Music: Music of the 20th Century

 The start of 20th century saw the rise of distinct musical styles that reflected a move away
from the conventions of earlier Westers classical music. These new styles were:
impressionism, expressionism, neo-classicism, avant-garde music and modern
nationalism.
 The distinct musical styles of the 20th century would not have developed if not for the
musical genius of individual composers such as Claude Debussy, Maurice Ravel,
Arnold Schoenberg, Bela Bartok, Igor Stravinsky, Sergei Prokofieff, and George
Gershwin. They stand out as the moving forces behind the innovative and experimental
styles mentioned above.

Impressionism
- One of the earlier forms clearly declaring the entry of 20th century music.
- Based on an art movement started by 19th century Paris-based visual artists, specifically
Claude Monet through his painting impression sunrise.
- Found its way to music in the late 19th and early 20th century among French composers
- There was extensive use of different tibres and effects, vague melodies, and innovative
chords and progressions leading to mild dissonances through orchestration, texture, or
harmonic usage.
- Different chords overlap lightly to produce new subtle musical colors

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862–1918)

 Claude Debussy was one of the most influential and leading composers of the 20th
century. He was the principal exponent of the impressionist movement and the inspiration
for other impressionist composers. He reformed the course of musical development by
eradicating traditional rules and conventions into a new language of possibilities in
harmony, rhythm, form, texture, and color. He was born on August 22, 1862 in a small
town called St. Germain-en-Layein in France
 He composed a total of more or less 227 masterpieces, which include orchestral music,
chamber music, piano music, operas, ballets, songs, and other vocal music.
 He was known as the "Father of the Modern School of Composition" and made his
impact on the styles of the later 20th-century composer like Igor Stravinsky. Debussy's
mature creative period was exemplified by the following works:
• String Quartet
• La Mer (1905)-a highly imaginative and atmospheric musical work for orchestra about
the sea
• Première Arabesque
• Claire de Lune (Moonlight)-The third and most famous movement of Suite
bergamasque.
 In the field of visual arts, Debussy was influenced by Monet, Pissaro, Manet, Degas, and
Renoir; and from the literary arts by Mallarme, Verlaine, and Rimbaud. Most of his close
friends were painters and poets who significantly influenced his works. On March 25,
1918, he died of cancer at the height of the First World War in Paris.
MAURICE RAVEL (1875–1937)
 Joseph Maurice Ravel was born in Ciboure, France, to a Basque mother and a Swiss
father. At age 14, he entered the Paris Conservatory, where he was musically nurtured by
a prominent French composer, Gabriel Faure. The compositional style of Ravel is mainly
characterized by its distinctively innovative but not atonal style (music that is written in a
way that is not based on any particular key) of harmonic treatment.
 His works are defined with intricate and sometimes modal melodies and extended
chordal components. It demands considerable technical virtuosity from the performer,
which is the character, ability, or skill of a virtuoso—a person who is exemplary in
musical technique or execution. Ravel's works include the following:
• Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899)
• String Quartet (1903)
• Sonatine for Piano (c.1904)
• Rhapsodie Espagnole
• Bolero
  Ravel was a perfectionist and every bit a musical craftsman. He strongly adhered to the
classical form, specifically its ternary structure. A strong advocate of Russian music, he
also admired the music of Chopin, Liszt, Schubert, and Mendelssohn. He died in Paris in
1937.
Expressionism

The term "Expressionism" was originally used in visual and literary arts. It was probably first
applied to music in 1918, especially to Schoenberg because, like the painter Wassily Kandinsky
(1866–1944), he veered away from "traditional forms of beauty" to convey powerful feelings in
his music. Features of expressionism music are as follows:
• a high degree of dissonance (dissonance is the quality of sounds that seems unstable)
• extreme contrasts of dynamics (from pianissimo to fortissimo, very soft to very loud)
• constant changing of textures
• "distorted" melodies and harmonies
• angular melodies with wide leaps

ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874–1951)

