‫ﺑﺎﺳﻤﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺳﺮﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﺩﻳﻤﺎﻩ ‪١٣٩٠‬‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ )ﺑﻪﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ‪ ۱۳۶‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺎ ( ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪ ٢١‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ‪ ٢٥‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺝ ( ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ )ﺗﻨﻪ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ( ‪ ٥٣‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ١٠ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ١٠ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ٨ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ٧ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺩ ( ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ـ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ٢٥ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪ ٢٥ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ٢٥ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ٢٧ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻫـ ( ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ـ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ١٢ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪ ١٢ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ١٢ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫‪-‬ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ١٠ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۱‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۱۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ*‬
‫‪۱۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪*۱‬‬
‫‪۱۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪*۲‬‬
‫‪۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ*‬
‫‪۲۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ*‬
‫‪۲۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ*‬
‫‪۲۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪۲۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۳۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫* ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ - ۲‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺸﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۳۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫‪۳۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫‪۳۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪۳‬‬
‫‪۴۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
‫‪۴۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪۴۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬
‫‪۴۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۷‬‬
‫‪۴۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۸‬‬
‫‪۵۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪۵۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۵۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫‪۵۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪۱۲‬‬
‫‪۵۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۳‬‬
‫‪۵۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۴‬‬
‫‪۵۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۵‬‬
‫‪۵۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۶‬‬
‫‪۶۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۷‬‬
‫‪۶۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۸‬‬
‫‪۶۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۹‬‬

‫‪۶۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۲۰‬‬

‫‪۶۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۲۱‬‬

‫‪۷۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪۲۲‬‬
‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪۲۳‬‬
‫‪۷۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۲۴‬‬
‫‪۷۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۲۵‬‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۲۶‬‬
‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۲۷‬‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۲۸‬‬
‫‪۸۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪۲۹‬‬

‫‪ ۵۳‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪-‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۳‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۸۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۸۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪۸۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۹۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۹۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪١‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪۹۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۹۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۳‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۱۰۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۳‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫‪۱۰۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۴‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪۱۰۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪۱۱۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۴‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۱۱۴‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪۱۱۵‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪۱۱۶‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۱۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۱۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۱۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۱۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫‪۱۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪۱۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪۱۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪۱۳۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
‫‪۱۳۵‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪١٧‬‬
‫‪۱۳۶‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٨‬‬

‫‪٦‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۵‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱۳۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۱۴۰‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬

‫‪۱۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬

‫‪۱۴۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬

‫‪۱۴۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۱۴۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۱۴۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪۱۵۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪۸‬‬
‫‪۱۵۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۱۵۴‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪۱۵۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۱۵۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫‪۱۶۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪۱۶۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪۱۶۳‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪۱۶۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۶‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴ ﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۱۶۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۱۶۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪۱۶۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪۱۷۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۱۷۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۱۷۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۱۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪۱۷۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۱۷۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۱۷۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۱۸۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۱۸۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫‪۱۸۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪۱۸۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪۱۸۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪۱۸۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۷‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱۸۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۱۹۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱۹۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬
‫‪۱۹۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۱۹۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪۱۹۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬
‫‪۱۹۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪۷‬‬
‫‪۱۹۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪۸‬‬
‫‪۱۹۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪۲۰۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۲۰۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٩‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۸‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬
‫‪۲۰۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪۲۰۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪۲۰۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪۲۰۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۲۰۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۲۰۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۲۱۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪۲۱۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۲۱۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۲۱۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪۲۱۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ : ٩‬ﺩﺭﻭ ﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۲۱۷‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٢١٨‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۲۲۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪٢٢١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۲۲۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٢٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۲۲۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪٢٢٦‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۲۲۷‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٤‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪۲۳۹‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۲۳۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫‪۲۳۲‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪٢٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳۴‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪٢٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳۶‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ - ١٠‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ )‪ ۱۰‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳۸‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪٢٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪۲۴۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪۲۴۲‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۲۴۳‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۲۴۴‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪٢٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪۲۴۶‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪۲۴۷‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻱ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪۲۴۸‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۲۴۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬

‫‪١٢‬‬
‫)ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫)ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ ۲۵ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‬

‫‪١٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Chemistry‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺁﺣﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻛﻴﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢٢‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﻲـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﻢ ‪ -‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣٣‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﺗﻢ ﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﺑﻮﻫﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻣﻮﺝ ﺷﺮﻭﺩﻳﻨﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻭﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤٤‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺍﺗﻢ )ﻳﻮﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﺧﻮﺍﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﺗﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﮕﺎﺗﻴﻮﺗﻴﻪ( ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥ ٥‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻟﻮﺋﻴﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﻓﻌﻪ ﺟﻔﺖﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻭﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦- ٦‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺪﻩﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺮﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﻟﺘﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﺮﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﻛﻼﺯﻳﻮﺱ ‪ -‬ﻛﻼﭘﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ )ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﭘﺮﺍﺵ ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ‪ X‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪١٤‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻲﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻧﻪ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﭘﺎﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﭺ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﺗﻴﻤﺮ‪" ،‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﭘﻮﺭﺟﻮﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﻧﺼﻴﺮ ﻃﻮﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺑﺪﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺝ ‪ .‬ﻧﻔﻴﺴﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﭘﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪2- C. M ortimer, "Chemistry: A Conceptual Approach", International Thomson Publishing, Latest‬‬
‫‪Edition.‬‬
‫‪3- R.H. Petrucci, W.S Harwood, G.E. Herring, J. M adura, "General Chemistry: Principles and‬‬
‫‪M odern Applications", 9th Edition, 2006.‬‬
‫‪4- M .L. Purcell, K.F. Kotz," Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity", 5th Edition, 2002.‬‬
‫‪5- O.W. Hill, R.H. Petrucci, T.W M cCreary, S.S. Perry, "General Chemistry", 4th Edition, 2004.‬‬

‫‪١٥‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Chemistry Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﮔﺮﻱ )ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ( ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢٢‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣٣‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭼﮕﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤٤‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻚ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ) ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ‪.( PbCl2‬‬
‫‪ - ٥٥‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻚﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦٦‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﮔﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧٧‬ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ – ﺑﺎﺯ )ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺍﻛﻴﻮﺍﻻﻥ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨٨‬ﺭﻧﮓﺳﻨﺠﻲ )ﻛﺎﻟﺮﻳﻤﺘﺮﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩٩‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ )ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠٠‬ﺗﻴﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ) ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻫﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻣﻌﺪﻥ ﺁﻫﻦ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١-‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢-‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺟﺮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ١‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻻﮔﻮﺳﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺮ‪" ،‬ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ ‪ .‬ﺧﺮﺍﺳﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺮﻣﺤﻤﺪﺻﺎﺩﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺸﻪ ﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٠ ،‬‬
‫‪2- E. J. Slowinski, W. C. Wolsey, "Chemical Principles in the Laboratory", 4th Ed, Saunders‬‬
‫‪Golden Series, 1985.‬‬

‫‪١٦‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Organic Chemistry for Biology 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﻮﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻭﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳـﺪﻱ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻴـﺪ ﺑـﺮ ﻣﺘـﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﺗـﻴﻠﻦ ‪ -‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻴﻠﻦ ‪-‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻭﺭﺑﻴﺘﺎﻝ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴـﻞ ‪-‬ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﻓﻴـﻞ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﺮﻫﻢ ﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﻓﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ )ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻟﻮﺋﻴﺲ(‪ ،‬ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬـﺎﻱ ﻋـﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ‪-‬ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﻓﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺍﻟﮑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﮑﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﮑﺎﻧﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﮐﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮐﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺮﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻟﻜﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺳـﻴﮑﻠﻮ ﻫﮕـﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻭﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﻴﮑﻠﻮﻫﮕﺰﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﻱ ﺳـﻴﺲ ‪-‬ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻴﮑﻠﻮﺍﻟﮑﺎﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﻬـﺎ ﻭﺳـﻴﻜﻠﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﻬـﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺣﺘـﺮﺍﻕ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻧﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﺍﻟﻜﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﻀﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭼﭗ‪ ،‬ﮐﺮﺑﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻳﺮﺍﻟﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﮔﻮﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋـﺪ ﺣـﺎﻛﻢ ﺑـﺮ ﻧﻤـﺎﻳﺶ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺳـﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ )ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻭﺟﻬﻲ ‪-‬ﻓﻴﺸﺮ ‪-‬ﺯﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺒﻲ( ‪ -‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ‪ R‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ S‬ﻣﺮﮐﺰ ﮐﺎﻳﺮﺍﻝ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ‪ -‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﮑﺮﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪ R‬ﻭ‪ D S‬ﻭ‪L‬‬
‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺎﻧﺘﻴﻮﻣﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﺎﺳﺘﺮﺋﻮﻣﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺭﺍﺳﻤﻴﮏ ‪،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻣﺰﻭ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻳﺮﺍﻟﻴﺘـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﺖ ‪-‬ﺧﻠـﻮﺹ ﻧـﻮﺭﻱ ‪-‬ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻳﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻳﺮﺍﻝ ﻭﻛﺎﻳﺮﺍﻝ ‪ -‬ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺭﺍﺳﻤﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺟـﺎﻳﮕﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻫﺴـﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺳـﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﻧﻮﮐﻠﺌﻮﻓﻴـﻞ ﻭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ‬
‫ﺗﺮﮎ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ -‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺮﻳﻨﻲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻲ ‪ ، SN 1 SN 2‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ ﺗـﺮﻙ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪١٧‬‬
 ‫‪ - ۵‬ﺍﻟﮑﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻠﺖ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﺪ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﻱ)ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﻱ ﺳـﻴﺲ ﺗـﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭ ‪ ،(E ,Z‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺁﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﺭﮐﻮﻧﻴﮑﻮﻑ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻮﻧﻴﻜﻮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﻨﻬـﺎ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺬﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺣﺬﻑ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﺰﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﭘﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﺮﭘﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜـﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻘـﺶ ﺍﻧﻬـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﺍﻟﮑﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺗﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﮑﻠﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﻟﮑﻠﻬﺎ‪ (۱ :‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻟﮑﻦ ﻫﺎ‪):‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﺏ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻛﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻣﻨﮕﻨﺎﺕ(‪ (۲ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺣﻴـﺎ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻳـﺪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮑﻠﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻴﺪ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺘﻮ ﻳﺎ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻬـﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻴﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﺗﺮﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﺴﺖ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ)ﺍﭘﻮﮐﺴﻴﺪﻫﺎ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﻱ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮﺭﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M. L. James, J. O. Schreek, J. N. Bemiller, "General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry,‬‬
‫‪Chemistry for the living system", Heath and Company, 1980.‬‬
‫‪3- K. Peter, C. Vollhardt, N. E., Schore, "Organic Chemistry", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2011.‬‬
‫‪4- J. Clydem, N.Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers, "Organic Chemistry", 1st Edition, Axford, UK,‬‬
‫‪2000.‬‬

‫‪١٨‬‬
 ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪Organic Chemistry for Biology 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﺎﺩﻩﺗﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓـﻲ ﺑﻨــﺰﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩ ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻔﻬـﻮﻡ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴــﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺷــﺮﻁ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴــﻚ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ‪ -‬ﻧﺎﻣﮕــﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﮑﻬــﺎ ‪ -‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸــﻬﺎﻱ ﺟــﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻭﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﮊﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭ ﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﻪ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ‪ -‬ﺍﻛﺴـﺎﻳﺶ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺟـﺎﻧﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻞ – ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻓﻨﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻓﻨﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻨﻠﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴﺎﻳﺶ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻥ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻨﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳـﺘﻪ ﺑﻨـﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻠﻬـﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺳـﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻛـﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸﻲ ‪ /‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﻴﻞ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺁﻟﺪﺋﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﻛﺘـﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴـﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷـﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼـﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﮐﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﮐﺴﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸـﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴـﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺘﻮﻧﻬـﺎ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﮑﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸـﮑﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻤـﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴـﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﻴـﺪﺭﺍﺯﻭﻥ ‪-‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬـﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯﺣﻀـﻮﺭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒـﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌـﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﮐﺴﻴﻠﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﮕـﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺸـﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧـﻮﺍﺹ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﮐﺴـﻴﻠﻴﮏ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﮐﺮﺑﻮﮐﺴﻴﻠﻴﮏ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﺷـﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﮐﺴـﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻬـﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺪﺋﻴـﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴـﻪ ﻣﺸـﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﺳـﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻴﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻛﺴﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﻓﻴﻠﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻬـﺎ )ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻼﺳـﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻬـﺎﻱ ﺳـﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴـﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬

‫‪١٩‬‬
 ‫‪ - ٥‬ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺴﻔﻮ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋـﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻـﺎﺑﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷـﻮﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸـﺎ ﺳـﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﮑـﺮﺩﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪- ۶‬ﮐﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﻫـﺎﻱ ‪ D‬ﻭ ‪ ،L‬ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻫـﺎﻭﺭﺱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﻔـﻮﺭﻣﺮ ﺻـﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸـﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴـﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﻴـﺎ ﻗﻨـﺪﻫﺎ –‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺗﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺣﻠﻘﻪ ﻫﻤﻲ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼـﺎﻝ ﺍﻧـﻮﻣﺮﻱ ‪ α‬ﻭ ‪ ،β‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﺭﻭﺗﺎﺳـﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺣﻴﺎ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ‬
‫‪- ۷‬ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪،‬ﮐﻨﻔﻴﮕﻮﺭﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻮ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﻳﺰﻭ ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‪ ،‬ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴـﻴﻦ ﺳـﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﭙﺘﻴـﺪﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ـ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ـ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﻚ ﻣﻮﺭﻱ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﻳﺎﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻫﻢ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮﺭﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M. L. James, J. O. Schreek, J. N. Bemiller, "General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry,‬‬
‫‪Chemistry for the living system", Heath and Company, 1980.‬‬
‫‪3- K. Peter, C. Vollhardt, N. E., Schore, "Organic Chemistry", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2011.‬‬
‫‪4- J. Clydem, N.Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers, "Organic Chemistry", 1st Edition, Axford, UK,‬‬
‫‪2000.‬‬

‫‪٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Organic Chemistry Laboratory for Biology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺋﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻟﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪- ١‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬

‫‪- ٢‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺫﻭﺏ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺟﻮﺵ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺟﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺰ‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﺗﻘﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺎﺭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪- ٧‬ﺗﺼﻌﻴﺪ‬
‫‪- ٨‬ﺗﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬
‫‪- ٩‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ)ﺻﻔﺤﻪﺍﻱ(‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻟﻮﻛﺎﺱ‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻥ‬
‫‪- ١٣‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻣﻮﺯ‬
‫‪- ١٤‬ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٢١‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1- B.S. Furniss, A. J. Hannaford, V. Rogers, W. G. Smith, "Vogel’s Textbook of Practical
Organic Chemistry", 4th Edition, Longman, 1978.
2- L.F. Tietze, Th. Eicher, "Reaktionen und Synthesen in Organish–Chemischen. Praktikum",
Thieme, 1981.
3- L. Gattermann, T. Wieland, "Die Prakxis des Organischen Chemikers", 43rd Edition, Walter
de Gruyter, 1982.
. ‫ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ‬- ٤

٢٢
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Physics for Biology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺳﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻳﻜﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﻴﻨﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻘﻮﻁ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ‪ -‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﻮﺗﻦ ‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻄﻜﺎﻙ ‪ -‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﮔﺸﺘﺎﻭﺭ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺧﺶ ‪ -‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﮔﺮﺍ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ‪ -‬ﭘﺎﻳﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ – ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻣﺎ ‪ -‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﺯ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺷﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ‪ -‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﭘﺎﺳﻜﺎﻝ ‪ -‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ‪ -‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﻧﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺷﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ – ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﺮﻭﻗﻲ – ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ – ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ – ﻭﻟﺘﺎﮊ – ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ – ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺍﻫﻢ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ‪ -‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ‪ -‬ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﭘﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﺑﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺯﺗﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺷﻜﺴﺖ – ﻋﺪﺳﻲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﻪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ – ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ – ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﭘﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭼﺸﻢ – ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭼﺸﻢ – ﺭﻧﮓ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺝ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺋﻲ – ﻃﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ – ﻓﻮﺗﻮﻥﻫﺎ – ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺑﺶ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭﺭﻭﻥ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺗﻨﺪﺭﺳﺘﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﺷﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺑﻴﮕﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٨،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﺕ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻲ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬

