (15.03)(2.4) = 18.04 + 3.6 79.38
2 3
1 3.6
𝑃𝑆2 = 0.39(18.2)(3.6) = 11.78 𝐹𝑆2 = (11.78)(3.6) = 21.20 25.44
2 3 𝑭𝑻 =
1 3.6
𝑃𝑊 = 9.81(3.6) = 35.32 𝐹𝑊 = (35.32)(3.6) = 63.58 76.30
2 3
3.6
𝑃𝑞 = 0.39(17.4 × 2.4) = 16.29 𝐹𝑞 = 16.29(3.6) = 58.64 105.55
2

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________
𝒌𝑵
𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟒𝟔 𝒌𝑵 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒎 ∑ 𝑶𝑴 = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟔𝟕 − 𝒎
𝒎

PROBLEM:
The backfill behind the concrete retaining wall weighs 110 pcf
and the angle of internal friction is 300. The live load surcharge
on the surface of horizontal backfill is 200 psf. Determine the
following:
1. Total active force acting on the wall per unit width.
2. Overturning moment
3. Factor of safety against overturning.

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1
𝑘𝑎 = =
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 3

𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹𝑠 + 𝐹𝑞
1 1 1
𝐹𝑆 = 𝑘𝛾 ′ ℎ2 = ( ) (110)(20)2 = 7333.33 𝑙𝑏
2 2 3
1
𝐹𝑞 = 𝑘𝑞ℎ = (200)(20) = 1333.33 𝑙𝑏
3
𝑭𝑻 = 𝟖𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟔𝟔 𝒍𝒃 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒇𝒕

20 20
𝑂𝑀 = 7333.33 ( ) + 1333.33 ( )
3 2
𝑶𝑴 = 𝟔𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐. 𝟏𝟕 𝒍𝒃 − 𝒇𝒕

𝑅𝑀
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑂𝑀

𝑊1 = (2 × 18 × 1)(150) = 5400 𝑙𝑏 5’ 27000

𝑊2 = (2 × 12 × 1)(150) = 3600 𝑙𝑏 6’ 21600
𝑊3 = (6 × 18 × 1)(110) = 11880 𝑙𝑏 9’ 106920
𝐹𝑞 = (200)(6 × 1) = 1200 𝑙𝑏 9’ 10800

∑ 𝑅𝑀 = 166320

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166320
𝐹𝑆 = ; 𝑭𝑺 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕
62222.17

PROBLEM:
A 6m high retaining wall is to support a soil with a unit weight of 17.4 KN/m3, soil friction angle of
260 and cohesion of 14.36 KN/m2.
1. Determine the Rankine active force per unit length of the wall before the tensile crack
occurs.
2. Location of the tensile crack measured from the surface of the horizontal backfill.
3. Determine the Rankine active force per unit length of the wall after the tensile crack occurs.

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑎 = = 0.39
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅

𝑃𝑠 = 0.39(17.4)(6)
𝑃𝑠 = 40.72 𝑘𝑃𝑎

1
𝐹𝑠 = (40.72)(6)
2
𝐹𝑠 = 122.16 𝐾𝑁/𝑚

𝑃𝐶 = 2𝑐√𝑘 = 2(14.36)√0.39
𝑃𝐶 = 17.94 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝐹𝑐 = (17.94)(6)
𝐹𝑐 = 107.61 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

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𝐹 = 𝐹𝑠 − 𝐹𝐶 ; 𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟓 𝑲𝑵/𝒎

6 𝑍
2. = ; 𝒛 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 𝒎
40.72 17.94

1
3. 𝐹 = (40.72 − 17.94)(6 − 2.64)
2
𝑭 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟐𝟕 𝑲𝑵/𝒎

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

A short quiz for you to check how well you understood the lesson.

SELF ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A vertical retaining wall has a height of 5.5 m. It supports a soft backfill with a unit weight of 15.5 KN/m3
and has a cohesion of 16.6 KN/m2. The undrained angle of friction is 00. Determine the following:

1. The maximum depth of the tensile crack.

a. 2.86 m b. 3.24 m c. 2.14 m d. 1.16 m

2. The lateral force before tensile crack occurs.

a. 51.84 kN/m b. 85.25 kN/m c.15.5 kN/m d. 87.44 kN/m

.

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

3. The lateral force after the tensile crack occurs.

. 51.84 kN/m b. 85.25 kN/m c.15.5 kN/m d. 87.44 kN/m

.

A vertical cantilever wall 6 m high retains soil that has the following properties:
Unit weight of soil = 19.2 kN/cu. m.
Angle of friction = 300
The surface of the backfill behind the wall is inclined at a slope of 3 horizontal to 1 vertical and the wall
has moved sufficiently to develop the active condition.