 Arnold Schoenberg was born on September 13, 1874 in a working-class suburb of
Vienna, Austria. He taught himself music theory but took lessons in counterpoint.
 His works were greatly influenced by the German composer Richard Wagner as evident
in his symphonic poem Pelleas et Melisande, Op. 5 (1903), a counterpoint of Debussy's
opera of the same title.
 His works include the following:
• Verklarte Nacht
• Three Pieces for Piano, op. 11
• Pierrot Lunaire
• Violin Concerto
• Skandalkonzert, a concert of the Wiener Konzertverein.
 Although full of melodic and lyrical interest, his music was also extremely complex,
creating heavy demands on the listener. He experienced Triskaidekaphobia (fear of
number 13). Schoenberg died on July 13, 1951 in Los Angeles, California, the USA,
where he had settled since 1934.
IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882–1971)
 Stravinsky was born in Lomonosov, Russia on June 17, 1882.
 In his early music, he reflected the influence of his teacher, the Russian composer Nikolai
Rimsky-Korsakov. But in his first notable composition, "The Firebird Suite (1910)," his
skillful handling of material and rhythmic inventiveness went beyond anything written by
his Russian predecessors.
 His musical style added a new flavor to his nationalistic musical style. The Rite of Spring
(1913) was another superb work showcasing his new technique.
 Acclaimed works by Stravinsky includes:
• Ballet Petrouchka (1911
• The Nightingale (1914)
• Three Tales for Children (1917)
• Pulcinella (1920)
• Duo Concertant (1932)
• The Rake's Progress (1951)
 Stravinsky wrote approximately 127 works, including concerti, orchestral music,
instrumental music, operas, ballets, solo vocal, and choral music. Concerti or concerto is
a musical composition for a solo instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra,
especially one conceived on a relatively large scale. He died in New York City on April
6, 1971.

ELECTRONIC MUSIC
The ability of electronic machines such as synthesizers, amplifiers, tape recorders, and
loudspeakers to produce different sounds was popularized by 20thcentury notable composers.

Musique concrete, or concrete music is a music that uses the tape recorder. Any sound that the
composer will hear in his surroundings will be recorded. These sounds are arranged by the
composer in different ways, like playing the tape recorder in its fastest mode or reverse. In
musique concrete, the composer can experiment with different sounds that cannot be produced
by regular musical instruments such as the piano or the violin.

The first electronic devices for performing music were developed at the end of the 19th century,
and shortly afterward, Italian futurists explored sounds that had not been considered musical.

EDGARD VARÈSE (1883–1965)

 He was born on December 22, 1883, Edgard (also spelled Edgar) Varèse was considered
an "innovative Frenchborn composer."
 He pioneered and created new sounds that bordered between music and noise and spent
his life and career mostly in the United States.
 His musical compositions are characterized by:
• an emphasis on timbre and rhythm; and
• "organized sound" (certain timbres and rhythms can be grouped together in order to
capture a whole new definition of sound).
 Varèse's is considered as the "Father of Electronic Music," and use of new instruments
and electronic resources. He was also dubbed as the "Stratospheric Colossus of Sound."
He died on November 6, 1965.
KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928– 2007)
 Karlheinz Stockhausen is a central figure in the realm of electronic music. He was born in
Cologne, Germany. He had the opportunity to work with Messiaen, Schoenberg, and
Webern.
 Stockhausen drew inspiration from these composers as he developed his style of total
serialism together with Pierre Boulez. Stockhausen's music was initially met with
resistance due to its heavily atonal content with practically no clear melodic or rhythmic
sense. Still, he continued to experiment with musique concrete.
 Some of his works include:
• Gruppen (1957)
• Kontakte (1960)
• Hymnen (1965) and
• Licht (Light)
 It has led him to dream of concert halls in which the sound attacks the listener from every
direction. Stockhausen's works total around 31.