‫‪٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Mathematics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ )ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ) ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭘﻠﻜﺎﻧﻲ( ﻭ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﻟﮕﺎﺭﻳﺘﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ (‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺣﺪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﻤﻢ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﺰﻳﻤﻢ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺁﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻫﻨﮓ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺗﻮﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺷﻴﺐ ﺧﻢ ﺳﻮﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻟﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫‪- - ١٤‬ﺗﻮﺍﺑﻊ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺟﺰﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻱ‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺎﺕ ﻗﻄﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺩﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻣﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻨﻲ‪" ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﮕﺮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﻪ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺰﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻇﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺍﻭﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪. ١٣٧٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﺭﺕ‪" ،‬ﺣﺴﺎﺑﮕﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﻫﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٧٥ ،‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﺸﻠﺖ‪" ،‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺭﺳﺎ‪.١٣٧٣ ،‬‬
‫‪4- R.S. Robeva, “An Invitation to Biomathematics”, Elsevier, 2008.‬‬

‫‪٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Biostatistics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪+ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻣﺎﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﭼﺎﺭﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﺍﻳﺐ ﭼﻮﻟﮕﻲ )‪ (Skweness‬ﻭ ﻛﺸﻴﺪﮔﻲ )‪.(Kurtosis‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺍﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻓﺮﺽﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻚ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﮔﺮﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻭﺍﺭﻳﺎﻧﺲ‬

‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪nd‬‬
‫‪1. J.H. Zar, " Biostatistical Analysis", 5 Edition, Prentice-Hall, 2009.‬‬
‫‪2. T. Norman, J. Bailey, "Statistical M ethods in Biology", 3rd Edition, Cambridge University‬‬
‫‪Press, 1995.‬‬
‫‪3. J. Fowler, L. Cohen, " Practical Statistics for Field Biology", 1990.‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Biological Data Mining‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Word‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻭﺭﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﻳﺞ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Power Point‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﺮﻡ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭ ‪ Excell‬ﻭ ‪ SPSS‬ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮ ﮔﺮ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ‪ ، SPSS‬ﺭﻱ ﺑﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻳﺰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪ ، ۱۳۸۷ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻭﺝ‪" ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ‪ ،"Power Point 2007-2010‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻧﺎﺻﺢ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﺷﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭﻳﻨﺪﻭﺯ ‪ ،" ۷‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‪.۱۳۸۹ ،‬‬
‫‪- ۴‬ﮊ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﮐﻼﻭﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﺩﺍﻡ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﮏ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺯ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺩﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪.۱۳۸۹ ،‬‬
‫‪5-E-book: “Microsoft Word Step by Step Word 2010”.‬‬
‫& ‪6-J.Y. Chen, S. Lonardi, “Biological Data Mining”, 1st Edition, Chapman‬‬
‫‪Hall/CRC, 2010.‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Biochemistry 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ ) ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ( ـ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻝ ـ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ـ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﺍﺗﻴﻦ ـ ﻛﻼﮊﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﺯﻳﻦ(ـ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ ـ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎ ) ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ (‬
‫ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺳﻮﺑﺴﺘﺮﺍ )ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺎﺋﻠﻴﺲ ـ ﻣﻨﺘﻦ ( ‪ -‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ‪-‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺺ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻧﻮﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺏ ﻭ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ )ﺁﻟﺪﻭﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺘﻮﺯﻫﺎ( ـ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺪﻱ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻮﺯ(ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭘﻠﻲﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ـ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎـ ﻣﻮﻛﻮﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻳﺪﻫﺎـ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﮔﻠﻴﻜﺎﻥﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺏ ـ ﺗﺮﻱﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﺪﻫﺎـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎـ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎـ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﮕﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎـ‬
‫ﻟﻴﭙﻮﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ )ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ( ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺴﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ـ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡﻫﺎ ( ‪-‬‬
‫ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺎﺭﭘﺮ ‪ ،"٢٠٠٩‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬

‫‪٢٩‬‬
 ،‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬،‫ ﻣﻄﺎﻉ‬.‫ ﻉ‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺪﻝ‬.‫ ﻉ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ‬. ‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‬،"‫"ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﻴﻨﺠﺮ‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻛﺲ‬.‫ ﻡ‬،‫ ﻧﻠﺴﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﺩ‬- ٢
.١٣٨٨
3- D.L. Nelson, M .M. Cox, "Leninger Principles of Biochemistry", 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman,
2008.
4- J.M . Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer, "Biochemistry", 7th Edition, W.H. Freeman, New York,
2010.

٣٠
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Biochemistry Laboratory 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﻠﻮﺭ ﺍﻭﺯﺍﺯﻭﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻼﺡ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ‪ PH‬ﻭ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﻮﺑﺴﺘﺮﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪Ki‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺭﻧﮕﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣﻼﻟﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻣﻮﻟﺴﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﺴﺘﺮﻭﻝ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺧﻮﻥ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٣١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻲ‪" ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ‪.١٣٧٨ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺮﺭﺳﻮﻟﻲ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ‪.١٣٨٣ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭘﺎﺳﺎﻻﺭ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ )ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ("‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٧٧ ،‬‬

‫‪٣٢‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬
‫‪Biophysics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ )ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞﺗﺮﻱ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪(...‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎ )ﭘﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻦﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻪﻧﺸﻴﻦﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺘﻪ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻳﺰﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- M . Daniel, "Basic Biophysics for Biologist", Agrobios, India, 2007.‬‬
‫‪2- W. Hoppe, W. Lohmann, H. M arki, H. Ziegler, "Biophysics", Springer-Verlug, Berlin,‬‬
‫‪1983.‬‬
‫‪3- E.L. Alpen, "Radiation Biophysics", Prentice-Hall International Editions, 2nd Edition,‬‬
‫‪1997.‬‬

‫‪٣٣‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬
‫)ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‪ ٥٣ :‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‬

‫‪٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Molecular Biology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ : :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺒﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ‪ G‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ‪cAMP‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺩﺭﻧﺮﮊﻳﮏ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺩﻭﭘﺴﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺷﻮﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ‪) Gq‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ‪cGMP ، PIP2 ، cAMP‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ‪ MAP‬ﻛﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮐﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮐﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺗﻴﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﻨﻮﺯﻳﺘﻮﻝ ‪ ۳‬ﮐﻴﻨﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﺍ ﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﺴﻲﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻠﮋﻱ‬
‫‪- ۱۴‬ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- ۱۵‬ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮐﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ )ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺭﮐﺌﺎ(‬
‫‪- ۱۶‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٣٥‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٨٧ ،‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﻕ‬. ‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‬،"‫ "ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻮﺩﻳﺶ‬،‫ ﻟﻮﺩﻳﺶ‬.‫ ﻩ‬- ۱
2- H. Lodish, A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser, M . Krieger, M .P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, P. T.
M atsudaira, "M olecular Cell Biology", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2007.
3- B. Lewin, "Gene IX", Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
4- G.M . Cooper, R.E. Hausman, "The Cell a M olecular Approach",3rd Edition, ASM Press,
2007.
5- F. M arks, “Cellular Signal Processing”, Garland Science, 2009.

٣٦
 ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Ecology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ـ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ـ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﻛﺮﻩ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺷﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺮﺽ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻲ ـ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺑﺎﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﻛﺮﻩ ـ ﺑﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ـ ﻻﻳﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻧﮕﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‪ :‬ﻣ ﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ـ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻳﻚ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ـ ﺍﻫﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ـ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ـ ﻫﻮﻣﺌﻮﺳﺘﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﮊﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ـ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺷﺒﺎﻧﻪﺭﻭﺯﻱ‬
‫ﻭ ﻓﺼﻠﻲ ‪ CO٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﻧﻴﻤﻢ ﻟﻴﺒﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﺷﻠﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﻼﻛﻤﻦ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫)ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻧﺴﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﮊﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺗﺶﺳﻮﺯﻱ( ـ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﻡﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻴﺎﻥ )ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ( ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ـ ﻫﻤﺘﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ـ ﻫﻢﺑﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺩﮔﺮﺑﻮﻣﻲ ـ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺩﺭﺿﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ـ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺧﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴﻚ( ـ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻏﻠﺒﻪ ﻭ ﭼﻴﺮﮔﻲ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ـ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ـ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﻳﮏ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻳﮏ ﺍﮐﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻥ‬:‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
. ١٣٨٠،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‬،"‫" ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻧﻴﺸﺎﺑﻮﺭﻱ‬.‫ ﺍ‬.‫ـ ﻉ‬١
. ١٣٧٧،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﻤﻨﺪﻱ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‬.‫ ﺝ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"‫" ﺷﺎﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﻭﺩﻭﻡ‬.‫ ﭖ‬.‫ـ ﺍ‬٢
. ١٣٨٣،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬، "‫" ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬،‫ ﺍﺭﺩﻛﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﺭ‬.‫ ﻡ‬- ٣
4- M . Begon, J.L. Harper, and C.R.Townsend,"Ecology; From Individuals to Ecosystems",4th
Editon, Blakwell Publishing, 2006.
5- P.D.Stiling,"Ecology:Theories and Applications",4th Editon, Prentice-Hall, 2001.
6- M .C.Molles,"Ecology:Concept and Application",5th Edition, M cGraw-Hill, 2009.
7- C.R.Townsend, J.L.Harper, and M .Begon," Essentials of Ecology",3rd Edition, Blakwell
Publishing, 2008.
8- R. E. Ricklefs, and G.L. M iller," Ecology",4th Edition,W. H. Freeman, 1999.
9- E.P.Odum," Basic Ecology", Saunders,1983.

٣٨
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬
‫‪Fundamental of Enviromental Science‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﮑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ـ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺿﻮﺍﺑﻂ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺻﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ :‬ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻧﮕﻲ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻻﻳﻪ ﺍﺯﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﻳﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺛﺮ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﺍﻱ ـ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ـ ﺑﺎﺭﺍﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﺮ ﺟﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪ :‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ‪ -‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ –‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎﺭﻛﺮﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٣٩‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬

1- W. P. Cunningham, M .A. Cunningham, "Environmental Science:A Global Concern",

11th Edition, M cGraw-Hill, 2009.
2- C. Baird, and M .Cann,"Environmental Chemistry",4th Edition, W. H. Freeman, 2008.
3- R. E. Ricklefs, and G.L. M iller, "Ecology",4th Edition,W. H. Freeman, 1999.
4- C. H. Walker, Steve P. Hopkin, R.M . Sibly, and D.B. Peakall," Principles of
Ecotoxicology",3rd Edition, CRC Press, 2005.

٤٠
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Cell Biology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺯﻳﺮﺑﻨﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ )ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ( ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ) ‪(ECM‬‬

‫‪ - ٦‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ) ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﺰ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺗﻮﺑﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻓﻴﻼﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺑﻴﻨﻲ‪ ، (IF) ،‬ﻣﻴﻮﺯﻳﻦ( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻮﻣﻦ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺧﺸﻦ ﻭ ﺻﺎﻑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻠﮋﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻭﺯﻳﻜﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺭﺳﭙﺘﻮﺭ ﻳﺎ )‪(EM R‬‬

‫‪ - ١١‬ﻟﻴﺰﻭﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻮﺋﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﺴﻲﺯﻭﻡ ﻭ ﮔﻠﻲﺍﻛﺴﻲﺯﻭﻡ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ( ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻫﺴﺘﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻣﻬﺎ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ(‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ (‬

‫‪٤١‬‬
 ‫‪ - ١٤‬ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻼﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ Cell signalling‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ )ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﺩﻳﺶ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻟﻮﺩﻳﺶ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺍﺭﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻟﺼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻫﺴﻮﻥ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‪.۱۳۸۶ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﺒﺮﺗﺲ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ" ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬

‫‪4- G. Karp, "Cell and M olecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments", 5th Edition, Wiley,‬‬
‫‪2007.‬‬
‫‪5- H. Lodish, A. Berk, C.A. Kaiser, M . Krieger, M .P. Scott, A. Bretscher, H. Ploegh, P. T.‬‬
‫‪M atsudaira, "M olecular Cell Biology", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2007.‬‬
‫‪6- W.M . Becker, J.B. Reece and M .F. Poenie ,"The World of The Cell", 3th Edition, Addison‬‬
‫‪Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.‬‬

‫‪٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Cell Biology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﮔﺮﺍﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ‪ TEM‬ﻭ‬
‫‪. SEM‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﭼ ﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻻﻡ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻋﺼﺎﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ )‪ (Viability‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻣﺘﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ﻭ ‪FDA‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭﺍﻛﻮﺋﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺳﺎﻛﺎﺭﻭﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻓﺎﮔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﮔﻠﮋﻱ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٤٣‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
th
1- G. Karp, "Cell and M olecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments", 5 Edition, Wiley,
2007.
2- W.M . Becker, J.B. Reece and M .F. Poenie ,"The World of The Cell", 3th Edition, Addison
Wesley Publishing Company, 1996.

٤٤
 ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫‪Evolution of Organisms‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻙ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﺷﮕﻔﺘﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻈﻤﺖ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮﺕﺁﻣﻮﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺘﺎﹰ ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻥﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻟﻐﻮﻱ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﺗﺐ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺷﻮﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﺮ ـ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‬
‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﺮﻡﺣﻴﺎﺕ ـ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎـ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ﺁﺑﻲ ـ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻝ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ـ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﺬﺍﺭ ـ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻛﻮﭼﻚ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﺰﻳﻨﺶ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ـ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻦ ـ ﺍﺻﻞ ‪ ، Golger‬ﺍﺻﻞ ‪ Bergman‬ﻭ ﺍﺻﻞ ‪Allen‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮊﻧﻲ‬
‫ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﻼﻕ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ـ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺟﺒﺮﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪـ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﺮﻓﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻥ ـ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﻠﻴﻮﺗﺮﻭﭘﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﻴﻤﭙﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﭘﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﻭﭘﺎﺗﺮﻳﻚ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﺪﺍﺋﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺼﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﻣﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﮔﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﮔﻪ ﻫﺎـ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﺯﺷﻲ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﻤﮕﺮﺍ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺍﮔﺮﺍ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻛﻲ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﻴﭻ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ـ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﻣﻨﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ )‪(Punctuated equilibrium‬ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ـ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺳﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﻭﺭﮔﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ـ ﺁﻫﻨﮓ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻬﻘﺮﺍﺋﻲ ـ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﻳﻲ ـ‬
‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﻮ ـ ﻋﻠﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﻘﺮﺍﺽ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٥‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻫﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺿﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺎﺭﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺸﺎﺑﻮﺭﻱ‪" ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪.١٣٧٣ ،‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﺸﺎﺑﻮﺭﻱ‪" ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪.١٣٧٣ ،‬‬
‫‪3- D. Futuyma, "Evolutionary Biology", 1998.‬‬
‫‪4- M. Ridley, "Evolution", Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.‬‬
‫‪5- T. Goldsmith, "Biology, Evolution and Human Nature", 2001.‬‬
‫‪6- M. Rizzotti, "Early Evolution", 2000.‬‬
‫‪7-E.O. Dodson and P. Dodson, "Evolution: Process and Product", 2nd Edition, D. Van Nostrand‬‬
‫‪Company, 1986.‬‬

‫‪٤٦‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Biochemistry 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﺮﮊﺗﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪-‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻧﺌﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ‬
‫ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﮊﻧﻮﻟﻴﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭼﺮﺑﻲﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﺮﻱﺍﺳﻴﻞ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻳﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺎﺭﭘﺮ ‪ ،"٢٠٠٩‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻧﻠﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﻛﺲ‪"،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻟﻨﻴﻨﺠﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺝ ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﻋﺮﻭﻕ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺪﻝ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﻄﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪،‬‬
‫‪.١٣٨٨‬‬
‫‪3- D.L. Nelson, M .M. Cox, "Leninger Principles of Biochemistry", 5th Edition, W.H. Freeman,‬‬
‫‪2008.‬‬
‫‪4- J.M . Berg, J.L. Tymoczko, L. Stryer, "Biochemistry", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman, New York,‬‬
‫‪2010.‬‬

