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CH 10 Sinusoidal SS Analysis

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166 views66 pages

CH 10 Sinusoidal SS Analysis

Uploaded by

Muneeb Ul Hasnain
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course text book:

Engineering Circuit Analysis


by W. Hayt, J. E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin
8th edition 2012

Reference books:
J D Irwin and R M Nelms, "Basic Engineering
Circuit Analysis", Wiley, 11th edition 2015

C Alexander and M Sadiku, “Fundamentals of


Electric Circuits", McGraw-Hill, 6th edition 2017

M Nahvi and J A Edminister, “Electric Circuits”,


Schaum's Outlines, 7th edition 2017 1
Slides’ Acknowledgments

1) Engineering Circuit Analysis


by W. Hayt, J. E. Kemmerly and S. M. Durbin

2) Electric Circuits
Schaum’s Series

3) Fundamentals of Electric Circuits


by Alexander and Sadiku

2
Engr. Dr. S. Talha Ahsan
Engineering Circuit Analysis

Chapter 10

Hayt, Jr./Durbin/Kemmerly

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Section 10.1 Characteristics of Sinusoids

v(t) = Vm sin(ωt)

ω = 2πf

T = 1/f

FIGURE 10.1 The sinusoidal function v(t) = Vm sin ωt


is plotted (a) versus ωt and (b) versus t.
Leading FIGURE 10.2 The red sine wave Vm sin(ωt + θ)
and leads green sine wave Vm sin ωt, by θ rad.
Lagging

To convert radians to degrees, we simply multiply the radian angle by 180/π.


Converting Sines to Cosines and vice versa

Q: Compare V1 = Vm1 cos(5t + 10 0)


with V2 = Vm2 sin(5t - 30 0)
Vm1 cos(5t + 10 0)
=
Vm1 sin(5t + 10 0 + 900 )

Vm2 sin(5t - 30 0 )

FIGURE 10.3 A graphical representation of the two sinusoids v1 and v2. The
magnitude of each sine function is represented by the length of the corresponding
arrow, and the phase angle by the orientation with respect to the positive x axis. In
this diagram, v1 leads v2 by 100° + 30° = 130°, although it could also be argued
that v2 leads v1 by 230°. It is customary, however, to express the phase
difference by an angle less than or equal to 180° in magnitude.
Write expressions for
the following signals

Ans:

a) v = 12 sin(104.7t+300) V

b) i = 10 cos(377t+0.8π) mA

In Phasor notation, 10 cos(377t+0.8π) is 10 < 0.8π or 10 < 1440


Important trigonometric identities for ac circuit analysis

Ref: Schaum’s Series

Solve Practice Problems 10.1, 10.2


Section 10.2 Forced Response due to Sinusoidal input

FIGURE 10.4 A series RL circuit for which the forced response is desired.
Two components in the final solution:

i) Complementary soln. / Natural Response / Transient Response

ii) Particular soln. or integral / Forced Response / Steady State Response


Natural Response: in(t) = B e–Rt/L

Forced Response: if(t) = A cos(ωt - θ)

:
Putting if(t) in differential eqn. and solving it, gives

: if(t)
Example 10.1

FIGURE 10.5 (a) The circuit for Example 10.1,


in which the current iL is desired.
FIGURE 10.5 (b) The Thévenin equivalent is desired at terminals a and b.
(c) The simplified circuit.
Ans: iL (t) = 222 cos(1000 t - 56.3 0) mA
Practice Problem 8.13

Find v(t) for t > 0

Ans: v(t) = 23.5 cos 3t + 0.0228 sin 3t – 23.5 e-3092t V for t > 0

Solve Practice Problem 10.3


Section 10.3 Complex Forcing Function

Section 10.4 The Phasor


Algebraic alternative to Differential equations

FIGURE 10.11 A simple circuit in the sinusoidal


steady state is to be analyzed by the application of
a complex forcing function.
Vm cosωt = Re{Vm cosωt + jVm sinωt} = Re{Vm ejωt }

i(t) = Im cos(ωt + φ) = Re{Im ejωt ejjφ}


Example 10.3: Transform the time-domain voltage
v(t) = 100 cos(400t − 30°) into the frequency domain.