4. Determine the Rankine coefficient of active earth pressure.

a. 0.395 b. 0.415 c. 0.514 d. 0.621

5. Find the normal force acting at the back of the wall considering a unit width.

a. 154.3 kN b. 129.4 kN c. 143.6 kN d. 136.4 kN

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Key to Corrections
Activity 2
1. C 2. A 3. D 4. A 5. B

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Sheet Piles & Brace Cuts Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, pencil, eraser
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
References:
1. Recall the principles and formulas involved in solving problems Fundamentals of Geotechnical
about Sheet Piles & Brace Cuts. Engineering 4th Edition by Braja M.
Das
2. Evaluate your understanding about the topic by answering
board exam related problems dealing with Sheet Piles and Civil Engineering Reference
Brace Cuts. Volume 4 by DIT Gillesania

Basic Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering 5th
Edition by V. Besavilla

A. LESSON REVIEW
Introduction

Sheet-pile walls are widely used for both large and small waterfront structures, ranging from small
pleasure-boat launching facilities to large dock structures where ocean-going ships can take on or unload
cargo. A pier jutting into the harbor, consisting of two rows of sheet piling to create a space between that is
filled with earth and paved, is a common construction.
Sheet piling is also used for beach erosion protection; for stabilizing ground slopes, particularly for
roads; for shoring walls of trenches and other excavations; and for cofferdams. When the wall is under about
3 m in height it is often cantilevered; however, for larger wall heights it is usually anchored using one or more
anchors. The resulting wall is termed an anchored sheet-pile wall or anchored bulkhead.
(https://civilengineeringbible.com/)

B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building

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Cantilever Retaining Wall

𝟏
Active Force: 𝑭𝑨 = 𝒌𝒂 𝜸𝑯𝟐
𝟐

𝟏
Passive Force: 𝑭𝑷 = 𝒌𝒑 𝜸𝒅𝟐
𝟐

𝑑 ℎ+𝑑
∑ 𝑀𝐵 : 𝐹𝑃 ( ) = 𝐹𝐴 ( )
3 3

Sheet Piles with Prop Anchored Sheet Piles

∑ 𝑀𝐴 ∑ 𝑀𝐶
to solve for d to solve for d

Brace Cuts

𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑁𝐷 = 0.65𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ

𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐴𝑌 = 𝛾ℎ − 4𝐶

𝜔 = 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔)

Note: Internal supports are assumed as hinge

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are sample problems with solutions.

PROBLEM:
A cantilever sheet pile is 8.2 m long with a depth of embedment of 3.2 m. Angle of friction of the
soil supported by the sheet pile is 340 and has a unit weight of 18.74 kN/m3.
1. Compute the active force acting on the sheet pile.
2. Compute the passive force acting on the sheet pile.
3. Compute the theoretical passive force that must be mobilized to ensure stability.

1
𝐹𝐴 = 2 𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ2 (1𝑚) ;
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑎 = = 0.283
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
1
𝐹𝐴 = (0.283)(18.74)(8.2)2
2
𝑭𝑨 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵

1
𝐹𝑃 = 2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾ℎ2 (1𝑚);
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑝 = = 3.53
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
1
𝐹𝑃 = (3.53)(18.74)(3.2)2
2
𝑭𝑷 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖. 𝟕𝟎 𝒌𝑵

8.2 3.2
∑ 𝑀𝐴 = 0: 0 = 𝐹𝐴 ( ) − 𝐹𝑃 ( )
3 3
8.2 3.2
0 = (178.3) ( 3 ) − 𝐹𝑃 ( 3 )
𝑭𝑷 = 𝟒𝟓𝟔. 𝟗 𝒌𝑵

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
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Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
The retaining wall supports soil at a height of 5 m above the ground. The soil is uniform and has an
angle of internal friction of 300. The wall is provided with tension rod 1.5 m below the surface of the
backfill. Determine the following:
1. Depth to which the wall be driven below the ground.
2. Passive force if the soil weighs 17 kN/m3
3. Tension on the rod.