‫‪٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Mycology‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩ ( ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻮﺗﺎﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺳﻜﺸﻮﺍ ﻝ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺏ ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺝ ( ﻛﭙﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺰﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﭙﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺰﺝ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫ﺩ ( ﻛﻴﺘﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻫـ( ﺍﺍﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ( ﺁﺳﻜﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺯ( ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺡ( ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺁﺳﻜﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﻳﺪﻳﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ M atying type‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﻮﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺖﻭﺭﺯﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ(‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺟﻨﮕﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺍﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‪.‬‬
‫ﺝ ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﻮﮊﻧﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻛﻮﺍﺭﻳﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‪.‬‬

‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫ﺩ ( ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺳﻲ‪.‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺁﻟﻜﺴﻮ ﭘﻮﻟﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﻤﺲ ﻭ ﺍ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻚ ﻭﻝ‪" ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺡ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﺭﻣﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﻐﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬
‫‪2- C. J. Alexopoulos,C.W. M ims, and M . Blackwell," Introductory Mycology",4th Edition,‬‬
‫‪John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.‬‬
‫‪3- M . Rai, and P. Bride," Applied Mycology", CPL Scientific Publishing Services Limited,‬‬
‫‪2004.‬‬
‫‪4- J.W. Deacon, "Fungal Biology", 4th Edition, Blackwell Pub., 2006.‬‬

‫‪٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Mycology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ – ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﮐﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻗﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﺪ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺎﻗﭽﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ‪...‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪th‬‬
‫‪1- C. J. Alexopoulos,C.W. M ims, and M . Blackwell," Introductory Mycology",4 Edition, John‬‬
‫‪Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.‬‬
‫‪2- F.M . Dugan," The Identification of Fungi:An Illustrated Introduction with Keys,Glosary, and‬‬
‫‪Guide to Literature", Amer Phytopathological Society, 2006.‬‬
‫‪3- E. Kiffer and M . M orelet,"The Deuteromycetes-M itosporic Fungi:Classification and Generic‬‬
‫‪Keys",Science Publisher, 2000.‬‬

‫‪٥٠‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Zoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻂ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺳﺘﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺗﺮﻭﺳﺘﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻳﺨﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﹼﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻠﻮﮊﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩‬ـ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻚﻳﺎﺧﺘﮕﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺮﻡﺗﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺟﻠﺪ(‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﻦ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.١٣٧٦ ،‬‬
‫‪٥١‬‬
3- T. L. Storer and R. L. Usinger, "General Zoology", Oxford University Press., 1997.
4- R.C. Brusca and G.J. Brusca, “Invertebrates”, Sinauer Associates., 2003.
5- E.E. Rupper, R.S. Fox and R. D. Barnes, "Invertebrate Zoology", Thomson Brooks., 2004.
6-J.C.P.Hickman, L.S. Roberts and A.Larson , "Integrated Principles of zoology", M cGraw-
Hill., 2010.

٥٢
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪General Zoology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﮊﻛﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺭﻛﻮﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﮋﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﺍﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻡﺗﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﺖﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻮﻛﻮﺭﺩﺍﺗﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- C.P. Hickman, J.L. Katz and S.L. Keen, “Laboratory Studies in Integrated Principles of‬‬
‫‪Zoology”, M cGraw- Hill., 2007.‬‬
‫‪2- C.F. Lytle and J.R. M eyer, “General Zoology Laboratory Guide”, M cGraw-Hill., 2008.‬‬
‫‪3- H.C. Bumpus, “A laboratory Course in Invertebrates Zoology”, Bibliobazaar., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٥٣‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Animal Histology and Embriology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﭘﻲ ﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺏ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺝ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫ﺩ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ‬
‫ﻡ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻥ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻭ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻨﻒ‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻚﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮﻭﻻ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻔﻴﻮﻛﺴﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮوژه‬ ‫آزﻣﻮن ﻧﻬﺎﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺎن ﺗﺮم‬ ‫ارزﺷﯿﺎﺑﯽ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪" ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻭﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٨،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻝ‪ .‬ﮎ‪.‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻥ ﮐﻮﺋﻴﺮﺍ‪" ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺧﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﺧﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮﺳﻤﺎﻁ‪.۱۳۸۳،‬‬
‫‪3- S.F. Gilbert, "Developmental Biology", Sinaurer Associates Inc. Publisher, 2010.‬‬

‫‪٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻇﺎﻳﻒ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ـ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ـ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ـ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﻥ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ـ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ـ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﺷﺪ‪‬ﺕ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻛﺮﻭﻧﺮ ﻭ ﺷﺸﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ :‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻲ( ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺁﺑﺸﺸﻲ ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺷﺸﻲ )ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ (‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺸﻲ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﺭﺳﺎﺋﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺩﻓﻊ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻛﻮﺋﻞ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺿﻲ ـ ﻧﻔﺮﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ ـ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻟﭙﻴﮕﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻭﻟﺘﺮﺍﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ـ ﺑﺎﺯﺟﺬﺏ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ ـ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ‪ H+‬ﻭ ‪ HCO٣-‬ـ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯﺗﻪ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻟﻮﻟﺔ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ـ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ـ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻠﺮﺋﻴﺪﺭﻳﻚ ـ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻟﻮﻟﺔ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﺒﺪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﭼﺮﺑﻴﻬﺎ ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﭘﺎﻳﺔ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺩﻩ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻮﻥ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ )ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪ ،"٢‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺡ ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺢﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪2- A. C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, "Text Book of M edical Physiology", 11th Edition, Saunders, 2006.‬‬
‫‪3- R.H. Berne and M .N. Levy, "Principles of Physiology", 6th Edition, M osby Company, 2008.‬‬

‫‪٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology Laboratory 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ ﻭ ﺣﺪﺍﻛﺜﺮ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﭘﻼﻛﺖﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻨﻮﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﮔﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﮒﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﺧﺮﮔﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻫﺮﮔﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩‬ـ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻠﺐ )ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻧﻴﻮﺱ(‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﻠﺐ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﺐ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻠﺐ ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺳﻤﭙﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺳﻤﭙﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻗﻠﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠‬ـ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺧﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﺧﻮﻥ )ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻤﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻤﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﻲ (‪.‬‬
‫‪١١‬ـ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺠﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺸﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢‬ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﻠﻴﺮﻧﺲ ) ‪ (Clearance‬ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻴﺮﻧﺲ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣‬ـ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﻓﻨﻞ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﻊ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺢ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤‬ـ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﭙﺴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ‪ pH‬ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪٥٦‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﮐﻲ‪ ،‬ﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪.۱۳۸۰ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﭖ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﺘﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﭖ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺭﺟﺎﻩ" ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ "،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ‪.۱۳۸۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺡ‪.‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻲ‪"،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﮎ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫‪5- W.S.Hall, “A laboratory Guide in Physiology”, Bibliobazzar., 2009.‬‬

‫‪٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﺼﺐ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﻭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻥ ) ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺰ( ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ‪ :‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪ‪ :‬ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺑﭻ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﺻﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﻛﻠﺴﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﻮﻁ ﻋﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻟﻐﺰﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﻮﺭﻳﻞ ﮔﺮﺁﻧﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻛﺴﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺭﺗﻮﺩﺭﻭﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺩﺭﻭﻣﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﭘﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺠﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺭﻳﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﺣﺸﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺣﺲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ )ﭼﺸﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ‪(....‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﻠﺴﻦ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪ ،"٢‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﻓﺘﺢﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫‪.١٣٨٦‬‬
‫‪2-E.R. Kandel, J.H. Schwartz and T.M . Jessell, “Principlesof Neural Science”, 4th Edition,‬‬
‫‪M cGraw-Hill., 2000.‬‬
‫‪3- A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, "Text book of medical physiology", 11th Edition, Saunders., 2006.‬‬
‫‪4-R.H. Berne and M .N. Levy, "Principles of Physiology", 6th Edition, M osby Company., 2008.‬‬

‫‪٥٨‬‬
 ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪١‬‬
‫‪Botany1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄ ﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺗﻴﻐﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ـ‬
‫ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﻮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﻮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻐﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻆ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ ( ﺑﺸﺮﻩ ﻳﺎ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻡ ‪ :‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺕﻫﺎ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ـ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻲ ـ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ـ ﻛﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻨﺒﻪ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻨﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﻭﻃﺮﺯﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻨﺒﻪﺍﻱ ـ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺁﻥ ـ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﺪﺳﻚ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻼﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻒ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻓﻠﻮﺋﻢ ﻳﺎ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ـ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﺰﻳﻠﻢ ﻳﺎ ﭼﻮﺏ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ـ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ـ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ـ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻭ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﻚ ﻟﭙﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ـ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ـ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﻧﻲ ﺩﻣﺒﺮﮒ ـ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻗﻄﻊ ﺑﺮﮒ‬
‫ـ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٥٩‬‬
 ‫ـ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺍﻧﺸﻌﺎﺏ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ‬
‫ـ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﻢ ﺑﺮﮒ ـ‬
‫ﻫﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻠﻲ ـ ﺭﮔﺒﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ـ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺁﻥ )ﻧﻈﻢ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﻢ ﺗﻨﺎﻭﺑﻲ ( ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺑﺮﮒ ـ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪"،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٦٣،‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ‪"،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺡ ‪ .‬ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ‪" ،‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻫﺨﺪﺍ‪.١٣٥٤،‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ "ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬
‫‪5- D.F.Cutler,"Plant Anatomy:An Applied Approach", Blackwell Publishers, 2008.‬‬
‫‪6- C.J. Clegg, and G.Cox,"Anatomy and Activities of Plants", John Murray Publishers‬‬
‫‪Ltd.,1988.‬‬
‫‪7- K.Esau,"Plant Anatomy", John Wiley & Sons Publishers,1953.‬‬
‫‪8- A.Fahn,"Plant Anatomy", Pergamon Press,1989.‬‬
‫‪9- J.D.M auseth,"Plant Anatomy", Benjamin/Cummings Publishers,1998.‬‬

‫‪٦٠‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Botany Laboratory 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺭﮊﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﻭ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ ـ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﺩﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﻧﻜﺘﻮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻼﺳﺖﻫﺎ )ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ ـ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ـ ﺁﻣﻴﻠﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖﻫﺎ( ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﭘﻴﺪﺭﻡ ﻳﺎ ﺑﺸﺮﺓ ﺑﺮﮒ )ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺸﺮﻩﺍﻱ ـ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻛﺮﻛﻬﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻚﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺷﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﻴﻜﺴﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎ ـ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺑﺮﺵﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻨﺒﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻋﺪﺳﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻒ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻛﻼﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ ( ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺮﺍﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻗﻪ ﺗﻚﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ـ ﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺐ ـ ﺳﺮﺧﺲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻗﺔ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﻳﺸﺔ ﺗﻚ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺴﻴﻦ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺗﻚ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻻﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻢ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺗﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪٦١‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٦٣،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬،"‫"ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬- ١
.١٣٦٧،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﻭ ﺡ‬،‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"‫"ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬،‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﺟﻲ‬- ٢
.١٣٥٤،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻫﺨﺪﺍ‬،"‫ "ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﺡ‬- ٣
.١٣٦٧،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻣﺠﺪ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍ‬،"‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ "ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬.‫ ﺟﻲ‬- ٤
5- D.F.Cutler,"Plant Anatomy: An Applied Approach", Blackwell Publishers, 2008.
6- C.J. Clegg, and G.Cox,"Anatomy and Activities of Plants", John Murray Publishers
Ltd.,1988.
7- K. Esau,"Plant Anatomy", John Wiley & Sons Publishers,1953.
8- A. Fahn,"Plant Anatomy", Pergamon Press,1989.
9-C. B. Beck," An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development: Plant Anatomy for the
Twenty-First Century",2nd Edition,Cambridge University Press, 2010.

٦٢
 ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Botany 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻫﺮ ﻳﮏ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﺓﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺪﻳﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ )ﺧﺰﻩﻫﺎ ـ ﻋﻠﻒ ﺟﮕﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﺧﻲﻫﺎ( ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ )ﭘﺴﻴﻠﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺠﻪ ﮔﺮﮔﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻡ ﺍﺳﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺮﺧﺲﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺭ(‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﮔﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﭼﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﮔﻞ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺔﮔﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﮔﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﭼﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻋﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﮔﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﮔﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻟﻮﻟﺔ ﮔﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺨﻤﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻴﺴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٣‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٤‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٥‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٦‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٣‬‬
(... ،‫ ﺍﺳﭙﺎﺩﻳﺲ ﻭ ﭼﺘﺮ‬،‫ ﻛﻼﭘﺮﻙ‬،‫ ﺩﻳﻬﻴﻢ‬،‫ ﺷﺎﺗﻮﻥ‬،‫ ﺳﻨﺒﻠﻪ‬،‫ ﮔﻞﺁﺫﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ )ﺧﻮﺷﻪ‬: ‫ﮔﻞﺁﺫﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺴﺎﻡ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬- ١٧
. ‫ﮔﻞﺁﺫﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﺯﻧﻲ‬
. ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻥ‬- ١٨

:‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٦٣،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬،"‫" ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬- ١
.١٣٦٧،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﻭ ﺡ‬،‫ ﺻﺎﻧﻌﻲ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ ﭘﻨﺎﻫﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"‫" ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬،‫ ﺩﻳﺴﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﺟﻲ‬- ٢
‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ )ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬،"‫" ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻭﻝ( ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﺎﻛﺰﻭﻧﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﻣﻈﻔﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬.‫ ﻭ‬- ٣
.١٣٧٣،(‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‬
4- A.D. Bell, and A.Bryan,"Plant Form:An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant
M orphology",Timber Press, Incorporated, 2008.
5- J.M .Coutler,"M orphology of Spermatophytes", University of M ichigan
Library, 2009.
6- L.P.Ronse De Craene,"Floral Diagrams:An Aid to Understanding Flower
M orphology and Evolution", Cambridge University Press, 2010.
7- D.W. Bierhorst," M orphology of Vascular Plants", The M acmillan Company,1971.
8- E.M .Gifford, and A.S.Foster,"M orphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants", W. H.
Freeman and Company, 1989.
9- W.A. Jensen, and F.B.Salisbury, " Botany", Wadsworth Publishing Company,1984.
10- S.N.Pandey, and P.S.Trivedi, "A Textbook of Botany Vol.I", Hindustan offset
Printers,1998.
11- S.N.Pandey, S.P.M isra, and P.S.Trivedi, "A Textbook of Botany Vol.II", Hindustan
Offset Printers,1998,.
12- E. Roland, and L. Sheffield,"Plant Life", Wiley-Blackwell,2000.
13- R. F.Scagel, R.J. Bandoni, J.R. M aze,G. E. Rouse, W.B. Schofield, and J.R.Stein,
" Plants,an Evolutionary Survey ", Wadsworth Publishing Company,1984.
.