CHANCE MUSIC
 Chance music, also known as Aleatoric music, refers to a style in which the piece always
sounds differently at every performance because of the random techniques of production,
including the use of ring modulators or natural elements that become a part of the music.
Most of the sounds emanating from the surroundings, both natural and man-made, such
as honking cars, rustling leaves, blowing wind, dripping water, or a ringing phone. An
example of Chance music is John Cage's Four Minutes and Thirty-Three Seconds (4'33"),
where the pianist merely opens the piano lid and keeps silent for the duration of the piece.
The audience hears a variety of noises inside and outside the concert hall amidst the
seeming silence.
ARTS
Principles of Design and Elements of Arts

Principles of Design:
A. Unity and Variety - unity refers to the appearance or condition of the oneness of an art.
B. Balance - is a condition in which acting influences are held in heck by opposing forces or
what is on left side should appear on the right side also in order to achieve equilibrium.
C. Emphasis and Subordination - to draw our attention to an area, the artist uses emphasis. To
create emphasis, position, contrast, color, color intensity, and size can all be used.
D. Contrast - the juxtaposition of strongly dissimilar elements is called contrast. Dark set
against light, large against small, bright colors against dull are examples of contrast.
E. Repetition and Rhythm - the repetition of visual elements gives a composition of unity,
continuity, flow, and elements. Rhythm in visual art is created through the regular recurrence of
elements with related variations.
F. Scale and Proportion - the scale is the relation of one thing to another. It is one of the first
decisions an artist makes when planning a work of art. Proportion is the size relationship of parts
to a whole.

Elements of Art
1. Line
- the line is our basic means for recording and symbolizing ideas, observations, and feeling; it is
a primary means of visual communications.
a. Actual Line
b. Implied Line and Implied Curved Line
c. Actual Straight Line and Implied Curved Line
d. Line Created by and Edge
e. Vertical Line (attitude of alert attention); Horizontal Line (attitude of rest position)
f. Diagonal Lines (slow action, fast action)
g. Sharp jagged lines
h. Dance of curving lines
i. Hard Line, soft line
j. Ragged, irregular line

2. Space
- is the indefinable, general receptacle of all things.
a. Overlap diminishing size
b. Vertical Placement
c. Overlap and diminishing size Overlap
d. Vertical and diminishing size

3. Value
- refers to the lightness and darkness of surface.

4. Color
- is a component of light, affects us directly by modifying our thoughts, moods, actions, and even
our health.
Primary Hues are: Red, Yellow, and Blue
Secondary Hues are: Orange, Green, and Violet. This is produced by a mixture of primary hues.
Intermediate Hues are: red-orange, yellow-green, blue-green, and red-violet. Each is located
between the primary and the secondary hues of which they are composed.

5. Texture
- the qualities of surfaces or to the visual representation of those qualities is referred to as texture,
in visual arts. Actual textures re those we can feel by touching. Simulated textures are those
created to look like something other than pain on a flat surface.

6. Perspective
- is a point of view. In visual arts, it can refer to any means of representing three dimensional
objects in space on a two-dimensional surface.

Characteristics of Arts from the Various Art Movements

Impressionism
- in the second half of the 19th century emerged the impressionist movement. Impressionist artists
moved away from established practices and discovered new ways. They used pure unmixed
colors side by side using short, broken strokes for more visual effect on the subject. They started
on something new, like capturing scenes of lifelike household objects, seascapes, houses, and
ordinary people. They preferred working outdoor in a natural light incorporating unusual visual
angles, out of proportion objects, subjects placed off-centered, and empty spaces on the canvas.

Expressionism
- another group of artists who became popular in the 1900’s is the expressionists. They created
works with more emotional force, and not on realistic or natural images. To attain this, they used
distorted outlines, unrealistic or unnatural images. Their works are not actually what they see in
the physical world, but depend on their imaginations and feelings.

The different styles that emerged within the expressionist art movements are:
 Neoprimitivism
 Dadaism
 Fauvism
 Surrealism
 Social realism

Neoprimitivism
- is an art style of combined elements from the native arts of the South Sea Islanders and the
wood carvings of African tribes. Among the Western artists who adapted these elements was
Amadeo Modigliani. Oval faces and elongated shapes of African art can be seen in both his
sculptures.

Fauvism
- is the style of les Fauves (French for “the wild beasts”), a group of early 20th-century modern
artists whose works emphasized with strong colors and visual distortions. The most known artist
of Fauvism was Henri Matisse.
1. Creating a strong, unified work that appears flat on the canvas.