1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 1
𝑘𝑎 = =
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 3

1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑘𝑝 = =3
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
1
𝐹𝐴 = 2 𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ2 (1𝑚)
1 1
𝐹𝐴 = ( ) 𝛾(𝑑 + 5)2
2 3

1
𝐹𝑃 = 2 𝑘𝑝 𝛾ℎ2 (1𝑚)
1
𝐹𝑃 = 2 (3)𝛾(𝑑)2

∑ 𝑀𝑅𝑂𝐷 = 0
2 2
0 = 𝐹𝐴 [ (𝑑 + 5) − 1.5] − 𝐹𝑃 [ 𝑑 + 3.5]
3 3
1 1 2 1 2
0 = [ ( ) 𝛾(𝑑 + 5) ] [ (𝑑 + 5) − 1.5] − [ (3)𝛾(𝑑)2 ] [ 𝑑 + 3.5]
2
2 3 3 2 3
𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟑 𝒎

∴ 𝐹𝐴 = 132.17 𝐾𝑁
𝑭𝑷 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟒𝟎 𝑲𝑵

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
0 = 𝑇 + 𝐹𝑃 − 𝐹𝐴
𝑻 = 𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟕 𝒌𝑵

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Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
An 8-m deep braced cut in medium clay as shown. The unit weight is 16.5 kN/m3 and the undrained
shear strength Cu=27.8 kPa. In the plan, the struts are placed at spacing 2.4 m center to center.
Using Peck’s empirical pressure diagram. Determine the actual load on each strut.

𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐴𝑌 = 𝛾ℎ − 4𝐶
𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐴𝑌 = 16.5(8) − 4(27.8)
𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐴𝑌 = 20.8 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑤 = 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑤 = 20.8(2.4)
𝑤 = 49.92 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐵1 = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟏𝟔. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐵2 = 0
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0 𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟖 𝒌𝑵
𝑅𝐵1 = 33.28 𝑘𝑁
∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

𝑅𝐵2 = 0 ∴ 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟖 𝒌𝑵

PROBLEM:
A 7m deep braced cut in sand is shown. The unit weight of sand is 16 kN/m3, ø=300. In the plan
the struts are placed at a spacing of 2m center to center. Using Peck’s empirical pressure
diagram. Compute the load at each strut.

1−sin 30
𝑘𝑎 = = 0.333
1+sin 30

𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑁𝐷 = 0.65𝑘𝑎 𝛾ℎ
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑁𝐷 = 0.65(0.333)(16)(7)
𝑃𝐶𝐿𝐴𝑌 = 24.27 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑤 = 𝑃(𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝑤 = 24.27(2)
𝑤 = 48.54 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐵1 = 0
𝑹𝑨 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟐𝟐 𝒌𝑵

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0
𝑅𝐵1 = 36.4 𝑘𝑁

∑ 𝑀𝑅𝐵2 = 0
𝑹𝑪 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵

∑ 𝐹𝐻 = 0

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
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Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

𝑅𝐵2 = 0 ∴ 𝑹𝑩 = 𝟑𝟔. 𝟒 𝒌𝑵

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

A quiz for you to check how well you understood the lesson.

SELF ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Solve for the following problems.

The elevation of a bracing system for an open cut in sand is shown. Assuming that γsand=17.29 kN/m3
and ø=360. Spacing between the strut is 2m. Determine the following:

1. Strut Load at A

a. 164.09 KN b. 41.02 KN
c. 77.48 KN d. 72.93 KN

2. Strut Load at B

a. 164.09 KN b. 41.02 KN .
c. 77.48 KN d. 72.93 KN

3. Strut Load at D.

a. 164.09 KN b. 41.02 KN
c.77.48 KN d. 72.93 KN

A cantilever retaining wall which is propped at the top, supports a sand 5 m above the ground. Unit weight
of sand=20 kN/m3 and ø=300.

4. Compute the depth of embedment required to prevent rotational failure in order to maintain the stability
of the cantilever retaining wall.

a. 1.5 m b. 2.0 m c. 1.3 m d. 1.7 m

5. Compute the corresponding prop reaction to prevent rotational failure of the cantilever retaining wall.

a. 43.33 kN b. 33.43 kN c. 27.53 kN d. 23.75 kN

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #16 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Key to Corrections
Activity 2
1. D
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. A

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Lesson title: Slope Stability and Piles Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, pencil, eraser
At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
References:
1. Recall the principles and formulas involved in solving problems Fundamentals of Geotechnical
about Slope Stability and Piles. Engineering 4th Edition by Braja M.
Das
2. Evaluate your understanding about the topic by answering
board exam related problems dealing with Slope Stability and Civil Engineering Reference
Piles. Volume 4 by DIT Gillesania