٦٤
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪١‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ـ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ ـ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ـ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴ ﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬
‫ـ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ـ ﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻤﺰ ـ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﮔﺮ ـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﺏ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺁﻥ )ﺷﻴﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﻡ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ـ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻖ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ـ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ‬
‫ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ـ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭ ـ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ )ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﭘﻮﻧﻴﻚ( ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ـ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ـ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎ ـ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﻪﺟﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ـ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺍﺯﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﺯﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺗﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ـ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪٦٥‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﭘﻜﻴﻨﺰ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ "‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦،‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻳﮕﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬
‫‪4- W.G. Hopkins, and N. P. A. Huner," Introduction to Plant Physiology", 3rd Edition,‬‬
‫‪John Wiley & Sons, 2004.‬‬

‫‪٦٦‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ – ﻣﺸﺘﺮ ﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ـ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ ‪ O2‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺍﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺪﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ـ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ ـ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻮﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ATP‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ )‪ (Oxidative Phosphorylation‬ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ـ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ـ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ـ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ATP‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫ﮔﻬﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺍﻱ )‪ (Substrate-level Phosphorylation‬ـ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ ﭘﻨﺘﻮﺯ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ـ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ‬
‫) ﻓﺘﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ( ـ ﭘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ) ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪ (II‬ـ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ـ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ O2‬ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ATP‬ﻭ ‪ NADPH‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻣﺮﺳﻮﻥ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ‪ CO2‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ـ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪ CO2‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ATP‬ﻭ ‪ NADPH‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻳﻦ )‪ (C3‬ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺎﭺ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻼﻙ )‪ (C4‬ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ‪ – CAM‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ C4 ، C3‬ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻮﻻﺳﻪ ‪ CAM‬ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴ ﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ) ﻓﺘﻮﺭﺳﭙﻴﺮﻳﺸﻦ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ )ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦ ـ ﺟﻴﺒﺮﻟﻴﻦ ـ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻨﻴﻦ ـ ﺁﺑﺴﻴﺴﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ‪ ...‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺑﺬﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٦٧‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﭘﻜﻴﻨﺰ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ "‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻳﮕﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬
‫‪4-W.G. Hopkins, and N. P. A. Huner," Introduction to Plant Physiology", 3rd Edition,‬‬
‫‪John Wiley & Sons, 2004.‬‬

‫‪٦٨‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology Laboratory 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ – ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ‪ a‬ﻭ ‪ b‬ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﻭﺗﻨﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻃﻴﻒ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻼﻭﻧﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﭽﺔ ﻧﺨﻮﺩ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﺒﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻟﭙﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺑﭽﻪ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ ﺟﻴﺒﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻟﻔﺎﺁﻣﻴﻼﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻏﺪﺓ ﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٦٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺿﻮﻳﻲ‪" ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻴﺪﺯ ﻭ ﺭ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﻴﻦ‪ "،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻲ ﺁﺷﺘﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬
‫‪3- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬

‫‪٧٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪Basic Microbiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﹼﻴﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ )ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻛﺎﻟﻴﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ(‪ .‬ﺷﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻫﻮﻳﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ) ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺮﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ‪ rRNA‬ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ(‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ، pH ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﺝ ﺻﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪٧١‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٨٨ ،‫ ﭼﺎﭖ ﭼﻬﺮ‬،"‫ "ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬،‫ ﺷﻬﺎﻣﺖ‬.‫ ﻡ‬،‫ ﻣﻠﻚﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬.‫ ﻑ‬- ١
2. G.F. Brooks, K.C. Carroll, J.S. Butel, S.A. M orse, "Jawetz, M elnick, & Adelberg's M edical
M icrobiology", 24th Edition, M cGraw-Hill Company, 2007.
3. M .T. M adigan, J.M . M artinco, P.V. Donlap, D.P.Clark , "Brock Biology of M icroorganisms",
12th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2010.
4. K.P. Talaro, "Fundations in M icrobiology", 7th Edition, M cGraw Hill Company, 2009.

٧٢
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪Basic Microbiology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺸ ﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭖ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻭﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺭﻗﺖ‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻗﻨﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ‪M RVP ،‬‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﺰ ﮊﻻﺗﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﻲﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭﺭﻩﺁﺯ‬
‫‪٩‬ـ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ،H2S‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬
‫‪١٠‬ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻻﺯ‬
‫‪١١‬ـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ )ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻌﻪ ‪ ( UV‬ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ(‬
‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﺴﺘﺸﻮﻱ ﺩﺳﺖ‬
‫‪١٢‬ـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‬
‫‪١٣‬ـ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺷﻴﺮ‬
‫‪١٤‬ـ ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻧﺴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﻜﻴﺲ‪" ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻥ‪ .‬ﮔﻠﺒﺎﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪. ۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬
‫‪2- L. Beishir, "M icrobiology in Practice", 4th Edition, Harper & Row Publishers, 1993.‬‬

‫‪٧٣‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Immunology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﺯﺍ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ )ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ (‪ :‬ﺳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﺯﺍ )ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﮕﺎﻧﻪﺧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻬﺎﺏ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻲ )ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ (‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻮﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﺋﻮﺯﻳﻨﻮﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎ ‪ T‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ ، B‬ﺩﻧﺪﺭﺗﻴﻚ ﺳﻞﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻭ‪‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻮﻟﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴ‪‬ﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺪﻥ ‪ Affinity‬ﻭ ‪Avidity .‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﻼﺳﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﺘﺮﻧﺎﺗﻴﻮ ﻭ ‪ Lectin‬ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ـ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻤﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ )ﻧﻮﻉ ‪ III‬ﻭ ‪ II‬ﻭ ‪ ( I‬ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫)ﻧﻮﻉ‪.( IV‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺴﺠﻲ ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻧﺴﺠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﻮﻟﺮﺍﻧﺲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﻙ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻟﻴﭽﻤﻦ‪"،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺯﺍﺩﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻏﻔﻮﺭﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺟﺮﺩﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﻻﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺝ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺍﺩ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺷﺸﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺭﻭﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﻙ‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺎﺱ ‪" ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻩ‪ .‬ﻏﻀﻨﻔﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻭﺟﮕﺎﻧﻲ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪- ۳‬ﺭﻭﻳﺖ‪" ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺧﻠﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺖ ‪ ،٢٠٠٦‬ﭼﺎﭖ ‪.١٣٨٧‬‬
‫‪4- C. Janeway, " Janeway's Immunobiology", 7th Edition, Garland Science, 2008.‬‬
‫‪5- A.K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman, " Cellular and M olecular Immunology", 7th Edition, Poloer W. B.‬‬
‫‪Sanders Company, 2009.‬‬
‫‪6- A.K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman, "Basic Immunology", 2nd Edition, Saunders, 2006.‬‬
‫‪7- P. Delves, S. M artin, D. Burton, I. Roitt, "Roitt's Essential Immunology", 11th Edition, Wiley-‬‬
‫‪Blackwall, 2006.‬‬

‫‪٧٥‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Virology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠ ﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ )ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ (‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٩‬ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪١٠‬ـ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺁﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ ‪ ،"۲۰۰۹‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬
‫‪2- R.G. Webster, A. Granoff, "Encyclopedia of Virology", Academic Press Inc., 2000.‬‬
‫‪3- J.D. Karam, J.W. Drake, K.N. Kreuzer, "M olecular Biology of Bacteriophage‬‬
‫‪T4", Amer Society for M icrobiology, 1994.‬‬
‫‪4- D.M . Knipe, M . Howley, D.E. Griffin, R.A. Lamb, M .A. M artin, B. Roizman, S.E. Straus,‬‬
‫‪"Fields-Virology", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2001.‬‬
‫‪5- S.J. Flint, L.W. Enquist, V.R. Racaniello, A.M . Skalka, "Principles of Virology, Vol 1 & 2",‬‬
‫‪3rd Edition, ASM Press, 2009.‬‬

‫‪٧٦‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪Genetics1‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ـ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﻟﻮﮒ ـ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮﻱ ـ‬
‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻴﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ ـ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺵ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ـ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺵ ﺩﻱﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻱﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ـ ﺗﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻞ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡ ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ‪ :‬ﺣﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﺠﺮﻩ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ـ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻫﻢﺑﺎﺭﺯ ـ ﺍﻟﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ـ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‬
‫)ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﮔﺎﻥ( ـ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﭘﻴﺴﺘﺎﺯﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻴﻨﮓﺁﻭﺭ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻴﻨﮓﺁﻭﺭ ـ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮊﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻮﻩ )ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺭﺕ ﻭﺍﻧﺖ( ـ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺩ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮊﻧﻲ ـ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﺯﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺵ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﮐﺮﻭﻣـﻮﺯﻭﻡ ‪ Y‬ﻭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻧـﻪ ‪ -‬ﺟﺒـﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﻭﺯ ﺍﻓـﺰﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ‪ X‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ‪ -‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪.X‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .۱‬ﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺟﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮﻱ‪" ،‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ(‪) ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ("‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.۱۳۸۶ ،‬‬
‫‪ .۲‬ﺯ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻑ ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺿﻲ ﺷﻌﺮﺑﺎﻑ‪" ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.۱۳۹۰ ،‬‬
‫‪3. E.J. Gardner, “Principals of genetics”, John Wiley and Sons, 2011.‬‬
‫‪4.U.W. Goodenough, “Genetics,” Saunders College Publishing, Latest Eition.‬‬

‫‪٧٧‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Genetics Laboratory 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺳﺮﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺪﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﮕﺲﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭ ﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﮕﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﺎﺭ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻓﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺑﺰﺍﻗﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺎﻧﮕﻠﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ـ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻏﺪﺩ‬
‫ﺑﺰﺍﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺵ ﻣﻨﻮﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻭﻳﺮﺟﻴﻦﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ‬
‫ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻲﺗﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺑﺰﺍﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﮔﺎﻧﮕﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﺓ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺵ ﺩﻱﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻏﻴﺮ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﮊﻥ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٨‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﻓﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺪﻳﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﺪﻳﻮﮔﺮﺍﻡﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٩‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪١٠‬ـ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻏﺬﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻧﮓﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‬
‫‪١١‬ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻮﮊﻧﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪١٢‬ـ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪ DNA‬ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺯ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺯ‬
‫‪١٣‬ـ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ )ﺩﻭ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ(‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭼﺸﻴﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻨﻴﻞ ﺗﻴﻮﻛﺎﺭﺑﺎﻣﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ‬
‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻲ ﺳﺮ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪١٤‬ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺗﺎﺭﭼﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻧﻮﭘﻠﻮﺭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﮕﺲ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﺍﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ ﮊﻥﻫﺎ‬

‫‪٧٨‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫ــ‬ + - -
‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
th
1. W.S. Klug, M .R. Cumming, "Concepts of Genetics", 7 Edition, Prentic Hall Inc., 2003.
2. U. Goodenough, "Genetics", 2nd Edition, Saunders College Publishing, 1984.
3. D.P. Snustad, "Principles of Genetics", 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.

٧٩
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Genetics 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ )ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺖ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺶﺯﺍ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪ ) DNA‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺣﺬﻓﻲ ‪/‬ﺑﺮﺷﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺪﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪) DNA‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺰﻟﺴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻝ(ـ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺭﭘﻠﻴﻜﻮﻥ ـ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱـ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ‪DNA-‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ـ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺘﻲ‬
‫‪٤‬ـ ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ -‬ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﮊﻥ ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ )ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻥ ﻫﺎ( ـ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺧﺘﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٥‬ـ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻛﺪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ‪ RNA‬ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡﻫﺎـ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ‬
‫ﺧﺘﻢ ﺭﻭﻧﻮﻳﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫‪٦‬ـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﭘﺮﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﭘﺮﺍﻥ ﻻﮐﺘﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﭘﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ‪ DNA‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﮊﻥ‬
‫ـ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎـ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﮋﻧﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٨٠‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬،" (DNA ‫ )ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬١ ‫ ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ "ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬.‫ ﺍ‬،‫ ﺣﺠﺘﻲ‬. ‫ ﺯ‬،‫ ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻲ‬.‫ ﻡ‬.1
.١٣٨٧ ،‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬
2. B. Lewin, “Gene IX,” Oxford University Press, 2010.
3. J.D. Watson, N. H. Hopkins, J. W. Roberts, J. A. Steiz, A. M . Weiner, “M olecular Biology of
the Gene ,”The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc., 2010.
4. J.D. Watson, J. Tooze, D.T. Kurtz, “Recombinant DNA, A. Short course,” 2nd Edition, W. H.
Freeman and Company, 1994.

٨١
 ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Bioethics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪١ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪ -‬ﻣﺸﺘﺮﮎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺑﻞ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ )ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ( ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪-‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﮊﻧﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻫﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲﮊﻧﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺡ ‪ .‬ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‪" ،‬ﺗﺒﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺗﺎﻫﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪.۱۳۸۰‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪" ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ )ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺍﻻﺕ ﺍﻋﻼﻣﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺑﺸﺮ("‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻱ‪.۱۳۸۵ ،‬‬
‫‪4- J. M aienschein, R. M ichael“ ,Biology and the Foundations of Ethics- Cambridge Studies in‬‬
‫‪Philosophy and Biology ,”1999.‬‬

‫‪٨٢‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)‪ ٢٥‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‬

‫‪٨٣‬‬
 ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪English for Botanical Studies‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﺔ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- J.D. M auseth,"Plant Anatomy",The Blackburn Press,2008.‬‬
‫‪2- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬
‫‪3- C.A. Stace, "Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics", Edward Arnold,1991.‬‬
‫‪4- R.E. Ricklefs, and G.L. M iller," Ecology",W.H.Freeman & Company, 2000.‬‬

‫‪٨٤‬‬
 ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Growth and Development‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ)ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻴﺒﺮﻟﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺗﻴﻠﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﺴﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺬﺭ‪ :‬ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺬﺭ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺯﺍﻳﺸﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺩﺭﺟﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻠﺪﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﺩﻩﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻻﻳﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﭘﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﭘﻜﻴﻨﺰ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ "‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭖ ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻳﮕﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬

‫‪٨٥‬‬
4-L. M . Srivastava," Plant Growth and Development: Hormones and Environment",
Academic Press, 2002.
5-P. J. Dawies," Plant Hormones"3rd Edition, Springer,2005.

٨٦
 ‫ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Phycology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﮏ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻠﺒﮏ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻛﻠﻴﺎﺕ ‪:‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ) ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ ﻭ‪ ،(...‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ) ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ـ ﺁﺑﻲ )‪ :(Cyanophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺯﺕ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‬
‫ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﮔﺎﻻﻛﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ) ‪ :(Glaucophyta‬ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ)‪ :(Rhodophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻜﻮﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻜﻲ ﺷﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ )‪ :(Chlorophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﮔﺮﺍﻳﻲ( ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٧‬ﺍﺋﻮﮔﻠﻨﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ) ‪ :(Euglenophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ(‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٨‬ﺩﻳﻨﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ ) ‪ :(Dinophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﺔ ﭼﺸﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻛﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤ‪‬ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﻣﻴﻨﺎﺳﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺗﺮﻭﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٩‬ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ )‪ (Cryptophyta‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻫﺘﺮﻭﻛﻨﺘﻮﻓﺎﻳﺘﻬﺎ )‪ (Heterokontophyta‬ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﺍﻳﺴﻮﻓﻴﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻬﻮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﻭ‪...‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﮊﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ(‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪٨٧‬‬
 ،‫ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬،‫ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬،‫ﻲ‬‫ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺳﻤ‬،(‫( ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ) ﻓﻠﺲﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻮﻛﻮﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬Prymnesiophyta) ‫ﭘﺮﺍﻳﻤﻨﺰﻳﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎ‬- ١١
. ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ ﻣﺼﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‬- ١٢

:‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
. ١٣٨٤،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‬،"‫ "ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﻠﺒﻚﻫﺎ‬،‫ ﺩﻳﺎﺭﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺮ‬. ‫ ﻩ‬- ١
.١٣٨٧،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺰﻫﺮﺍ‬،"‫ "ﺟﻠﺒﻚﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ ﺭﻳﺎﺣﻲ‬.‫ ﺡ‬- ٢
3- R.E. Lee," Phycology", 4th Edition, Cambridge University Press,2008.
4- O.P. Sharma,"Textbook of Algae", Tata M cGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited,1986.
5- C. B. South, and A.Whittick,." Introduction to Phycology",Blackwell Scientific Publications,
1987.
6- L. Barsanti, and P. Gualtieri,"Algae; Anatomy,Biochmistry and Biotechnology",Taylor&
Francis Group,2006.
7- J.E. Graham, L.W.Wilcox, and L.G.Graham,"Algae",2nd Edition, Benjamin Cummings, 2008.

٨٨
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Phycology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻠﺒﮏ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪،‬ﮐﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﻫﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ٢- ١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ـ ﺁﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢- ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ‬
‫‪ - ٢- ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺎﺗﻮﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٢- ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺋﻮﮔﻠﻨﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻨﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻓﺎﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٢- ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﻗﻬﻮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻻﻡ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻐﻠﻴﻆ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﻧﻜﺘﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻳﻚ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻳﻜﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺭﻱ‪ "،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ"‪ .‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٧٩ ،‬‬
‫‪٨٩‬‬
 .١٣٨٥ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺁﺑﺰﻳﺎﻥ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ‬. ‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻩ‬."‫"ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ‬،‫ ﺳﻮﺋﻞ‬.‫ ﻭ ﺍ‬،‫ ﺑﻠﭽﺮ‬. ‫ ﻩ‬- ٢
3- I. A. Abbottand, and E. Y. Dawson, "How to Know the Seaweeds", 2nd Edition, Wm. C .Brown
Company Publishers, 1978.
4- E. J. Cox," Identification of Freshwater Diatoms From Live M aterial". Chapman & Hall,
1999.
5- C. S. Lobban, D. J. Chapman, and B. P. Kremer (Eds.)," Experimental Phycology, A
Laboratory M anual". Cambridge University Press, 1988.
6- G. W. Prescott," How to Know the Freshwater Algae", 3rd Edition, Wm.C. Brown Company
Publishers, 1984.
7- L.A.Whitford, and G. J. Schumacher,"A M anual of Fresh-Water Algae", Sparks Press, 1984.
8- R.A.Anderson(Ed.),"Algal Culturing Techniques", Elsevier Science, 2005.