The time-domain expression is already in the form of a cosine


wave with a phase angle. Thus, suppressing ω = 400 rad/s,

V = 100 < −30◦ volts

Note that we skipped several steps in writing this representation


directly. Occasionally, this is a source of confusion for students,
as they may forget that the phasor representation is not equal
to the time-domain voltage v(t). Rather, it is a simplified form
of a complex function formed by adding an imaginary component
to the real function v(t).
From Euler’s
identity:

Vm cosωt =
Re{Vm ejωt }

Ref: Schaum’s Series


c b a

d e
https://www.
youtube.com
/watch?v=fP
dWyek8wQ4
Solve:
Practice Problems 10.4, 10.5, 10.6, 10.7

Appendix 5 gives a primer on Complex Numbers


Section 10.5 Phasor relationships for R, L and C

FIGURE 10.13 A resistor and its associated voltage


and current in (a) the time domain, v = Ri; and
(b) the frequency domain, V = RI.
FIGURE 10.14 An inductor and its
associated voltage and current in
(a) the time domain, v = L di/dt;
and (b) the frequency domain, V = jωLI.
FIGURE 10.15 (a) The time-domain and
(b) the frequency-domain relationships
between capacitor current and voltage.
Example 10.4
Kirchhoff’s Laws using Phasors

FIGURE 10.16 The series RL circuit with


a phasor voltage applied.
Example 10.5
For the RLC circuit shown below, determine IS and is(t) if
both sources operate at ω = 2 rad/s, and IC = 2 < 280 A.
Solve Practice Problem 10.8
Section 10.5 Impedance and Admittance
Example 10.6: Determine the equivalent impedance of the
network shown below, given an operating frequency of 5 rad/s.
Ans: Z = 4.255 + j4.929 Ω

= 6.511 < 49.200


Example 10.7: Find the current i(t) in the circuit shown below

FIGURE 10.20 (a) An RLC circuit for which the sinusoidal


forced response i(t) is desired.
FIGURE 10.20 (b) The frequency-domain equivalent of the
given circuit at ω 3000 rad/s.
Solve:
Practice Problems 10.9, 10.10, 10.11
Section 10.6 Nodal and Mesh Analysis
Example 10.8: Find the time-domain node voltages v1(t) and
v2(t) in the circuit shown below

FIGURE 10.22 A frequency-domain circuit for which node voltages


V1 and V2 are identified
Example 10.9: Obtain expressions for the time-domain
currents i1 and i2 in the circuit shown below

FIGURE 10.24 (a) A


time-domain circuit
containing a
dependent source.
(b) The
corresponding
frequency-domain
circuit.
Solve:
Practice Problems 10.12, 10.13
Section 10.7 Superposition, Source Transformations
and Thevenin’s Theorem

Example 10.10: Use Superposition to find V1 in the circuit


shown below (same as that of example 10.8)
With only the left source active
With only the right source active
Example 10.12: Determine the power dissipated by the
10 Ω resistor in the circuit of Fig. 10.33a.

FIGURE 10.33 (a) A simple circuit having sources


operating at different frequencies.
FIGURE 10.33 (b) Circuit with the left source killed.
FIGURE 10.33 (c) Circuit
with the right source
killed.
Solve:
Example 10.11
Practice Problems 10.14, 10.15, 10.16
Section 10.8 Phasor Diagrams

FIGURE 10.37
A simple phasor
diagram shows
the single voltage
phasor
V1 = 6 + j8
= 10 < 53.1◦ V.
FIGURE 10.38 (a) A phasor diagram
showing the sum of V1 = 6 + j8 V and
V2 = 3 − j4 V

V1 + V2 = 9 + j4 V = 9.85 < 24.0◦ V.

FIGURE 10.38 (b) The phasor diagram


shows V1 and I1, where I1=YV1 and
Y=(1+ j1) S = sqrt(2) < 45◦ S.

The current and voltage amplitude


scales are different.
FIGURE 10.39 (a) The phasor voltage Vm < α.

(b) The complex voltage Vm < ωt + α is shown as a phasor at a


particular instant of time. This phasor leads Vm < α by ωt radians.
FIGURE 10.40 (a) A series RLC circuit.

(b) The phasor diagram for this circuit;


the current I is used as
a convenient reference phasor.

If I is assumed as 1 < 00 , then VR , VC , VL and total VS can be calculated.


FIGURE 10.41
(a) A parallel RC circuit.

(b) The phasor diagram


for this circuit;
the node voltage V
is used as a convenient
reference phasor.
Solve:
Example 10.13
Practice Problem 10.17
Practical Applications

(Useful for Semester Project)


Phase Shifters

Alexander and Sadiku 4th ed


Section 9.8.1
Examples 9.13, 9.14
Practice Problems 9.13, 9.14
AC Bridges

Alexander and Sadiku 4th ed


Section 9.8.2
Example 9.15
Practice Problem 9.15

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