ELEC417 - Circuits Synthesis

Chapter 1:
Introduction
and Characteristics of Network Functions
Dr. Amal ABDEL RAZZAC
[email protected]

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Outline
▪ Introduction to Network Functions

▪ System Realizability and Stability

▪ Derivation of Network Function from Partial Information

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Circuits Analysis and Circuits Synthesis

▪ Network analysis deals with finding out the output response, using
various techniques, when the excitation signal (input signal) and the
network are known.

▪ Network synthesis deals with the realization of the network from

the given excitation and output response.

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Network Function (Fonction de Réseaux)
▪ The starting point of any network synthesis problem is to know the system function or network
function,

▪ The network function relates the response of the network (output) to the source of the network
(input).
▪ It is defined as the ratio of Laplace transform of the output (response 𝑅 𝑠 ) to the Laplace
transform of the input (excitation E 𝑠 ), with all initial conditions being zero.
𝑹 𝒔
𝑭 𝒔 =
𝑬(𝒔)
** the network function is the Laplace of the impulse response

+∞
** Recall: Laplace transform of a function 𝑓(𝑡) is 𝐹 𝑠 = ‫׬‬0− 𝑓 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
With 𝒔 = 𝜶 + 𝒋𝝎 (the Complex frequency)
𝛼 : Neper frequency (related to the magnitude of the oscillations)
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 (radian frequency: related to the number of oscillations per seconds)

** Note: 𝑠 is noted 𝑝 in France and Germany

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Network functions and Network Ports
▪ Network functions are broadly divided into two groups:
1. Driving point function: The excitation and response are measured at the
same ports
2. Transfer function: The excitation and response are measured at different
ports

Recall: Network Ports

(one pair of terminals) (Two pairs of terminals)

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How many network functions can be defined for a:
▪ One-port network?
▪ Two-ports network?

(one pair of terminals) (Two pairs of terminals)

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Basic Network Functions of a One-Port Networks
In case of One-port network, the output quantities are 𝑉(𝑠) Or 𝐼(𝑠 ) and the input quantities are
I(𝑠) or 𝑉 𝑠

❑Driving point functions:

𝑉 s
▪ Driving-point impedance functions: 𝑍(𝑠) =
𝐼(𝑠)
𝐼 s
▪ Driving-point impedance function: 𝑌(𝑠) =
𝑉(𝑠)

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Basic Network Functions of a Two-Port Networks
In case of two-port network, the output quantities are 𝑉2 (𝑠) and 𝐼2 (𝑠 ) and the input quantities are
𝑉1 (𝑠) and 𝐼1 𝑠
ben kl port w port mne5od combination w mnshtghl
❑Four Driving point functions: aa asesaa (driving point function !!!!)
𝑉1 s 𝑉 s
▪ Driving-point impedance functions: Z11 (𝑠) = and Z22 (𝑠) = 2
𝐼1 (𝑠) 𝐼2 (𝑠)
𝐼1 s 𝐼 s
▪ Driving-point admittance function: Y11 (𝑠) = and Y22 (𝑠) = 2
𝑉1 (𝑠) 𝑉2 (𝑠)

mne5od combination ben port wl tenyee

❑Eight Transfer functions: w mn2asemon hasab 1 2 3 4!!!!
𝑉1 s V2 s
▪ Transfer impedance function: Z12 (s) = and Z21 (s) =
𝐼2 (𝑠) 𝐼1 (𝑠)
I s I s
▪ Transfer admittance function: Y12 (s) = 𝑉1 (𝑠) and Y21 (s) = 𝑉2 (𝑠)
2 1
V1 s V2 s
▪ Voltage transfer function: G12 (s) = 𝑉 (𝑠) and G21 (𝑠) = 𝑉 (𝑠)
2 1
I1 s I2 s
▪ Current transfer function: α12 (s) = 𝐼 (𝑠) and α21 (s) = 𝐼 (𝑠)
2 1
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Example of network analysis
▪ Find the voltage transfer function of the network shown in the figure
below

𝑅 𝑠 𝑉0 𝑠
▪𝐹 𝑠 = =
𝐸(𝑠) 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
1
𝑠𝐶
𝑉𝑜 𝑠 = 1 𝑉𝑖 (𝑠)
𝑅+
𝑠𝐶