٩٠
 ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Morphogenesis and Organogenesis‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ـ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰﺯﺩﺍﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﻣﺠﺪﺩ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﺟﻨﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺗﺨﻢ ـ ﺟﻨﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻜﺮﺯﺍﺋﻲ ـ‬
‫ﺟﻨﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻗﻄﻌﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺸﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﻳﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ )ﺭﺃﺱ ﺳﺎﻗﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺍﻱ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﮔﻞ ﻭ ﮔﻞﺁﺫﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﺷﺪﻱ ﺣﺎﻛﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺟﻤﻊﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٩١‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٧٢،‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،"(‫ )ﻣﺒﺤﺚ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬٢‫ " ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢﺯﺍﺩﻩ‬.‫ ﺡ‬- ١
.١٣٧٥،‫ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ‬،"‫ "ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﻋﻄﺮﻱ‬.‫ ﻡ‬- ٢
3- R. Buvat, "Ontogeny, Cell Differentiation Structure of Vascular Plants", Springer-Verlag,1989.
4- O.Leyser, and S. Day, "M echanisms in Plant Development,Blackwell Science, 2002.
5- J. Rose," The Plant Cell Wall (Sheffield Annual Plant Reviews)", Blackwell Science, 2003.
6-M .T. M cM anus, and B.Veit, " M eristematic Tissues in Plant Growth and Development (Sheffield
Biological Siences)", Blackwell Science, 2001.
7- D. S. Ingram, and A. Hudson(Eds.)," Shape and Form in Plants and Fungi,Vol.16,(Linnean
Society Symposium)", Academic Press,1994.
8- K. Lindsey," Polarity in Plants (Annual Plant Reviews)", Blackwell Sciences, 2004.
9-R.V. Jean," Phyllotaxis: A Systemic Study in Plant M orphogenesis", Cambridge
University Press, 2009.

٩٢
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Principles of Plant Systematics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﺎﻣﮕﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺟﻮﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁ ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﭺ ﺳﻴﻨﮕﺮ‪" ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ("‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ ‪ .‬ﺭﺣﻴﻤﻲﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪. ١٣٨٩ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺝ ‪.‬ﻛﺮﺍﻓﻮﺭﺩ ‪ "،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﺣﻴﻤﻲﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪. ١٣٧٨ ،‬‬
‫‪3- C. A. Stace, " Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics", Edward Arnold, 1991.‬‬
‫‪4- W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M . J. Donoghue, "Plant‬‬
‫‪Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach", 3rd Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., 2007.‬‬

‫‪٩٣‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪١‬‬
‫‪Plant Systematics 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺗﮏ ﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﺑﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ )‪(Division: Bryophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬
‫)‪(Division: Psilophyta, Lycopodyophyta, Equisetophyta and Pteridophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ )‪(Division: Pinophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﺔ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ )‪(Division: M agnoliophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺷﺮﺡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺗﻚﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱﻫﺎ )‪(Class: Liliopsida‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺩﻩ ﺁﻟﻴﺴﻤﺎﺗﻴﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass: Alismatidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺩﻩ ﺁﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass: Arsidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﻴﻨﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫) ‪(Subclass: Commelinidae‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺩﻩ ﺯﻳﻨﺠﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫) ‪(Subclass; Zingiberidae‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺭﺩﻩ ﻟﻴﻠﻴﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass; Liliidae‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٩٤‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
..١٣٦٩ ،‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬،"‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‬،(‫" ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬، ‫ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬- ١
.١٣٧٣،‫ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬."‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ‬،(‫"ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ) ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬- ٢
3- A. Cronquist,"The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants",.2nd Edition, Allen Press
Inc., 1993.
4- V. H. Heywood," Flowering Plants of the World", Croom Helm,1985.
5- J. Hutchinson," The Families of Flowering Plants", Clarendon Press, 1973.
6- S. B. Jones, and A. E. Luchsinger, " Plant Systematics", 2nd Edition, M cGraw-Hill Book
Company, Company, 1987.
7- W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M . J. Donoghue, " Plant
Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach", 3th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., 2007.
8- A. Parsa, "Flora of Iran,Vol.1-9", M inistry of Education,1950.
9- K. H. Rechinger(Ed.), " Flora Iranica , Vol.1-175", Academische Druck und Verlagsanstalt,
1963-2001.
10- G. M . Smith, " Cryptogamic Botany; Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Vol. II", Tata M cGraw-
Hill,1983.

٩٥
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪Plant Systematics Laboratory 1‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺗﮏ ﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﻠﻴﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪. ١‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪(Division: Bryophyta).‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﺍﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫)‪(Divisions: Psilophyta, Lycopodiophyta, Equisetophyta and Pteridophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ‪(Division: Pinophyta).‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﺗﻚ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‪(Class: Liliopsida).‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ ‪ "،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٦٩ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪"،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ) ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ"‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٧٣،‬‬
‫‪3- J. Hutchinson,"The Families of Flowering Plants", Clarendon Press, 1973.‬‬
‫‪4- S. B. Jones, and A. E. Luchsinger, "Plant Systematics", 2nd Edition, M cGraw-Hill Book‬‬
‫‪Company, Company, 1987.‬‬
‫‪5- W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M . J. Donoghue, "Plant‬‬
‫‪Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach", 3th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., 2007.‬‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬
6- H. Rechinger (Ed.), "Flora Iranica , Vol.1-175", Academische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1963-
2001.
7 -M . Smith, "Cryptogamic Botany; Bryophytes and Pteridophytes Vol. II", Tata M cGraw-
Hill,1983.

٩٧
 ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪Plant Systematics 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻩ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺭ )‪(Division: M agnoliophyta‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺩﺓ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻱ )‪(Class: M agnoliopsida‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﺎﮔﻨﻮﻟﻴﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫) ‪(Subclass: M agnoliidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻣﺎﻣﻠﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫) ‪(Subclass: Hamamelidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﻓﻴﻠﻴﺪﻩ‬
‫)‪(Subclass: Caryophyllidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺩﻳﻠﻨﻴﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass: Dilleniidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺯﻳﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass: Rosideae‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻚ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺁﺳﺘﺮﻳﺪﻩ ) ‪(Subclass: Asteridae‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٩٨‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬

1- A.Cronquist,"The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants",.2nd Edition, Allen Press

Inc., 1993.
2- V. H. Heywood," Flowering Plants of the World", Croom Helm,1985.
3- J. Hutchinson,"The Families of Flowering Plants", Clarendon Press, 1973.
4- S. B. Jones, and A. E. Luchsinger, "Plant Systematics", 2nd Edition, M cGraw-Hill Book
Company, 1987.
5- W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M . J. Donoghue, "Plant
Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach", 3th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc. 2007.
6- A. Parsa, "Flora of Iran,Vol.1-9", M inistry of Education,1950.
7- K. H. Rechinger(Ed.), "Flora Iranica , Vol.1-175", Academische Druck und Verlagsanstalt,
1963-2001.

٩٩
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪Plant Systematics Laboratory 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪M agnoliidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪Hanamelidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪Caryophyllidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪Dillenidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪Rosidae‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺩﻩ ‪Asteridae‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ ١٠‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪"،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ) ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٦٩،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪"،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ) ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٧٢،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻗﻬﺮﻣﺎﻥ‪"،‬ﻛﻮﺭﻣﻮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ) ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪﺳﻮﻡ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٧٣،‬‬
‫‪4- J. Hutchinson,"The Families of Flowering Plants", Clarendon Press, 1973.‬‬

‫‪١٠٠‬‬
5- S. B. Jones, and A. E. Luchsinger, "Plant Systematics", 2nd Edition, M cGraw-Hill Book
Company, Company, 1987.
6- W. S. Judd, C. S. Campbell, E. A. Kellog, P. F. Stevens, and M . J. Donoghue, "Plant
Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach", 3th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., 2007.
7- H. Rechinger (Ed.), "Flora Iranica , Vol.1-175", Academische Druck und Verlagsanstalt, 1963-
2001.

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 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۳‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺡ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎـ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺟﺰﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮـ ﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﻗﻮﺍﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﻤﺰـ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺭﮔﺮـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺁﺏ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺁﻥ‬
‫)ﺷﻴﺮﺓ ﺧﺎﻡ( ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ـ ﺗﺒﺨﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻖ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎـ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ـ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﺁﺏ ـ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﻭ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ـ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﻥ ـ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭـ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‬
‫)ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﭘﻮﻧﻴﻚ( ﻭ ﻣﺰﺍﻳﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻱ ـ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ـ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎـ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ـ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ـ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎـ‬
‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺍﺯﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﺤﻮ‪‬ﻝ ﺍﺯﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺗﻪ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ـ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﺯﺕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ‬
‫ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻳﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ـ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﭘﻜﻴﻨﺰ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ "‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦،‬‬
‫‪- ٢‬ﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻳﮕﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3 - L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬

‫‪١٠٣‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪٣‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology Laboratory 3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪٣‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺬﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺗﺎﺯﻩ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ Cu‬ﻭ ‪ Mg‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯﺕ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﺴﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺬﺭ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﺝ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻏﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺁﺏ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭﺯﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﺓ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﻟﻴﺰ‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺕ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪١٠٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺿﻮﻳﻲ‪" ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻴﺪﺯ ﻭ ﺭ‪.‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﻴﻦ‪ "،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻲ ﺁﺷﺘﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬

‫‪١٠٥‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪٤‬‬
‫‪Plant Physiology 4‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ)ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﺮﻭﺡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ـ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﻟﺔ ‪ CO٢‬ﻭ ‪ O٢‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ـ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻛﺴﺮ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ـ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ـ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺖ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺣﺪﻭﺍﺳﻂ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻣﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺳﻂ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ـ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ‬
‫‪ ATP‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻱ ـ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻮﺍﺳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ATP‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ) ‪Oxidative‬‬
‫‪ (Phosphorylation‬ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ـ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﻨﺎﻭﺏ ـ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ـ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ‪ ATP‬ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﮔﻬﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫)‪ (Substrate-level Phosphorylation‬ـ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻱ ﭘﻨﺘﻮﺯ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ ـ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺯﻫﺎ ـ‬
‫ﺑﺘﺎ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﭼﺮﺑﻲﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬ـ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ـ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ـ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ) ﻓﺘﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ( ـ ﺗﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﺘﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ـ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﻛﺮﻭﻡﻫﺎ ـ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ‪ HIR‬ـ ﭘﻴﮕﻤﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺭﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻣﻴﻞ‬
‫ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﻭﮔﺎﻧﻪ ) ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ‪ I‬ﻭ ‪( II‬ـ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﺓ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ـ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ O٢‬ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ ATP‬ﻭ‬
‫‪ NADPH‬ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﻛﻮﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺍﻣﺮﺳﻮﻥ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ‪ CO٢‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ـ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ‪ CO٢‬ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ‪ ATP‬ﻭ ‪ NADPH‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﻮﻳﻦ ‪ C3‬ﻭ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻗﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻫﺎﭺ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻼﻙ ‪ C4‬ـ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ‪ CAM-‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ C٤ ، C٣‬ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﺓ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺍﺳﻮﻻﺳﻪ ‪ CAM‬ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎـ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ) ﻓﺘﻮﺭﺳﭙﻴﺮﻳﺸﻦ( ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٦‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﭘﻜﻴﻨﺰ‪ " ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭﻡ "‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﺰﺍﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻝ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺯﺍﻳﮕﺮ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬

‫‪١٠٧‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Ecology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪،‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﻭﻳﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺑﺮﺩﺑﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ‪...‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ :‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻮﺗﻴﭗ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪،‬‬
‫ﺁﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺮﺷﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ )ﺟﺪﻭﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻚ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ‪(....‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ـ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺑﺬﺭ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ‪ r-‬ﻭ ‪k-‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ‪ L- ، R-‬ﻭ ‪ S-‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ - ٦‬ﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ‪ :‬ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺴﻔﺮﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﮔﺮﺁﺳﻴﺒﻲ )ﺁﻟﻠﻮﭘﺎﺗﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻒﺧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪ ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﮕﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ( ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫)ﺳﻴﻤﺎﻱ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﺧﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻭﻟﻮﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱﻛﻮﺍﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺭﺍﻣﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻜﺖ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪﺍﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﺑﺎﻻ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ )ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﻛﺲ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٠٨‬‬
 ‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫)ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ ‪ ، UV-B‬ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﺮﻳﻮﺩﻳﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎﺩﻫﻲ ﺑﺬﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (‪ .‬ﺁﺗﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ )ﺗﻮﺍﺯﻥ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻤﻴ‪‬ﺖ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﮕﺎﻩ )ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ‬
‫ﺳﺒﺰ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮒ ﺭﻳﺰﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺧﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﭼﺸﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻛﻮﺗﻪﺯﻱ(‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺛﺎﺑﺘﻲ‪ "،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻧﺒﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )ﺳﻴﻦ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ("‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﻫﺨﺪﺍ‪.١٣٥٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺼﺪﺍﻗﻲ‪ "،‬ﺑﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.۱۳۸۴ ،‬‬
‫‪3- M.G.Barbour, J.H.Burk,W.D.Pitts, F.S.Gilliam, and M .W. Schwartz," Terrestrial Plant‬‬
‫‪Ecology",3rd Edition, Addisson Wesley Longman, Inc.,1999.‬‬
‫‪4- M .Crawley(Ed.)," Plant Ecology", 2nd Edition, Blackwell Science,1997.‬‬
‫‪5- J.Gurevitch, S.M .Scheiner, and G.A.Fox, " The Ecology of Plants", Sinauer Associates, Inc.‬‬
‫‪Publishers,"2002.‬‬

‫‪١٠٩‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Ecology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﮐﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﮐﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﺬﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﺯﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﮑﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻄﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ) ﺳﻄﺢ ﺣﺪﺍﻗﻞ (ﻛﻮﺍﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﻮﺍﺩﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺠﻤﻊﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻮﻣﺎﺱﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﺩﺭﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺷﺎﺧﺼﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ‪ Zonation‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﺎﻙ )ﻣﻜﺶ ﺧﺎﻙ(‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻃﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﺸﻜﻲﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﻴﺮﻩ ﻧﺨﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻮﻃﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻤﺪﺕ ‪ ٧‬ﺭﻭﺯ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٠‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٧٥ ،‫ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﻧﻮﺭ‬،"‫" ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ‬.‫ ﻡ‬- ١
2- M .G. Barbour, J.H. Burk,W.D. Pitts, F.S. Gilliam, and M .W. Schwartz," Terrestrial Plant
Ecology",3rd Edition, Addisson Wesley Longman, Inc.,1999.
3-G.A.F. Hendry, and J. P. Grime (Eds.), "M ethods in Comparative Plant Ecology. A
Laboratoryoratory M anual", Chapman & Hall, 1993.
4- P.W. Pearcy, J. Ehleringer, H.A. M ooney, and P.W. Rundel(Eds.), "Plant Physiological
Ecology, Field M ethods and Instrumentation", Chapman & Hall,1989.
5- D. Slingsby, and C. Cook, "Practical Ecology", The M acmillan Press Ltd,1986.
6- J. E. Brower, J. H. Zar, and C. Von Ende," Field and Lab M ethods in General Ecology",5th
Edition, M cGraw-Hill, 2010.
7-D. R. Causton, "Introduction to Vegetation Analysis" Springer, 1988.
8- P. D. M oore and S. B. Chapman," M ethods in Plant Ecology, Blackwell Science Inc,
1986.

