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Modern Physics All Derivations

1) The document derives several key equations from modern physics including de Broglie's equation for the wavelength of particles and photons, Bohr's equations for the velocity, radii and energy of electrons in hydrogen atom orbits, and the equation for the density of atomic nuclei. 2) It shows that the velocity of an electron in the lowest orbit of a hydrogen atom is 1/137 the speed of light. 3) The density of an atomic nucleus is calculated to be independent of its mass number and approximately 2.3 × 1017 kg/m3, much larger than ordinary matter.

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5K views5 pages

Modern Physics All Derivations

1) The document derives several key equations from modern physics including de Broglie's equation for the wavelength of particles and photons, Bohr's equations for the velocity, radii and energy of electrons in hydrogen atom orbits, and the equation for the density of atomic nuclei. 2) It shows that the velocity of an electron in the lowest orbit of a hydrogen atom is 1/137 the speed of light. 3) The density of an atomic nucleus is calculated to be independent of its mass number and approximately 2.3 × 1017 kg/m3, much larger than ordinary matter.

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Introvert xyz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODERN PHYSICS – ALL DERIVATIONS

DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION

Deduce an expression for the de Broglie wavelength of a particle of mass m moving


with velocity v. Hence derive de Broglie wavelength of an electron accelerated
through a potential difference of V volts.

Considering photon as an electromagnetic wave of frequency ν , its energy from Planck’s


quantum theory is given by

E  hν

Where h is Planck’s constant. Considering photon as a particle of mass m, the energy


associated with it is given by Einstein’s mass energy relationship as

E  mc 2

From equations (i) and (ii), we get

hv  mc 2
hc
  mc 2
λ
h h
λ 
mc p

According the de Broglie hypothesis, the above equation must be true for material particles
like electrons, protons, neutrons etc. Hence a particle of mass m moving with velocity v must
be associated with a matter wave of wavelength λ given by

h h
λ 
mv p

 p  2m(KE)
and KE  qV
h
λ 
2m(qV)
As, h  6.62  1034 Js
m  9.11 1031kg
q  1.6  1019 C
We get
12.27 o
λ AB
V

ATOMS

Using Bohr’s postulates, derive an expression for the velocity of an electron revolving
in an orbit. Also show that the velocity of electron in innermost orbit of H atom is
1/137 of times the speed of light.

Consider an electron of mass m and charge e revolving with velocity v around a nucleus
having atomic number z. Then the centripetal force required by the electron is provided by
electrostatic force of attraction between nucleus and electron according to equation

mv 2 k  Ze  e

r r2
kZe2
 mv 2  ....(i)
r
According to Bohr’s quantum condition for angular momentum

nh
mvr  ....(ii)
2π

Expression for velocity

kZe2
From (i) r  ....(iii)
mv 2

nh
From (ii) r  ....(iv)
2πmv

Therefore

nh kZe2

2πmv mv 2
2πkZe2
 v
nh

Putting
,
π  3.14, k  9  109 Nm2 C2 , Z  1, e  1.6  10 19 C,n  1 and h  6.62  1034 Js

we get

 1 
v  c
 137 

________________________________________________________________________

Using Bohr’s postulates, derive an expression for the radii of the permitted orbits in
the hydrogen atom.

Putting the value of v obtained above in equation (iv), we get

nh nh
r .
2πm 2πkZe2
n 2h 2
 r
4π mkZe2
2

_________________________________________________________________________

Using Bohr’s postulates, derive an expression for the total energy of an electron
revolving in an orbit.

Kinetic energy of electron in nth orbit

1 kZe2
K.E  mv 2  [Using equation (i)]
2 2r

Potential energy of electron in nth orbit is

q1q2 (Ze)( e) Ze2


P.E  k k  k
r r r

Total energy T.E = P.E + K.E

Ze2 Ze2 Ze2


T.E  k k  k
2r r 2r

Putting the value of r, we get


kZe2 4π 2mkZe2
T.E   .
2 n2 h 2

2π 2mk 2 Z2 e4
 T.E  
n2 h 2

On the basis of Bohr’s theory, derive an expression for the wavelength of emitted
photon when an electron comes back from a higher state n2 to a lower state n1.

From Bohr’s theory, the energy of an electron in the nth orbit of hydrogen atom is given by
2π 2mk 2 Z 2 e4 1
En   . 2
h2 n

According to Bohr’s condition, whenever an electron makes a transition from a higher energy
level n2 to lower energy level n1, the difference of energy appears in the form of a photon is
given by

hv  En2  En1
2π 2mk 2 e 4 1 1
 hv   2  2
h2  n1 n2 
c 2π 2mk 2 e4 1 1
   2  2
λ h3  n1 n2 

1 2π 2mk 2 e41 1
   2  2
λ ch3  n1 n2 
1 1 1
 R 2  2 
λ  n1 n2 
2π 2mk 2 e4
where R  , is the Rydberg constant
ch3

NUCLEI

Derive an expression for the density of nucleus. Hence show that the density is
independent of mass number.

Let A be the mass number and R be the radius of a nucleus. If m is the average mass of a
nucleon, then

Mass of nucleus = mA
Volume of nucleus

4 3
 R
3
3
4  1
 4
   Ro A 3   Ro A
3   3

Therefore, nuclear density

Mass of nuclues

Volume of nucleus

mA 3m
 
4 3 4R3o
Ro A
3

Clearly, density of nucleus is independent of mass number A or the size of the nucleus.

Taking m  1.67  1027 kg , R o  1.2  10 15 m , we get

  2.30  1017 kgm3 which is very large as compared to the density of ordinary matter.

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