1
1
→𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑠𝐶
1 =
𝑅+𝑠𝐶 𝑅𝐶𝑠+1

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Network Function in Generalized Form
𝑎𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + 𝑎𝑚−2 𝑠 𝑚−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑠 + 𝑎0
𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑏𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑠 + 𝑏0

▪ It is a rational fraction (i.e. the quotient of two polynomials )

▪ The numerator 𝑁 𝑠 = 𝑎𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + 𝑎𝑚−2 𝑠 𝑚−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑠 + 𝑎0
▪ The denominator 𝐷 s = 𝑏𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑠 + 𝑏0
▪ The coefficients 𝑎𝑖 and 𝑏𝑗 are real numbers

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Poles and Zeros of Network Functions
▪ Poles are the values of 𝑠 (i.e. complex frequencies) for which the network function becomes
infinite (→ denominator equals to 0 → this is called characteristic equation of the system).

▪ Zeros are the values of 𝑠 (i.e. complex frequencies) for which the network function becomes zero
(→ numerator equals to 0 or denominator = infinity).

𝑎𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 + 𝑎𝑚−1 𝑠 𝑚−1 + 𝑎𝑚−2 𝑠 𝑚−2 + ⋯ + 𝑎1 𝑠 + 𝑎0

𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑏𝑛 𝑠 𝑛 + 𝑏𝑛−1 𝑠 𝑛−1 + 𝑏𝑛−2 𝑠 𝑛−2 + ⋯ + 𝑏1 𝑠 + 𝑏0

𝑠 − 𝑍1 𝑠 − 𝑍2 … (𝑠 − 𝑍𝑚−1 )(𝑠 − 𝑍𝑚 )
=𝐾
𝑠 − 𝑃1 𝑠 − 𝑃2 … (𝑠 − 𝑃𝑚−1 )(𝑠 − 𝑃𝑚 )
𝑎
▪ Scale factor: 𝐾 = 𝑚
𝑏𝑛
▪ The poles (𝑃𝑖 ) and zeros (𝑍𝑖 ):
▪ must be either purely real, or appear in complex conjugate pairs.
▪ Can be simple (i.e. 𝑠 − 𝑍𝑖 , 𝑠 − 𝑃𝑖 ) or repeated (i.e. 𝑠 − 𝑍𝑖 2 , 𝑠 − 𝑃𝑖 3 )
▪ Are the critical frequencies of the system
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Poles-Zeros Diagram
▪ The location of the zeros and poles
in the s-plane as well as the scale
factor provide an insight into the
nature of the network function and
this information is used in network
analysis and synthesis

▪ A pole is represented by a cross (x) s-plane

▪ A zero is represented by a dot (o).

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Example 1
▪ Draw the pole–zero diagram for the network function

Poles: roots of (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 4)

▪ 𝑃1 : 𝑠 = 1
▪ 𝑎𝑠 2 + 𝑏𝑠 + 𝑐 = 0
▪ ∆= 𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 𝑃2
−𝑏+ ∆
▪ 𝑅1 = → 𝑃2 = −1 + 3 𝑗
2𝑎
−𝑏− ∆
▪ 𝑅2 = → 𝑃3 = −1 − 3𝑗
2𝑎
𝑍1 𝑃1
4
Zeros: 𝑍1 : 𝑠 = − (roots 5s+4=0) s-plane
5
𝑃3
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Analytical Properties of Network Function
▪ 𝐹 𝑠 is complex differentiable (outside the poles)
▪ 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝛼, 𝜔 + 𝑗𝑉 𝛼, 𝜔 , the real and imaginary parts of the function
verify Cauchy conditions:

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉
=
𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝜔
𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑉
=−
𝜕𝜔 𝜕𝛼

▪ It verifies the reflection property

𝐹 𝑠ҧ = 𝐹(𝑠)

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Real and Imaginary parts of Network function
at Real Frequencies (1/3) real freq yaane alfa = zerooooo

▪ In later chapters, we may need to find the real and/or imaginary parts of network
function at real frequencies (𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔)
𝑁(𝑠)
** recall The network function 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝐷(𝑠)