١١١
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫‪١١٢‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Transport in Plants‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻭﻧﺪ ﺁﺑﻜﺶ ﻭ ﺁﻭﻧﺪ ﭼﻮﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺣﻖ ﺟﻮ‪ "،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮ ﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.۱۳۸۳،‬‬
‫‪2- N. M ichele and M . A.Zwieniechi(Eds.),"Vascular Transport in Plants",Elsevier Publication‬‬
‫‪Inc.,2005.‬‬
‫‪3- M . Holbrook and M .A. Zwieniechi(Eds.)," Vascular Transport in Plants( Physiological‬‬
‫‪Ecology)"Academic Press,2005.‬‬
‫‪4- M .H. Zimmerman and M . T. Tyree," Xylem Structure and the Abcent of Sap", Springer‬‬
‫‪Publication Inc.,2002.‬‬

‫‪١١٣‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Plants Genetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺗﺮ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﮐﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﮐﻨﺪﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺍﭘﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺁﮔﺮﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴ ﺸﻪ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ PCR - ۱۰‬ﻭ ‪ RT-PCR‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- A. Taji, P. Kumar and P. Lakshmanan," In Vitro Plant Breeding", The Harworth Press,‬‬
‫‪2002.‬‬
‫‪2- G. Acquaah, " Principles of Plant Genetics and Breeding", Blackwell Publishing, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١١٤‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Evolution‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﻳﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺮﻭﮔﻮﻧﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- D. Briggs, and S. M .Walters," Plant Variation and Evolution", Cambridge University‬‬
‫‪Press,1990.‬‬
‫‪2- R. F. Scagel, R. J. Bandoni, J. R. M aze, G. E. Rouse, W. B. Schofield, and J. R. Stein,‬‬
‫‪" Plants, An Evolutionary Survey", Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1984.‬‬
‫‪3-K. J. Willis, J. C. M cElwain," The Evolution of Plants", Oxford University Press, 2002.‬‬
‫‪4- A.Coronquist, " The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plant", The New York‬‬
‫‪Botanical Garden, 1988.‬‬
‫‪5- D. A. Levin," The Origin, Expansion, and Demise of Plant Species", 2000.‬‬
‫‪6-W. N. Stewart and Gar W. Rothwell," Paleobotany and the Evolution of Plants", 2ndEdition,‬‬
‫‪Cambridge University Press,2010.‬‬

‫‪١١٥‬‬
 ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Plant Breeding Systems‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﭘﻲﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ )ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺭ( ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮔﻞ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﻩﺍﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﻭﻥ ﮔﺸﻦﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﮔﺸﻦﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺁﭘﻮﻣﻴﻜﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩﺭﻭ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- A. J. Richards, " Plant Breeding Systems",2nd Edition, Garland Science, 1997.‬‬
‫‪2- D. Briggs, and S. M .,Walters, "Plant Variation and ٍEvolution",3rd Edition, Cambridge‬‬
‫‪University Press, 2001.‬‬

‫‪١١٦‬‬
 ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬
‫‪Aquatic Plants‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺑﺴﺘﺮﺍ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺭﺷﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﻱ )‪ (Zonation‬ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻳﺶ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﻓﻴﻠﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺭﻭﻳﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺬﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﺀﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﻭﻧﺪﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺪﻣﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺴﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﻭ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻧﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺑﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺏ ﻭ ﻣﻨ ﺎﺑﻊ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﻭﺩﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻬﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺁﺏ )ﺧﻮﺩ ﭘﺎﻻﻳﺸﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮﺯ ) ‪ (Weed‬ﻭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ )ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻠﻒﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺮﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ )ﻏﻮﻃﻪﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﻭﺭ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﺭﺯﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺬﺍﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﭼﺸﻢﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١١٧‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.١٣٧٧ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ‬،"‫ " ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬،‫ ﺣﺴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎﺳﻲ‬.‫ﻉ‬. ‫ ﻥ‬- ١
2- A. J. Baird, and R. L.Wilby (Eds.)," Eco-Hydrology Plants and Water in Terrestrial and
Aquatic Environments", Routledge,1999.
3- A. H. Pieterse, and K. J. M urphy(Eds.), " Aquatic Weed, The Ecology and M anagement of
Nusiance Aqutic Vegetation", Oxford Science Publications, 1993.
4- G. W. Prescott, "How to Know the Aquatic Plants",Wm. C. Brown Company Publishers, 1978.
5- P. Robinson, " Pool and Waterside Gardening", Timber Press,1987.
6- H. J. Teas(Ed.), " Ecology of M angroves", Dr. W. Junk Publishers, 1983.
7- J. Caffrey, P. R.F. Barrett, M . T. Ferreira, and I. S. M oreira,"Biology, Ecology and
M anagement of Aquatic Plants", Springer, 2010.
8- N. C. Fassett, "A M anual of Aquatic Plants",2nd Edition,University of Wisconsin Press, 2006.
9- J. K. Cronk and M . S. Fennessy," Wetland Plants: Biology and Ecology", CRC Press,2001.

١١٨
 ‫ﺧﺎﻙ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Soil Sciences‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ـ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﺬ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﻧﻔﻮﺫﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺩﻣﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ )ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺱ( ـ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻧﻲ ـ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺁﻧﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ‪ pH‬ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﻓﺮﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻠﻴﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪﻩ ﺁﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ـ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ ـ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ ـ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻴﺴﺘﺎ ـ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ـ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ـ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻂ ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﺨﻴﺰﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ـ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫ـ ﻛﻤﭙﻮﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- R. W. M iller, and R. L. Donahue, " Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth" ,6th‬‬
‫‪Edition, Prentice Hall, 1990.‬‬
‫‪2- A.Wild," Soils and the Environment: An Introduction",Cambridge University Press,1993.‬‬
‫"‪3-N. Eash, C. J. Green, A. Ravzi, W. F. Bennett and M .C. Bratz," Soil Science Simplified‬‬
‫‪,5th Edition,Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.‬‬

‫‪١١٩‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Soil Sciences Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ : :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﮎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﻇﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﺮﺳﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻋﺼﺎﺭﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ‪ pH‬ﻭ ‪ EC‬ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ‪ Ca‬ﻭ ‪ M g‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻜﺮﺑﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺎﺭﺓ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﻙ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- R. W. M iller, and R. L. Donahue, " Soils: An Introduction to Soils and Plant Growth", 6th‬‬
‫‪Edition, Prentice Hall, 1990..‬‬
‫‪2- A.Wild," Soils and the Environment: An Introduction",Cambridge University Press,1993.‬‬
‫‪3- S. J. Thien, and J.Graveel," Laboratory M anual for Soil Science: A gricultural and‬‬
‫‪Environmental Principles", M cGraw-Hill, 2002.‬‬

‫‪١٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Plant Propagation‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ‪١ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬ﻭ‪ ٢‬ـ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺳﻴﻜﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ ـ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻮﺯ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺁﭘﻮﻣﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﭘﻮﻣﻴﻜﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺬﻭﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻨﺪﺵ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﺑﺬﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻗﻠﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻪﻫﺎـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻪ )ﭘﻼﺭﻳﺘﻪ ـ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ـ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ـ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺯﺧﻢ ـ ﺍﺗﻴﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﺩﻥ ـ ﺩﻻﺋﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ـ ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﺩﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﺍﻱ )‪ (Budding‬ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﻮﺏ ) ‪(Grafting‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ ـ ‪ Layering‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻗﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ )ﭘﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ـ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻡ ﻫﺎ – ﻏﺪﻩﻫﺎ ـ ﻛﻮﺭﻡﻫﺎ ﻭ ‪(...‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺭﻳﺰﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﻱ ) ‪(Micropropagation‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺷﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺣﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺗﻔﻀﻠﻲ‪ "،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬

‫‪١٢١‬‬
 ، ‫ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﻱ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺩﻭﻡ‬،‫ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ‬.‫" ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻛﺴﺘﺮ‬. ‫ ﺍ‬.‫ ﻭ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬،‫ ﻫﺎﺭﺗﻤﻦ‬.‫ ﺕ‬.‫ ﻩ‬- ٢
.١٣٧٠،‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬
‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬، ‫ ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ‬،‫ ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﻱ‬.‫ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"‫ ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ‬،‫ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ‬.‫" ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻛﺴﺘﺮ‬. ‫ ﺍ‬.‫ ﻭ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‬،‫ ﻫﺎﺭﺗﻤﻦ‬.‫ ﺕ‬.‫ ﻩ‬- ٣
.١٣٧٣،‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‬
4- H.T. Hartman, D.E. Kester, F.E. Davies and R.Geneve, "Hartmann and Kester's Plant
Propagation:Principles and Practices",7th Edition, Prentice Hall, 2001.
5- M .A.Dirr, and C.W.Heuser," The Reference M anual of Woody Plant Propagation: From Seed
to Tissue Culture",2nd Edition,Timber Press, 2006.

١٢٢
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Plant Propagation Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻴ ﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻕ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ )ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ـ ﺷﺎﺳﻲ ﻫﺎ ـ ﺳﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥ ـ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ـ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ (‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺿﺪﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﻇﺮﻭﻑ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﺮ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﻩ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﻪ ﺑﺬﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻜﺴﺘﻦ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﺑﺬﺭ )ﺧﺮﺍﺵ ﺩﻫﻲ ـ ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ـ ﺧﻴﺴﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﻔﻴﻜﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺑﺬﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ـ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪ ـ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻌﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﺀ ﻛﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻧﺸﺎﺀ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ـ ﻗﻠﻤﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻪﻫﺎ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ )ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ( ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻪﻫﺎ ـ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﺯﺍﺋﻲ ﻗﻠﻤﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺯﺩﻥ ـ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ )‪ (Budding‬ﻭ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﭼﻮﺏ )‪( Gratting‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ ) ‪ (Layering‬ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﺑﺎﻧﻴﺪﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ )ﭘﺎﺟﻮﺵﻫﺎ ـ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎ ـ ﻏﺪﻩﻫﺎ ـ ﭘﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎ ـ ﻛﻮﺭﻡ ﻫﺎ ـ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻃﻮﻗﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺷﻴﺸﻪﺍﻱ ‪Micropropagation‬‬

‫‪ - ١١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻫﺮﺱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺮﺱ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺯﻳﻨﺘﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺳﻪ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻠﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺭﺗﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺍ ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺘﺮ‪ "،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻭﺩﻭﻡ"‪،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪.١٣٧٠،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺭﺗﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺑﻠﻴﻮ‪ .‬ﺍ ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺘﺮ‪ "،‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﺒﺎﺗﺎﺕ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺳﻮﻡ"‪،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺷﺨﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﭖ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪.١٣٧٣،‬‬

‫‪3- M .A.Dirr, and C.W.Heuser," The Reference M anual of Woody Plant Propagation: From‬‬
‫‪Seed to Tissue Culture",2nd Edition,Timber Press, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Basic of Tissue Culture‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﻓﻨﺂﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣ ﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﭘﺮﺗﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﺟﺪﺍﮐﺸﺖ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﮐﺸﺖ ﮐﺎﻟﻮﺱ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﮑﻲ‬
‫‪- ۱۰‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴ ﺪ‬
‫‪- ۱۱‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻳﭙﻠﻮﺋﻴ ﺪ‬
‫‪- ۱۲‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﮐﺸﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺴﺎﻧﭙﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﻣ ﻴﻨﻲ‪" ،‬ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪۱۳۸۲. ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻗﺮﻱ ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ" ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳ ﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ‪.۱۳۸۳ ،‬‬
‫‪3- R. L. M . Pierik, "In Vitro Culture of Higher Plants", Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1997.‬‬

‫‪4- S.S. Bhojwani and M .K. Razdan," Plant Tissue Culture (Theory and Practice), Elsevier‬‬
‫‪١٢٥‬‬
 Science B. V.,1996.
5- R. N. Triqiano and D. J. Gray (Eds.), " Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and
Biotechnology"CRC Press, 2010

١٢٦
 ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Diseases‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫ ﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ـ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ )ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ ‪ +‬ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ(‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ -‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍﻳﻲ ـ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ـ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ـ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ـ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ ٦‬ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ‪،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ )ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ(‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﮔﺮﻳﻮﺱ‪"،‬ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ ‪۱،۲‬ﻭ‪ ،" ۳‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺡ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﺮﺁﻭﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﻭﻣﻴﻪ‪.۱۳۷۶ ،‬‬
‫‪2- G.N. Agrios, " Plant Pathology",5th Edition, Academic Press, 2005.‬‬
‫‪3- G. R. Dixon, " Vegetable Crop Diseases", Palgrave M acmillan,1981.‬‬
‫‪4- R. Narayanasamy, "Plant Pathogen-Detection and Disease Diagnosis",2nd.Edition, CRC Press,‬‬
‫‪2001.‬‬
‫‪5- P.C. Ronald,"Plant- Pathogen Interaction: M ethods and Protocols" Humana Press, 2010.‬‬

‫‪١٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Diseases Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺭﺯﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻏﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺰﺍﺭﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺭﺅﻳﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻠﻜﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺁﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- G.N. Agrios, " Plant Pathology",5th Edition, Academic Press, 2005.‬‬
‫‪2- R. Narayanasamy, "Plant Pathogen-Detection and Disease Diagnosis",2nd Edition, CRC‬‬
‫‪Press,2001.‬‬
‫‪3- P.C.Ronald,"Plant- Pathogen Interaction: M ethods and Protocols" Humana Press, 2010.‬‬

‫‪١٢٨‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Ecophysiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﺳﻔﺮ ـ ﻟﻴﺘﻮﺳﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ ـ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﺳﻔﺮ ـ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﮊﺋﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺳﻔﺮ ـ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮ ـ ﺁﻟﻠﻮﭘﺎﺗﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ـ ﻛﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺑﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻧﻮﺭ ـ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ‬
‫ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ـ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﻮﺭ ـ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﮒ ـ ﺳﻴﻜﻞ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻓﻴﻞ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺤﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ )‪ (Photoprotection‬ـ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ )‪ (Photoinhibition‬ـ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ‪ CO2‬ـ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ‪ CO2‬ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ‪ CO2‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻣﺎ ـ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ C4 ، C3‬ﻭ ‪ CAM‬ـ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬
‫ﮔﺎﺯ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪ C4‬ﻭ ‪ CAM‬ـ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ C4‬ﻭ ‪. CAM‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ـ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ـ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺁﺏ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺦﺯﺩﮔﻲ ـ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﻲ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕـ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺁﻓﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﻮ ﻭ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥـ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻴﻬﺎ ـ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﻛﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺎﺯﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ـ ﺧﺸﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪١٢٩‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
th
1- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.
2- W. Larcher, "Physiological Plant Ecology",4th Edition,Springer,2003.

١٣٠
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Plant Ecophysiology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻧﻮﺗﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻢ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥ )ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻭﺯﻥﺗﺮ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ـ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﺮﻭﻓﻴﻞ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﺰ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺩﻣﺎ )ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺳﺪﻳﻢ ـ ﭘﺘﺎﺳﻴﻢ ـ ﻧﻴﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻏﻠﻈﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻕ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ )ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﮔﻠﺪﺍﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺎﻏﺬ ﻛﺒﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﺮﺍﻳﺪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ )ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺷﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻠﺰﺍﺕ ﺳﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻛﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩ ‪ .‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺑﻠﻴﺪﺯ ﻭ ﺭ‪.‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﻴﻦ‪ "،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺹ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻲ ﺁﺷﺘﻴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻑ‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٦٧،‬‬
‫‪2- L.Taiz, and E. Zeiger,"Plant Physiology",5 th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc, 2010.‬‬
‫‪2- W. Larcher, "Physiological Plant Ecology",4th Edition,Springer,2003.‬‬

‫‪١٣١‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Biology and Physiology of Fungi‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ـ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺫﻛﺮ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺭﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ ـ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ـ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‬
‫ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻠﮋﻱ ـ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ـ ﻭﺯﻳﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻮﺋﻮﻟﻬﺎ ـ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ـ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﺷﺪ‪ :‬ﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻴﺴﻢ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻤﺮ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ـ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺮﻭﺕ ـ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﻣﻮﺭﻑ ـ‬
‫ﺟﻔﺖﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ـ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﺔ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺯﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ـ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ـ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ـ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﺯﺕ ـ ﻓﺴﻔﺮ ﻭ ﺁﻫﻦ ـ ﻛﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺑﺴﺘﺮﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ـ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻤﻲ ـ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ـ ﺳﻨﺘﺰ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺘﻴﻦ ـ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻟﻴﺰﻳﻦ ـ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ )ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺑﺮ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﻣﺎ ـ ﻳﻮﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﮊﻥ ـ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ ـ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﺏ ـ ﻧﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ـ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎـ ﻫﺎﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﻟﻮﺯﻭﭘﺎﺭﺍﺳﻜﺴﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎـ ﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺣﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﺯﻧﻲ ـ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‪:‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍ )ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﺭﺑﻮﺳﻜﻮﻻﺭ ‪-‬ﺍﺭﻳﻜﻮﺋﻴﺪ ‪-‬ﺍﺭﻛﻴﺪ‪-‬ﺍﻛﺘﻮ( ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﺴﻨﮓ ﻫﺎ ) ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺏ ﻭﻏﺬﺍ (‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ـ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻛﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﻚ ـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ـ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪١٣٢‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
th
1- J. W. Deacon, "Fungal Biology",4 Edition, Wiley - Blackwell, 2005.
2- R.J. Howard and N.A.R. Gow(Eds.)," Biology of the Fungal Cell (The M ycota)"2nd Edition,
Springer, 2007.