Dadaism
- is a style characterized by imagination, remembered images, and visual tricks and surprises-as
in the paintings of Marc Chagall and Giorgio de Chirico below. These artists turned their backs
from using traditional styles in arts leading to their new style called “nonstyle”.

Surrealism
- came from the term “super-realism,” a style that depicts an illogical, subconscious dream
world. It is a clear expression of departure from reality.
- as iff the artists were dreaming, seeing illusions, or experiencing a change in mental state.

Social Realism
- is an art movement that expresses the artist’s role in social reform. The artists used their works
to show protest against the injustices, inequalities immorality, and other concerns of the human
condition. Social realists have addressed different social issues for the purpose of increasing
people’s awareness leading to reforms and general welfare.

Abstractionism
- in the 20th century, the abstractionist movement existed from various intellectual points of view.
This intellectualism was reflected in art. Expressionism was emotional, while abstractionism was
logical and rational.

A. Cubism
The cubist style was derived from the word cube, a three-dimensional geometric figure
composed of lines, planes, and angles.

Mechanical Style
- the basic forms such as planes, cones, spheres, and cylinders all together in a precise and neat
manner.

Non-objectivism - from the term non-object, works in the non-objectevism style did not make us
of figures or even representations of figures.

Installation Art
- is a contemporary art firm that make us of sculptural materials and other media to modify the
way the viewer experiences a particular space. It is also called environmental art, project art, and
temporary art. It creates an entire sensory experience for the viewer that allows him to walk
through them.

Performance Art
- is a form of modern art in which the actions of an individual or a group of a particular place and
at a particular time constitute the work. It involves four basic elements, namely: time, space, the
performer’s body, and a relationship between the performer and audience. The performer himself
or herself is the artist.

Physical Education

weight ∈kg
BMI formula: BMI= 2
height ∈m
Classification BMI
Underweight <18.5

Normal 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obesity (1) 30-34.9
Obesity (2) 35-39.9

Extreme Obesity ≥40

(3)

FOOD REQUIREMENTS
The way we eat when we were children may strongly affect our eating behavior as
adults. When we repeat this behavior over many years, it becomes a habit. Eating proper food
and proper exercise should go hand in hand to achieve a healthy and active lifestyle.
Every year, many people check their general level of physical fitness. Some people
choose to focus on increasing physical activity while others choose to begin eating healthy and
nutritious food.
A combination of good exercise routine and consistent intake of a balanced diet can help
achieve a well-rounded health and fitness level.

Food and Nutrients

There are different dietary and nutritional requirements for each method used to increase
levels of general fitness. The food that you eat serves as fuel for your various activities.
Every year many people check on their general levels of fitness. A combination of good
exercise routine and consistent healthy food intake can help someone achieve a well-rounded
health and fitness program.

WATER - During exercise, evaporation is usually the primary mechanism of heat dissipation.
The temperature rises rapidly if the body cannot adequately evaporate sweat from the skin’s
surface. Continuous sweating might lead to losing valuable fluids from the reservoir within the
body. The rate is being related to exercise intensity, individual differences, environmental
conditions, acclimatization state, clothing, and baseline hydration status.

CARBOHYDRATES - The majority of your diet must consist of healthy, natural carbohydrates.
These should not come from sugar (even though sugar is packed with carbohydrates). Get your
carbohydrates from natural sources such as rice and whole grains.

PROTEIN - Protein is very important if you add strength training to your aerobic routine. You
need to consider protein to be an integral part of your diet. The amino acids that makeup proteins
are the small amount of acid that makes every biological function of your body possible. For
those trying to lose weight, diets high in protein and fiber are very likely to limit cravings and
make you feel full faster and longer.

FRUITS and VEGETABLES - Make your plate filled with fruits and vegetables. Dark green,
red, orange vegetables, have high levels of nutrients such as vitamin C, calcium, and fiber.
Adding spinach or romaine lettuce and tomato to your sandwich is the easiest way to get more
veggies in your meal
GRAINS - Choose whole grains, like wholewheat bread, brown rice, and oatmeal. It is also best
to consume them with fruits.