Method 1:
▪ 𝐹 𝑠 ȁ𝑠=𝑗𝜔 = 𝑈 𝜔 + 𝑗𝑉(𝜔)
▪ 𝐹 𝑠ҧ ȁ𝑠=𝑗𝜔 = 𝑈 𝜔 − 𝑗𝑉(𝜔) (reflection property 𝐹 𝑠ҧ = 𝐹(𝑠))
1
→ℜ𝑒 𝐹 𝑗𝜔 =𝑈 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑠 + 𝐹 𝑠ҧ for 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔
2
1
→Im 𝐹 𝑗𝜔 =𝑉 𝜔 = 𝐹 𝑠 − 𝐹 𝑠ҧ for 𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔
2𝒋

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Real and Imaginary parts of Network function
at Real Frequencies (2/3)
▪ In later chapters, we may need to find the real and/or imaginary parts of network function at real
frequencies (𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔)
𝑁(𝑠)
** recall The network function 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝐷(𝑠)
** recall:
✓ if 𝑞 𝑠 = 𝑞(−𝑠) the polynomial 𝑞 is even
✓ if 𝑞 𝑠 = −𝑞(−𝑠) the polynomial 𝑞 is odd

Method 2:
▪ Arrange 𝑁(𝑠) into the sum of an even polynomial 𝑒1 (𝑠) and an odd one 𝑜1 (𝑠)
▪ Arrange D(𝑠) into the sum of an even polynomial 𝑒2 (𝑠) and an odd one 𝑜2 (𝑠)
𝑒1 𝑠 𝑒2 𝑠 − 𝑜1 𝑠 𝑜2 (𝑠)
ℜ𝑒 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝜔 = ቤ
𝑒22 𝑠 − 𝑜22 (𝑠) 𝑠=𝑗𝜔
𝑜1 𝑠 𝑒2 𝑠 − 𝑜2 𝑠 𝑒1 (𝑠)
𝒋Im 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝒋𝑉 𝜔 = 2 2 ቤ
𝑒2 𝑠 − 𝑜2 (𝑠) 𝑠=𝑗𝜔

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Real and Imaginary parts of Network function
at Real Frequencies (3/3)
▪ In later chapters, we may need to find the real and/or imaginary parts of network
function at real frequencies (𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔)
𝑁(𝑠)
** recall The network function 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝐷(𝑠)

Method 3:
▪ Arrange 𝐹 𝑠 into the sum of an even polynomial 𝐹𝑒 (𝑠) and an odd one 𝐹𝑜 (𝑠)
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝐹𝑒 𝑠 + 𝐹𝑜 𝑠
𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝜔 + 𝑗𝑉(𝜔)

ℜ𝑒 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝑈 𝜔 = 𝐹𝑒 𝑠 ቚ
𝑠=𝑗𝜔
𝑗Im 𝐹 𝑠 = 𝒋𝑉 𝜔 = 𝐹𝑜 𝑠 ቚ
𝑠=𝑗𝜔

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 Example 2
𝑠 3 +3𝑠2 +4𝑠+12
▪ Find the Real part of the function 𝐹 𝑠 =
𝑠3 +5𝑠2 +9𝑠+5

𝑒1 𝑠 𝑒2 𝑠 −𝑜1 𝑠 𝑜2 (𝑠)
▪𝑁 𝑠 = 𝑠3 + 3𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 12 ℜ𝑒 𝐹 𝑠 =𝑈 𝜔 =
𝑒22 𝑠 −𝑜22 (𝑠)
ฬ
▪ 𝑒1 𝑠 = 3𝑠 2 + 12 𝑠=𝑗𝜔
▪ 𝑜1 𝑠 = 𝑠 3 + 4𝑠 3𝑠 2 +12 5𝑠 2 +5 − 𝑠 3 +4𝑠 (𝑠 3 +9𝑠)
= ฬ
5𝑠 2 +5 2 − 𝑠 3 +9𝑠 2 𝑠=𝑗𝜔
−𝑠 6 +2𝑠 4 +39𝑠 2 +60
▪𝐷 𝑠 = 𝑠3 + 5𝑠 2 + 9𝑠 + 5 = ቚ
−𝑠 6 +7𝑠 4 −31𝑠 2 +25 𝑠=𝑗𝜔
▪ 𝑒2 𝑠 = 5𝑠 2 + 5
▪ 𝑜2 𝑠 = 𝑠 3 + 9𝑠
𝑤 6 +2𝑤 4 −39𝑤 2 +60
=
𝑤 6 +7𝑤 4 +31𝑤 2 +25

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