Basic Fundamentals of
Geotechnical Engineering 5th
Edition by V. Besavilla

A. LESSON REVIEW
Introduction

The stability of a slope is always discussed in terms of its susceptibility to failure and is a topic of
serious concern to geologists all over the world. Slope stability is defined as the resistance of any inclined
surface, as the wall of an open pit or cut, to failure by sliding or collapsing (Kliche, 1999). Any ground surface
that stands at an angle to the horizontal is termed an unrestrained slope and can be of natural origin or man-
made. As the ground surface is not horizontal, there will always be the tangential component of gravity that
tends to move the slope-forming materials down-slope. If the tangential component of gravity is very large,
and the internal shear strength of the slope-forming materials rather low, a slope failure can occur (Terzaghi
and Peck, 1967). Both natural and man-made slopes can be stable or unstable and several methods of
analyses of their stability have evolved from simple to more sophisticated ones.
(http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/1366/2/CHAP_1.pdf)

B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

SLOPE STABILITY

• Infinite Slope • Fixed Slope

For clay Factor of Safety against Sliding

𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝐹𝑆 = + 𝐹𝑓 + 𝐹𝑐
𝛾𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝐹𝑆 =
𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
With seepage
Where: 𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 𝐹𝑐 = 𝑐(𝐿𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 )(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ)
𝐹𝑆 = + ( )
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐹𝑓 − 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝐹𝑐 − 𝑐𝑜ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑊𝑆𝑂𝐼𝐿 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒
For sand; c=0
Maximum height for Critical Equilibrium
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝐹𝑆 = 4𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠∅
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
𝐻𝑐𝑟 = ( )
𝛾 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝛽 − ∅)
With seepage
Stability Number
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤 𝑐
𝐹𝑆 = ( ) 𝑚=
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝛾ℎ
With partial seepage Stability Factor
1
𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝛾𝑤 ℎ𝑤 𝑆𝐹 =
𝐹𝑆 = (1 − ) 𝑀
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

CAPACITY OF DRIVEN PILES

Pile in Sand Layer

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃𝜇𝑘[𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔. ]
Where:
P = Perimeter of pile
𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 [𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 ] k = coefficient of lateral pressure
μ = tanα = coefficient of friction
Nq = soil bearing factor
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝

Pile in Clay Layer

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑃 Where:
α = friction ratio = f/c
𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 [𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 ] f = adhesion between pile and soil
c = cohesion
P = perimeter of pile
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 Nc = soil bearing factor

Capacity of Group of Piles Acting as a Group

Acting Individually 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝑪𝑳𝜶[𝟐(𝑳𝒈 + 𝑩𝒈 )]

𝑸𝑼𝑳𝑻 = [𝑸𝒕𝒊𝒑 + 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ][𝒏𝒐. 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒆𝒔]
𝑸𝒕𝒊𝒑 = 𝑪𝑵𝑪 [𝑳𝒈 𝑩𝒈 ]

𝑸𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝑸𝒕𝒊𝒑

Efficiency of Piles
𝟐(𝒎 + 𝒏 − 𝟐)𝑺 + 𝟒𝑫
𝒆𝒇𝒇 =
𝒎𝒏(𝝅𝑫)

Where: m=no.of columns

n= no. of rows
s = spacing
for min. pile “s”, Eff=1

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are sample problems with solutions.

PROBLEM:
A cut slope is to be made as shown. The unit weight of soil is 17 kN/m3 and the angle of internal friction
is 200. The soil has a cohesion of 28 kPa. The cut slope makes an angle of 300 with the horizontal and
the height is 9 m. if the trial failure plane is 150from the horizontal determine the following:
1. Frictional force along the failure plane.
2. Cohesive force along the failure plane.
3. Factor of safety against sliding

𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇 𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

1
𝑊 = 𝛾𝑉 = 𝛾 [ 𝐵(9)(1𝑚)]
2
;𝐵 =𝑦−𝑥
9 9
𝐵= − = 18 𝑚
tan 15 tan 30
1
𝑊 = 𝛾 [ (18)(9)(1𝑚)] = 1377 𝑘𝑁
2

𝐹𝑓 = (tan 20°)(1377𝑐𝑜𝑠15°) 𝐹𝑓 + 𝐹𝑐
𝐹𝑆 =
𝑭𝒇 = 𝟒𝟖𝟒. 𝟏𝟏 𝒌𝑵 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
484.11 + 973.56
𝐹𝑆 =
𝐹𝑐 = 𝑐(𝐿𝑓𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 )(𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ) 1377𝑠𝑖𝑛15
9 𝐹𝑆 = 4.09
𝐹𝑐 = 28 (
sin 15
) (1𝑚)
𝑭𝒄 = 𝟗𝟕𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 𝒌𝑵

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
From the infinite slope shown,
1. Compute the factor of safety against sliding along the plane if H=3m. There is a seepage
through the soil and the ground water table coincides with the ground surface.
2. Compute the factor of safety against sliding along the soil rock interface if there is no seepage.
3. Find the critical height of the slope if there is a seepage.