DAIRY - If you are trying to build strong bones, drink fat-free, or low-fat milk products. In some
cases, when you cannot digest lactose, there are alternatives that you can have like soy or rice
milk and low-fat yogurt instead.

PIZZA, CANDY, and FAST FOOD - You don’t need to deprive yourself of eating these items.
Eating less of them may help you maintain a healthy weight. Pizza, candy, fast food, and sodas
have a lot of added sugar, solid fats, and sodium which could be beneficial at some point
especially when consumed in the proper amounts. A healthy eating plan should still be observed.

ADDED SUGAR - Fruits are naturally sweet not like cookies, snack cakes, and brownies, which
have added sugar to make them taste better. Sugar adds calories but has no nutrients, so you need
to have less intake or consumption of it.

SOLID FATS - Fat helps your body grow and develop. It is a source of energy and it even keeps
your skin and hair healthy. But some fats are better for you than others. Solid fats are fats that are
solid at room temperature, like butter, stick margarine, shortening, and lard. They often contain
saturated trans-fat, which is high in calories and not healthy for the heart so be easy on cakes,
cookies, pizza, and fries which often have a lot of solid fat.

SODIUM - Your body needs a small amount of sodium. But, consuming too much of this can
raise your blood pressure, which is unhealthy for your heart and your body in general. Processed
foods, like those that are canned, frozen, or packaged, often have a lot of salt. Try to use less than
one teaspoon of salt in preparing food when cooking

Follow these tips to maintain a healthy weight:

1. Eat breakfast every day. It gets your body going. You can even grab something on the go, like
a piece of fruit and a slice of whole-grain bread. It also helps you concentrate on your studies or
even enables you to focus on your work brought about by the power of taking regular breakfast.
2. Pack your lunch. Aside from being economical, if you pack your lunch, you can control the
portions and can ensure a healthy meal since you prepare it.
3. Eat healthy snacks and try not to skip meals. If you can bring your snack, then do so. Eat
boiled bananas, camote, and the like instead of taking junk food.
4. Take dinner with your family. When you eat with your family, you are more likely to eat a
healthy meal, and you can take the time to catch up with each other.
5. Be involved in grocery shopping and meal planning at home. If you’re involved, you can
make sure meals are healthy and taste good. Share your knowledge with your parents while
picking up your groceries and strengthen your bonding, too.

Proper Nutrition for Exercise

Nutrition is the health branch of health science that emphasizes the importance of food for
growth and development, as well as in lowering the chances of acquiring diseases and illnesses.
Proper nutrition depends on the mix of food with varied nutrients that we need to consume every
day. Having too much or too little of these nutrients can lead to disorders, so keep principles of
nutrition like adequacy, balance, and variety. Nutrients are important food substances that help
our body function properly. They provide energy and facilitate the growth and repair of cells.

Macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water are mandatory intake by the
body in large amounts. Micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals are only needed in very
little amounts. They all aid our bodies to produce enzymes, hormones, and other substances
critical to growth and development.

Health: Components of Consumer Health

What are health products?

- health products are foods, drugs, cosmetics, devices, biological, vaccines, in vitro diagnostic
reagents, household/urban hazardous substances, and a combination of and/or a derivative
thereof (FDA Act. 2009).
What is healthcare products?
- healthcare services refers to the furnishing of medicine, medical or surgical treatments, nursing,
hospital service, dental service, optometrist service, and complementary health services.

What is consumer health?

- consumer health is not just about buying health products and services. It is also about making
decisions and having a clear and deeper understanding to make wise choices.

Components of Consumer Health:

1. Health Information
2. Health Products
3. Health Services

Health information plays a big role in the life of individuals. It gives details that people can use
to make informed decisions about their health and of others.

What is health information?

- health information is any concept, step, or advice that various sources give to aid the health
status of an individual.