١٣٣
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪Biology and Physiology of Fungi Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺭﺃﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﻚ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺩﻣﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺮﺑﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﻤﺒﻮﺩ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﺴﻢ ﺭﻳﺸﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻨﻲﺳﻴﻠﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺀ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺯﺋﻮﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺋﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﺗﻮﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﭘﺎﺳﺨﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺭﻳﺴﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻥ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪th‬‬
‫‪1- J. W. Deacon, "Fungal Biology",4 Edition, Wiley-Blackwell, 2005.‬‬
‫‪2- R.J. Howard and N.A.R. Gow(Eds.)," Biology of the Fungal Cell (The M ycota)",2nd Edition,‬‬
‫‪Springer, 2007.‬‬
‫‪3- P.M .Robinson," Practical Fungal Physiology", John Wiley & Sons, 1978.‬‬

‫‪١٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪Introduction to Plant Biotechnology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪۲ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴﻴﻮﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻫﺎﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺘﺰﺍﺝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﭘﻼﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﺮﺭﺳ ﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ‪ RNA‬ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﮊﻧﺘ ﻴﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ‪،‬ﮐﻠﻮﻥ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ ﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﮐﻨﺶ ‪.PCR‬‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﺒﻮﺩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋ ﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻳﮏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﮕﻠﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻪ ﮐﻤﮏ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘ ﻲ ﻣﻔﻴ ﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺟﻠﺒﮏ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻄﺮﺡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﭘﻴﺮﺍﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﭺ‪ .‬ﺍﺱ‪ .‬ﭼﺎﻭﻻ‪ "،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺏﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﺭﺱﻲ ﻭ ﺝ ‪ .‬ﺫﻭﺍﻟﻌﻞﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺱﻲ‪.١۳۸۲،‬‬
‫‪2- J. E. Smith,"Biotechnology",4th Edition,Cambridge, 2004.‬‬
‫‪3-A. Kumar,"Plant Biotechnology", Discovery Publishing House, 2006.‬‬
‫‪4-N.G. Halford,"Plant Biotechnology:Current and Future Applications of Genetically M odified‬‬
‫‪Crops", J. Wiley, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ‬
‫‪Herbal Plants‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺛﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﺮﺧﺲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪Ginkgoaceae, Taxaceae, :‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫‪ Ephedraceae‬ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻧﻬﺎﻧﺪﺍﻧﮕﺎﻥ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫‪Berberidaceae ,Salicaceae, Papaveraceae, Lauraceae , Piperaceae‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫‪Fumariaceae, Canabinaceae, Theaceae, Malvaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Rosaceae,‬‬
‫‪Scrophulariaceae, Oleaceae Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Solanaceae, Lamiaceae,‬‬
‫‪ .a‬ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﮏ ﻟﭙﻪ ﺍﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪Liliaceae, Aloeaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae :‬‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﮐﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ "،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺻﻤﺼﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻳﻌﺖ‪ " ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺐ ﺳﻨﺘﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ"‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺑﺎﻍ ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬

‫‪١٣٦‬‬
 .١٣٨٦ ،‫ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺑﺎﻍ‬،"‫ "ﻃﺐ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺭﭘﺸﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﺡ‬.‫ ﻡ‬- ٣
.١٣٨١،‫ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﻏﺬﺍ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭ‬،‫ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺖ‬،"‫ " ﻓﺎﺭﻣﺎﮐﻮﭘﻪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ ﺩﻫﮑﺮﺩﻱ‬.‫ ﻥ‬- ٤
.١٣٧٠ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،"‫ " ﻣﻔﺮﺩﺍﺕ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﺁﺋﻴﻨﻪ ﭼﻲ‬.‫ ﻱ‬- ٥
6 –J. A. Duke, “ Handbook of M edicinal Herbs”,2nd Edition, CRC Press,2002.
7- J. Barens, L. A. Anderson and J.D.Phillipson, “ Herbal M edicines”,3rd Edition,
Pharmaceutical Press, 2007.
8- H. Panda, “ M edicinal Plants Cultivation and Their Uses”, Asia Pacific Business Press
Inc.,2000.
9- N. D. Prajapati, S.S.Purohit,A.K.Sharma and T.Kumar,” A Handbook of M edicinal
Plants”,Shyma Printing Press,2003.
10-W.H.Lewis and M .P.F. Elvin- Lewis,” M edical Botany: Plants Affecting Human
Health”,Wiley And Sons,Inc.,2003.
11- G.E.Trease and W.C. Evans, “Phamacognosy”,Harcourt Publishers Ltd.,2002.

١٣٧
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫)‪ ٢٥‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ(‬

‫‪١٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪English for Microbiological Studies‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳ ﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠ ﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1. G.F. Brooks, K.C.‬‬ ‫‪Carroll,‬‬ ‫‪J.S.‬‬ ‫‪Butel,‬‬ ‫‪S.A.‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪orse,‬‬ ‫‪"Jawetz,‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪elnick,‬‬ ‫&‬ ‫‪Adelberg's‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬ ‫‪edical‬‬
‫‪M icrobiology", 24th Edition, M cGraw-Hill by Vishal, 2007.‬‬
‫‪2. M‬‬ ‫‪.T. M adigan, J.M . M artinco, P.V. Donlap, D.P.Clark , "Brock Biology of M icroorganisms",‬‬
‫‪12th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2010.‬‬
‫‪3. K.P. Talaro, "Fundations in M icrobiology", 7th Edition, M cGraw Hill Companies, 2009.‬‬

‫‪١٣٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫‪Environmental Microbiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺧﺎﻙ )ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻻﻳﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻳﻜﺪﻳﮕﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻀﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻠﺒﻜﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺍﺯﺕ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺁﻫﻦ ﻭ ‪Mn‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺷﺎﻣﻴﺪﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺔ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻮﺍ‬
‫ﻗﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻠﻮﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﺫﺭﺍﺕ ﻗﻄﺮﻩﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﻫﻮﺍ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪١٤٠‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.۱۳۸۳ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﺴﺘﺮ‬،‫ ﺷﺎﺩﺩﻝ‬.‫ ﻝ‬،‫ ﺑﻬﺎﺩﺭﻳﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﻡ‬،‫ ﺷﻴﺒﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﺱ‬،‫ ﻟﻜﺰﻳﺎﻥ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺍ‬،"‫"ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‬،‫ ﻛﻮﻳﻦ‬.‫ ﻡ‬- ١
.۱۳۸۳ ،‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻧﻴﻚ ﺁﺋﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﻡ‬،‫ ﻣﻴﺮﻫﻨﺪﻱ‬.‫ﺡ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺱ‬،"‫ "ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻓﺎﺿﻼﺏ‬،‫ ﺑﻴﺘﻮﻥ‬.‫ ﮒ‬- ۲
3- R. Atlas, R. Bartha, "M icrobial Ecology Fundamental and Application", The
Benjamin/Cammings, Publishing Company, 2006.
4- M . Raina, I. M aier, L. Pepper, "Environmental M icrobiology", Academic Press, 2000.
5- Tate, "Soil M icrobiology", John Wiley and Sons, inc, 2000.
6- P. Dion, C.S. Nautiyal, "Soil Biology: M icrobiology of Extreme Soil", Springer, 2008.
7- Applied and Environmental M icrobiology,Journals, 2011.

١٤١
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫‪Environmental Microbiology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻬﻴﺔ ﻻﻡ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﮎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎﻙ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻧﻴﺘﺮﻳﻔﻴﻜﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﺀﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺎﺳﺘﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ‪ MPM‬ﻭ ‪MF‬‬
‫‪ PCR - ۱۳‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1-L. Peper, C. Gerba, J.W. Brendecke, "A Laboratory M anual, Environmental M icrobiology",‬‬
‫‪Academic Press, 2000.‬‬

‫‪١٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Virology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪۱ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺗﻬﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ )‪ ٢‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻣﺮﻍ ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺩﺍﺭ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ )‪ (Paramyxovirus‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺮﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ )ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﻗﺒﻞ( ﻭ ﺍﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ ﻭﻋﻴﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ‪HA‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﺖ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ ﺩ ﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻛﻴﺴﺔ ﺯﺭﺩﺓ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺟﺔ ‪ ٧‬ﺭﻭﺯﻩ‪ :‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪Hemagglutination‬‬
‫‪ Inhibition‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﺳﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺓ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻮﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ‪ :‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺑﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ )ﺍﺯ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ( ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ )ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺁﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺓ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻮﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ )‪ : (Pocks‬ﺗﻠﻘﻴﺢ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ )‪ (Titration‬ﻣﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻮﺋﻴﻚ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺴﺔ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪EID50‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺍﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ HA‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺳﻨﺠﺶ ‪ : EID50‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ‪ EID50‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ )ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ‪ ( Primary cell culture‬ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ )‪(Demonstration‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ‪ Hemadsorption‬ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺸﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻭ‪‬ﻟﻴﻪ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻧﻴﻮﻛﺎﺳﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪Immunostaning‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪ a- : PCR‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪PCR -b : PCR‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﮊﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ‪ PCR‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻴﺎﺭﺳﻨﺠﻲ ﭘﺎﺩﺗﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺿﺪ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻴﺰﺍ ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٤٣‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + - -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1- K. M aramorosch, "M ethods in Virology", Academic Press, 1984.
2-P. Payment, M. Trudel, "M ethods and Techniques in Virology", M arcel Dekker, 1993.
3- F. G. Burleson, T.M . Chambers, D.L. Wiedbrauk, "Virolog: A Laboratory
M anual", Academic Press, 1992.
4- B.W.J. M ahy, H. O. Kangro, "Virology M ethods M anual", Accademic Press, 1996.

١٤٤
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Immunology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪۱ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺧﻮﻧﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ‪ Ag‬ﻭ ‪. Ab‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻧﺎﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ ‪ Rh‬ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ـ ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻤﺒﺲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺐ ﻣﺎﻟﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺭﺍﻳﺖ ـ ﻛﻤﺒﺲ ﺭﺍﻳﺖ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻴﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺐ ﺭﻭﺩﻩ )ﺣﺼﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺷﺒﻪ ﺣﺼﺒﻪ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﻠﻴﺲ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ VDRL‬ﻭ ‪Rapid test‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺎﻣﻠﮕﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺁﺭﺗﺮﻳﺖ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻮﺋﻴﺪ ‪. RF‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ ‪ CRP‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ASO‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﺐ ﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺴﻤﻲ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ﻭ ﺧﻮﻧﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﺩﻳﻔﻴﻮﮊﻥ‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﺗﺴﺖ ‪ ELISA‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﮊﻥ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻛﺰﺍﺩ‪ " ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‪.١٣٨٣ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺭﺿﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻮﺭﻛﺎﺭﺩﻭﺳﺖ‪" ،‬ﺳﺮﻭﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ" ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻱ ﻛﺎﺷﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻛﻠﻴﻨﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍ ﻭ ‪ ،"٢‬ﻧﺸﺮ ‪.١٣٨٥‬‬

‫‪١٤٥‬‬
 ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Systematic of Bacteria 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺘﺎﻝ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﻛﺖ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫‪ ، Cristispira‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﺮﻭﭘﻮﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻮﺭﻟﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻴﺮﺍﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻴﺮﺍ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺴﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺯﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ )ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻛﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ ، beijerinckii‬ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪ ، vinelandii‬ﺍﺯﺗﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪( paspal‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﺍﻧﺘﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪Frateuria‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﺳﻴﻜﻼﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﺳﻴﻜﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺯﻭﺁﺭﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪Zoogloea‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ‪ :Burkholderiaceae‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ ، Burkholderia‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪Ralstonia‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻟﻮﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻴﻨﻮﺭﻳﺰﻭﺑﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺁﮔﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻨﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﻣﻴﻞ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﮔﻠﻮﻛﻮﻥﺍﺳﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻧﻼﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻧﻼ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻧﺎﻳﺴﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎﻳﺴﺮﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻴﻨﮕﻼ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ‪Eikenella‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻛﺴﻼﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻛﺴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﻴﻨﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺷﺮﻳﺸﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩﺳﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻴﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺷﻴﮕﻼ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻠﺒﺴﻴﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎﻓﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﺮﺍﺷﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﺮﺳﻴﻨﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺭﻭﻧﻴﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‬
‫‪ - ١٦‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬
 ‫‪ - ١۷‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻻ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺁﻧﻔﻮﻻﻧﺰﺍ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ١٨‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﮕﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﮕﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺯﻳﻤﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ - ١٩‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﺋﻴﺪﺍﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٢٠‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻓﻮﺯﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﻮﺯﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﭙﺘﻮﺗﺮﻳﺸﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢١‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺳﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻮﻛﺴﻴﻨﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٢٢‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻓﺘﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٢٣‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٢٤‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٢٥‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﻔﻴﺪﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﻴﻔﻴﺪﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﻧﺮﻻ‬
‫‪ - ٢٦‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﮔﻮﮔﺮﺩ ﻳﺎ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺩﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻧﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮﺳﺎﺭﺳﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢٧‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻭﺍﻳﻠﻮﻧﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﮕﺎﺳﻔﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﻠﻮﻧﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﭘﻜﺘﻴﻨﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻧﺌﺮﻭﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‬
‫‪ - ٢٨‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﻳﻜﺘﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﻼ‬
‫‪ - ٢٩‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎﺭﺗﻮﻧﻼ‬
‫‪ - ٣٠‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺁﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٣١‬ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎﻝ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻼﻣﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣٢‬ﻛﻼﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻲ ﻛﻮﺗﺲ‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻭﺭﻩ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺁﻛﻮﻟﻪﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻛﻮﻟﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻴﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﻧﺌﺮﻭﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣٣‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﻳﻮﺭﻱ ﺁﺭﻛﺌﻮﺗﺎ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎﺗﺎﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣٤‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﺍﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻠﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ ﻓﻴﺘﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ - ۳۵‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺑﺪﻟﻮﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮﻧﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺪﻟﻮﻭﻳﺒﺮﻳﻮ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭ ‪.‬ﻛﺴﺮﻱ' ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﻛﻠﻲ‪" ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ ﻓﺮ ‪" ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٧٧ ،‬‬
‫‪3- D.J. Brenner, N.R. Krieg, J.T. Staley, "Bergey's M anual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2,‬‬
‫‪The Proteobacteria, Part B, The Gamma-Proteobacteria٢ ,”nd Edition, Springer, 2005.‬‬

‫‪١٤٧‬‬
4- D.J. Brenner, N.R. Krieg, J.T. Staley, "Bergey's M anual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2,
The Proteobacteria, Part C, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilon-Proteobacteria”, 2nd
Edition, Springer, 2005.
5- S.H. Gillespie, P.M . Hawkey, "Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology", 2nd Edition,
John Wiley ans Sons, Ltd, 2006.
6- W. Eugene, C. Nester, R. Evans, R. Persall, "M icrobiology a Human Perspective", M cGraw-
Hill, 1998.