With seepage,
𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅ 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
𝐹𝑆 = + ( )
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡
14.4 𝑡𝑎𝑛26 19.80 − 9.81
𝐹𝑆 = + ( ) ; 𝑭𝑺 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟑
19.80(3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 19.80

Without seepage
𝑐 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝐹𝑆 = +
𝛾𝐻 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
14.4 𝑡𝑎𝑛26
𝐹𝑆 = + ; 𝑭𝑺 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟖
15.93(3) 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 𝑡𝑎𝑛20

For critical height, FS=1

14.4 𝑡𝑎𝑛26 19.80 − 9.81
1= + ( ) ; 𝑯𝑪𝑹 = 𝟕𝒎
19.80(𝐻𝐶𝑅 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛20 𝑐𝑜𝑠20 𝑡𝑎𝑛20 19.80

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
Prestressed concrete piles are planned for use as the foundation for waterfront structure. Soil
condition is dense and no water table below the ground.
Properties of soil:
γ=19.65 kN/m3
kp=3
tanα=μ=0.45
Nq=80
Consider a single 30 cm square pile driven 9m below the ground with critical depth of 6m.
Determine the following:
1. Capacity of pile due to skin friction.
2. Capacity due to end bearing
3. Design load that the pile could carry if the factor of safety is 3.

𝑞 = 19.65(6) = 117.9 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = 𝑃𝜇𝑘[𝐴𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔. ]

1
𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐 = (4 × 0.3)(0.45)(3) [ (9 + 3)(117.9)] ; 𝑸𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄 = 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 𝒌𝑵 ;
2

𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝑞𝑁𝑞 [𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 ]

𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 117.9(80)[0.3 × 0.3] ; 𝑸𝒕𝒊𝒑 = 𝟖𝟒𝟖. 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑵

𝑄𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 1145.99+848.88
𝑄𝐴𝐿𝐿𝑂𝑊 = = ; 𝑸𝑨𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟔𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟔 𝒌𝑵
𝐹𝑆 3

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

PROBLEM:
A foundation in a layer of soft clay was supported by group of piles consisting of 12 piles having
a diameter of 60 cm and a length of 12 m as shown.
1. Calculate the design load on the pile group if the piles are acting individually. FS=3
2. Determine the design load on the pile group if the piles are acting as a group. FS=3

Acting individually

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑃 = 52(12)(0.83)[𝜋(0.60)] × 12 = 11715.07 𝑘𝑁

𝜋
𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 [𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 ] = 52(9) [ (0.6)2 ] × 12 = 1587.89 𝑘𝑁
4
11715.07+1587.89
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ; 𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟒𝟒𝟑𝟒. 𝟑𝟐 𝒌𝑵
3

Acting as a group

𝑄𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝐿𝛼𝑃 = 52(12)(0.83)[2(2.4 + 3.3)] = 5904.29 𝑘𝑁

𝑄𝑡𝑖𝑝 = 𝐶𝑁𝐶 [𝐴𝑡𝑖𝑝 ] = 52(9)[3.3 × 2.4] = 3706.56 𝑘𝑁

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Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

5904.29 + 3706.56
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ; 𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑵
3
Activity 2: Check for Understanding
A short quiz for you to check how well you understood the lesson.

SELF ASSESSMENT

Instructions: Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

A nine-pile group composed of 0.30 m diameter pipe piles is

embedded 15 m in clay soil with conditions as shown in the figure.
Determine the following:

1. Total capacity if piles act individually.

a. 5751 KN b. 5264 KN
c. 6950 KN d. 4468 KN

2. Total capacity if piles act as a group.

a. 5751 KN b. 5264 KN
c. 6950 KN d. 4468 KN

.
From the figure shown, the soil has a unit weight of 17 kN/m3 and undrained shear strength Cu=20kN/m2.
The slope makes an angle of 600 with the horizontal. Assume a stability number of m=0.185

3. Compute the stability factor.

a. 6.23 b. 4.77
c. 5.12 d. 5.41

4. Compute the maximum depth up to which

the cut could be made in m.

a. 6.4 b. 6.9
c. 7.3 d. 5.9

5. Compute the angle that the failure plane makes with the horizontal if BC=8

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 CIE 095: Professional Integration 3 for CE (Hydraulics and Geotech)
Module #17 Student Activity Sheet

Name: ___________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________________________________ Date: ______________

a. 30.10 b. 28.60 c. 27.50 d. 26.90

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Key to Corrections
Activity 2
1. A
2. C
3. D
4. A
5. B

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