Some tips on how to be a wise consumer:

1. Gather correct and sufficient information
- get as much information by reading the details critically on the nutritional quality of the food.
2. Compare and contrast details of available products
- compare and contrast the product and services available before you purchase. Judge for
yourself which among the products are most effective.
3. Inquire for more and review if possible
- ask direct questions from sales personnel if things about the product are not dear to you before
buying it.

Health Services
- are usually offered by healthcare providers. “a healthcare provider is a trained professionals
who provides people with healthcare.”

I. Health Professionals
- these are individuals who are licensed to practise medicine and other allied health programs and
work in the medical profession.

II. Healthcare Facilities

- these are places or institution that offer healthcare services.

III. Health Insurance

- it is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for the
payments of healthcare costs.

Some Reliable Sources of Information

- medical and health professionals
- government agencies like DOH, FDA, BFAD, and DTI
- websites ending in gov., edu., and org.
- local health providers
- educational institution

Some Unreliable Sources of Health Information

- outdated custom, practices, and superstition without scientific basis.
- information based in ignorance and prejudice
- personal options and incomplete information
- quack or pseudo healers.
PhilHealth
- ensures that every Filipino is a member by covering them under different membership
programs which are categorize according to various sectors.

Classification of PhilHealth Members

Employed or - employees in the government and private sectors.

members in the - household helpers
Formal Economy - family drivers
- owner of small, medium, and large enterprises

How to enroll? - their respective employers should enroll members.

Sponsored - members whose premium contribution are paid for by another
members individual, government agency or private entity.
Lifetime Member - those who have reached the age of retirement and have made 120
monthly contribution.
- need to apply for membership to qualify under this category.
Employed or - workers who are not covered by formal contracts.
members in the - Filipino with dual citizenship
informal economy - migrant workers
- informal sectors
- workers
- naturalize Filipino citizen

- persons who are under the informal economy should apply for
How to enroll? membership.
Indigent Members - people who have no visible means of income as identified by the
DSWD based on specific criteria
Senior Citizen - elderly who are not covered under the National Health Insurance
Program

Module 2: Healthcare Providers and Fraudulent Services

Quackery
- is an advertisement, promotion, or sale of products and services that have not been
scientifically proven safe and effective.

3 Major Characteristics of Quackery

- big business
- progressive
- it is claimed that it is for incurable condition

Health Professionals
- are licensed to practice medicine. Knowing each of these professionals and their function can
give benefits such as the application of immediate and appropriate treatment, avoidance of time,
resources wastage, and the like.

Healthcare Provider
- is an individual health professional or a health facility organization licensed health care
diagnosis and treatment services including medication, surgery, and medical devices.

There are different types of physicians based on their area of specialization:

Pediatrician
- specializes in children’s health care and treatment of disease.

Psychiatrist
- specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorder.

Obstetrician and Gynecologist

- specialize in the care of women during pregnancy and child's birth.

Ophthalmologist
- specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases and disorder.

Anesthesiologist
- specializes in administering various anesthetics to assure proper operative procedures.

Dermatologist
- specializes in diagnosis and treatment of skin disease.

Cardiologist
- specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of the heart and blood vessel.

Allergist
- specialize in diagnosing and treating body reaction resulting from unusual sensitivity to food,
medicine, dust, and other substances.

Radiologist
- specialize in analyzing image such as x-rays, to help diagnose, monitor, and treat various
conditions or injuries.

Pulmonologist
- specialize in the disease of the lungs and respiratory tract.

Neurologist
- specialize in providing diagnosis and surgical treatment of disease of the nervous system.

Gastroenterologist
- specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of disease in the gastrointestinal system.

Geriatrician
- specialize in the care of the elderly and the diseases that affect them.

Surgeon
- specialize in performing a surgical operation in treating diseases, injuries, and deformities.

Urologist
- specializes in diseases and abnormalities of the genitourinary tract.

Gynecologist
- specializes in diseases and care of the female reproductive organs.

Healthcare Facilities
- these are places or institution that offer healthcare services. There are different types of
healthcare facilities.

A. Hospital
- it is an institution where people undergo medical diagnosis, care, and treatment.

B. Walk-in Surgery Center

- it is a facility that offers surgery without being admitted to the hospital.

C. Health Center
- it is a facility that caters to a specific population with various health needs.

D. Extended Healthcare Facility

- a facility that provides treatment, nursing care, and residential services to patients, often the
elderly.

Health Insurance
- it is a financial agreement between an insurance company and an individual or group for the
payment of healthcare coasts

My notes!
Health (Consumer Health)

Consumer Health
- refers to all things related to the health of the individual consumer, a user of health products,
information and services.
- it aims to develop a person’s ability to evaluate and utilize health information, products, and
services wisely and effectively.

Health Products
- are items that we consume to improve our well-being like medicine, food, clothes, furniture,
electronics, etc.

Health Information
- is any idea that we hear from people around us, read from books, and other printed materials, or
from the media that influence our health.

Health Services
- are program we avail from various provider such as physicians, nurses, therapists, health
workers, hospitals, clinics, and the government.

Services
- Health workers
- Health professionals

Types of Hospital 2 Classifications of Hospital

 Public  General
 Private  Specialty
 Voluntary
 Teaching

Herbal Medicines
 Lagundi (Vitex negundo)- Skin diseases (dermatitis, scabies, ulcer, eczema), Asthma,
Cough, Fever, Headachem, Rheumatism, sprain, contusions, insect bites
 Yerba (Hierba ) Buena (Mentha cordifelia) -Pain (headache, stomachache), Rheumatism,
arthritis and headache, Cough & Cold, Swollen gums, Toothache, Menstrual & gas pain,
Nausea & Fainting, Insect bites, and Pruritis
 Sambong (Blumea balsamifera) - Anti-edema, diuretic, anti-urolithiasis,urinary stones,
kidney, and diarrhea
 Tsaang Gubat (Carmona retusa) - Diarrhea, stomachache, mouth wash
 Niyug-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.) - Anti-helmintic or deworming
 Bayabas/Guava (Psidium guajava L.) - For washing wounds, diarrhea, and as gargle and
for toothache
 Akapulko (Cassia alata L.) - Anti-fungal (tinea flava, ringworm, athlete’s foot and scabies)
 Ulasimang Bato / Pansit Pansitan(Peperonica pellucida) - Lowers uric acid (rheumatism
and gout), for arthritis
 Bawang (Allium sativum) - Hypertension, toothache
 Ampalaya (Mamordica Charantia) - Diabetes Mellitus (Mild non-insulin dependent)
Alternative Medicines
 Acupuncture
- Acupuncture points are believed to stimulate the central nervous system. This, in turn,
releases chemicals into the muscles, spinal cord, and brain. These biochemical changes may
stimulate the body's natural healing abilities and promote physical and emotional well-being.
- Give affect to the energy flow
 Ventosa
- It can be done on your face or body. The suction promotes increased blood circulation,
which may help relieve muscle tension, promote cell repair, and aid in other regeneration.
 Reflexology
- Reflexology is the application of pressure to areas on the feet (or the hands). Reflexology is
generally relaxing and may help alleviate stress. The theory behind reflexology is that areas
of the foot correspond to organs and systems of the body.
 Acupressure
- Acupressure consists of pressing the acupuncture points in an attempt to help the free flow
of energy in the channel(s). Acupressure is similar to acupuncture, but the person uses their
fingers instead of needles to work the point.
 Nutritional Therapy
- Nutritional therapy uses nutrient intake and lifestyle changes to prevent and treat diseases
like diabetes, heart disease, arthritis, depression, and obesity. This treatment method can
come in the form of IV therapy, medical food, and oral supplements.

Quackery
- form of a health fraud
- not scientifically proven safe and effective.

Quack
- little or no professional qualification to practice medicine.

3 Major Characteristics of Quackery:

1. Big business
2. Multiples spread fast
3. Thrives market

3 Forms of Quackery
1. Medical Quackery
- cure, treatments, remedies, drug less, and bloodless in nature.
2. Nutrition Quackery
- promotion of food facts.
- claimed to be natural but not scientifically proven.
3. Device Quackery
- any miraculous gadgets, believed that can cure any issues.