١٤٨
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪١‬‬
‫‪Systematic of Bacteria Laboratory 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ )ﺁﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮﺍ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻙ(‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ )ﺗﺴﺖ ﻛﻮﺁﮔﻮﻻﺯ‪ ، TSJ ،‬ﻟﻴﺘﻤﻮﺱ ﻣﻴﻠﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻴﻠﻦﺑﻠﻮ‪ ، DNase ،‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ (‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ)ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ (‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﺮﻭﺗﺎﻳﭗ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻓﺎﮊ ﺗﺎﻳﭙﻴﻨﮓ ﺳﺎﻟﻤﻮﻧﻼ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﺮﺿﻲ )ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﻙ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ (‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻴﮕﻼ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺩﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻡﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻁ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﺳﻪ (‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ )ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺎﻳﺴﺮﻳﺎ (‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻮﺩﻭﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﻴﻬﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ ﺍﺟﺒﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- B.A. Forbes, D.F. Sahm, A.S. Weissfeld, "Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic M icrobiology", 12th‬‬
‫‪Edition, M osby Inc., Elsevier, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٤٩‬‬
2- J.A. M orello, P.A. Granato, H.E. M izer, "Laboratory M anual and Workbook in
M icrobiology", 7th Edition, M cGraw-Hill Companies, 2003.
3- A.E. Brown, "Benson's M icrobiology Applications, Laboratory M anual in General
M icrobiology", 8th Edition, M cGraw-Hill Companies, 2001.

4- S.H. Gillespie, P.M . Hawkey, "Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology", 2nd Edition,
John Wiley ans Sons, Ltd, 2006.

١٥٠
 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Industrial Microbiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﺗﻴﻠﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺣﻼﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻭﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻭﮔﺮ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺱ‪ .‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪) ،‬ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﭖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﮒ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻱ‪" ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣۸۶ ،‬‬
‫‪3- M.T. M adigan, J.M . M artinco, P.V. Donlap, D.P.Clark , "Brock Biology of M icroorganisms",‬‬
‫‪12th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2009.‬‬
‫‪4- M .J. Waites, N.L., M organ, J. Rockey, G. Higton, "Industrial M icrobiology", Blackwell‬‬
‫‪Science Ltd., 2001.‬‬

‫‪١٥١‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫‪Industrial Microbiology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍﺕ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﭘﻨﻲ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻻﻛﺘﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳ ﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺺ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺗﺎﻧﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺮﺍﺭﺕ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺳﻴﺘﺮﻳﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﮔﻠﻴﺴﺮﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻭﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﻛﺮﻭﮔﺮ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺱ‪ .‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪) ،‬ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﭼﺎﭖ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٢‬‬
 .١٣۸۶ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬،"‫ "ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﻱ‬.‫ ﮒ‬- ٢
3- M.T. M adigan, J.M . M artinco, P.V. Donlap, D.P.Clark , "Brock Biology of M icroorganisms",
12th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2010.
4- M .J. Waites, N.L., M organ, J. Rockey, G. Higton, "Industrial M icrobiology", Blackwell
Science Ltd., 2001.

١٥٣
 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪Food Microbiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﻜﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ )ﻛﭙﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻛﻨﺴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﮔﻮﺷﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺗﺨﻢﻣﺮﻍ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻﺕ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪- ١٤‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﻩ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪- ۱۵‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻏﺬﺍ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪١٥٤‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.۱۳۸۳ ،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬،‫ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻴﺎﻥ ﺻﻔﺎﻳﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺡ‬،"‫ "ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‬،‫ ﻭﺳﺘﺎﻑ‬.‫ ﺳﻲ‬.‫ ﺩﻱ‬،‫ ﻓﺮﻳﺰﺭ‬.‫ ﺳﻲ‬.‫ ﻭ‬- ۱
.۱۳۸۸ ،‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺳﺮﻭﺍ‬،‫ ﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‬.‫ ﺍ‬،‫ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ ﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‬،"(‫ "ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﺪﺭﻥ )ﺟﻲ‬،‫ ﺟﻲ‬.‫ ﺍﻡ‬.‫ ﺟﻲ‬- ۲
3- W.C. Frazier, D.C. Westhoff, "Food M icrobiology", M cGraw Hill Companies, 2002.
4- J. M . Jay, " M odern Food M icrobiology", 6th Edition, Aspen Publisher, 2000.
5- T. A. Roberts, A. C. Baird Parker, and R. B. Tompkin, " M icroorganisms in Foods", 1st
Edition, Chapman & Hall, 1996.

١٥٥
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪Food Microbiology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺴﺎﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻓﻴﻨﮕﺮ ﺗﺴﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺷﻴﺮ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻬﺪﺍﺷﺘﻲ ﻧﻮﺷﺎﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱﺁﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ -- ٧‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺱ ﺳﺮﺋﻮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ‪ D‬ﻻﻧﺴﻔﻴﻠﺪ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻛﻨﺴﺮﻭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﺏ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- J. M . Jay, " M odern Food M icrobiology", London: Chapman & Hall, 1995.‬‬
‫‪2- T. A. Roberts, A. C. Baird Parker, and R. B. Tompkin, " M icroorganisms in Foods", London:‬‬
‫‪Blackle Academic & Professional, 1996.‬‬

‫‪١٥٦‬‬
‫‪3- C. Bell, P. Neaves, A.P. Williams, "Food M icrobiology and Laboratory Practice", Blackwell‬‬
‫‪Publishing, 2005.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﺤﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﺑﺎﻍ‪" ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﻭ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪١٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Cell Biology of Bacteria‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ( ﺑﻄﻮﺭﻳﻜﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ـ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﻏﻼﻑ‪ ،‬ﻻﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﺰ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﻧﺘﺎﻥ(‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ‬
‫)‪(M , A‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺁﺭﻛﺌﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻢ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﺰﻭﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻼﻛﻮﺋﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺫﺧﺎﻳﺮ ﺳﻴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﻧﮕﺪﺍﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺯﺍﺋﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﮊﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﮊﺭﻣﻴﻨﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻱﭘﻼﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻣﻨﺪﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺍﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻣﺒﺪﻥ ‪-‬ﻣﻴﺮ ﻫﻮﻑ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﺘﻮﺯ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻨﺮ ﺩﻭﺩﻭﺭﻭﻑ‬
‫‪ -‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪-‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﻻﻛﺘﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺘﺮﻭﻻﻛﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺑﻮﺗﻴﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﭘﻴﻮﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻜﻠﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﺣﻴﺎﻱ ﺟﺬﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ‬

‫‪١٥٨‬‬
 ‫‪ -‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﮋﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﻧﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺁﻧﻮﻛﺴﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺒﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻏﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﻛﺌﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻛﻠﻮﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﻛﺮﺑﺲ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻛﺮﺑﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻓﺴﻔﻮﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺸﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻛﭙﺴﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﺴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺭﺷﺪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻧﺎﻣﺘﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﻭﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻛﺴﺮﻱ' ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﻙ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲﻣﺂﻝ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺒﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﻫﻜﺮﺩﻱ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ )ﭘﻮﺷﺶﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺯﻭﺍﺋﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ( ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ،"١‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪2-M .T. M adigan, J.M . M artinco, P.V. Donlap, D.P.Clark , "Brock Biology of M icroorganisms",‬‬
‫‪12th Edition, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2010.‬‬
‫‪3- K.P. Talaro, "Fundations in microbiology", 7th Edition, M cGraw-Hill Companies, 2009.‬‬

‫‪١٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Cell Biology of Bacteria Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻟﺘﺮﺍﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ‪-‬ﻓﺎﺳﺖ )ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ( ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺯﻳﻞ ‪-‬ﻧﻠﺴﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﭘﻠﻲ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺫﺧﻴﺮﻩ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻼﮊﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻓﻼﮊﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺶ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺎﺳﺘﻮﺭﻳﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺍ ﺳﺘﺮﻳﻠﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ )ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻬﺎ (‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺳﻢ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻲ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺰﺍﻳﺪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻬﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ـ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺳﻮﻳﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ )ﮔﺮﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻠﻴﺖ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‪" ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪. ١٣٨٠ ،‬‬
‫‪2- B.A. Forbes, D.F. Sahm, A.S. Weissfeld, "Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic M icrobiology", 12th‬‬
‫‪Edition, M osby Inc., Elsevier, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٦٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Microbiology of Infectious Diseases‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺁﺳﻴﺐ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‪ :‬ﭘﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﻻﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻓﻠﻮﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺑﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺸﻢ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- G.F. Brooks, K.C. Carroll, J.S. Butel, S.A. M orse, " Jawetz, M elnick, Adelberg's M edical‬‬
‫‪M icrobiology", 24th Edition, M cGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٦١‬‬
2- P. Borriello, P. R. M urray, G. Funke, "Topley and Wilson Bacteriology, Vol 1 & 2", Edward
Arnold (Publishers) Ltd., 2005.
3- N. Shetty, J.W. Tang, J. Andrews, "Infectious Disease: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Case
Studies", Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.
4- K.J. Ryan, C.G. Ray, "Sherris M edical M icrobiology", 5th Edition, M cGraw Hill, 2010.

١٦٢
 ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Systematic of Bacteria 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﺎﺳﻪ ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﻮﻣﺎﺗﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﻭﺭﺋﻮﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﺩﻳﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﺎﺳﻪ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺩﻳﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪ ﻻﻛﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﺭﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻟﻮﻛﻮﻧﻮﺳﺘﻮﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻫﻮﺍﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﺪﻳﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺁﺋﺮﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﮊﻣﻼ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﭘﭙﺘﻮﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﺭﺍﻣﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻲﻧﻈﻢ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺘﺎﻝ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪ ﺯﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻼﻓﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﺍﻱ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ ﻓﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ‪" ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬
2- J. G, Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. Sneath, "Bergey's M anual of Determinative bacteriology", 9th
edition, william and wilkins, 1994.
3- D.J. Brenner, N.R. Krieg, J.T. Staley, "Bergey's M anual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2,
The Proteobacteria, Part B, The Gamma-Proteobacteria", 2th Edition, Springer, 2005.
4- D.J. Brenner, N.R. Krieg, J.T. Staley, "Bergey's M anual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 2,
The Proteobacteria, Part C, The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilon-Proteobacteria", 2th Edition,
Springer, 2005.

١٦٤
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪Systematic of Bacteria Laboratory 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪۱ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻡ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ٢‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﻴﻠﻮﺳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻮﺭﻳﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻟﻴﺴﺘﺮﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺭﻳﺰﻳﭙﻠﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﺩﻭﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻫﻀﻢ ﺧﻠﻂ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻣﺎﻳﻜﻮﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻓﻴﻠﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- Z.L. Pepper, "Environmental M icrobiology", Academic Press, 2001.‬‬
‫‪2- E.J. Baron, "Diagnostic M icrobiology", M osby, 1990.‬‬
‫‪3- S.H. Gillespie, P.M . Hawkey, "Principles and Practice of Clinical Bacteriology", 2nd Edition,‬‬
‫‪John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2006.‬‬
‫‪4- B.A. Forbes, D.F. Sahm, A.S. Weissfeld, "Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic M icrobiology", 12th‬‬
‫‪Edition, M osby Inc., Elsevier, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٦٥‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬

‫‪١٦٦‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬
‫‪Pathogenic Fungi‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻛﻠﹼﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ )ﺍﻛﺘﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﺴﺰﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﻛﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻫﺎ )ﻛﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﺍﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻳﭙﺘﻮﺳﭙﻮﺭﻳﺪﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﮊﺋﻮﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﻡ‪.(...،‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺪﻱ )ﭘﻴﺘﺮﻳﺎﺯﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻨﻪﺁﻧﻴﮕﺮﺍ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺪﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﺗﻮﻓﻴﺘﻮﺯﻫﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﺯﻳﺮﺟﻠﺪﻱ )ﻣﻴﺴﺘﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻣﻴﻜﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻭﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺯ‪.(....‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻴﻚ )ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪﻳﻮﺋﻴﺪﻭﻣﻴﻜﻮﺯ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻣﻴﻜﻮﺯ ‪ ...‬ﻭ ﺁﺳﭙﺮﮊﻳﻠﻮﺯ‪.(...‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﮔﻮﺵ ﻭ ﭼﺸﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺳﺎﭘﺮﻭﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺵ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﺩﺯﻱ‪ " ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭺﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٠ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﻜﻨﺪﺭﻱ‪ " ،‬ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪.١٣٧٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3- E.C.V. Evans, M .D. Richardson, "M edical Mycology: A Practical Approach", IRL., 1995.‬‬
‫‪4- J.W. Deacon, "Fungal Biology", 4th Edition, Blackwell Pub., 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٦٧‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Helmintology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ : :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﹼﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ )ﻧﻤﺎﺗﻮﺩﻫﺎ(‪ :‬ﺁﺳﻜﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﻛﺎﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻭﻧﮋﻳﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺳﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﺸﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﺭ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻼﺏﺩﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﮔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺁﻟﻮﺁ‪ ،‬ﺍﻭﻧﻜﻮﺳﺮﻛﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻡ ﻣﺪﻳ ﻨﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﺪﺑﻨﺪ ) ﺳﺴﺘﻮﺩﻫﺎ (‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻴﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻔﻴﻠﻴﺒﻮﺗﺮﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﻤﻨﻮﻟﭙﻴﺲ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻙ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ )ﺗﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮﺩﻫﺎ(‪ :‬ﺷﻴﺴﺘﻮﺯﻭﻣﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻮﺭﻛﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﻴﻮﻻﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﮔﻮﺗﻴﻤﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﺭﻓﻊ‪" ،‬ﻛﺮﻡﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪. ١٣٦٣ ، " ٢‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺍ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻬﺮﻱ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﭘﺘﺮﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻭﻭﮒ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺟﻤﻨﺪ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪4 - D.T. John, W.A. Prtri, "M edical Parasitology", 9th Edition Saunder's Publication, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٦٨‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Helmintology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ : :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎ )ﻛﺮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻢ ﻭ ﻻﺭﻭ ( ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺁﺳﻜﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻢ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﺗﺮﻳﺸﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻼﺏﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻻﺭﻭ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﻼﺏﺩﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻴﺎﺳﺎﺟﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺑﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﻴﺎﺳﺎﺟﻲ ﺳﻮﻟﻴﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺗﺨﻢ ﻫﻴﻤﻨﻮﻟﭙﻴﺲ ﻧﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻻﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻙ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﻻﹰ ﻛﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﻭ ﻛﻮﭼﻚ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﻴﺴﺘﻮﺯﻭﻣﺎﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻓﻊ‪" ،‬ﻛﺮﻡﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺟﻠﺪ ‪ ١‬ﻭ ‪ ١٣٦٣ ،"٢‬ﻭ ﭼﺎﭖﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺍ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻬﺮﻱ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﭘﺘﺮﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻭﻭﮒ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺟﻤﻨﺪ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪4 - D.T. John, W.A. Prtri, "M edical Parasitology", 9th Edition Saunder's Publication, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٦٩‬‬
 ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪Bacteriophages‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ : :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻮﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻮﻧﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺗﻚ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﮊ ‪ ، l‬ﻓﺎﮊ ‪ ، T7‬ﻓﺎﮊ ‪T4‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ‪ : Cloning Vehicles‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﻞ ‪ ، l‬ﻧﺎﻗﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞﻫﺎﻱ‪ ، M13‬ﻓﺎﮊ ‪ ، PI‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺳﻤﻮﻡ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻔﺘﺮﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﮕﺎﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺮﻳﺸﻴﺎﻛﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﮔﺰﻭﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺐﺯﺍﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﻮﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺭﻭﺋﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻮﺗﻮﻟﻴﻨﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﺮﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ‬
‫ﻓﺎﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺒﺘﻼ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺳﻮﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺎﮊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺎﮊ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻓﺎﮊﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﭘﺘﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﺗﺮﻣﻮﻓﻴﻠﻮﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺖ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ : Cystoviridae phage 6 - ٩‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺫﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬
‫‪ : Spiroviridae T5-Like Phages - ١٠‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻋﻔﻮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ‪ ، DNA‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻓﻜﺸﻦ‬
‫‪ : Tectoviridae Phage PR|D1 - ١١‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﺮﻳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪١٧٠‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1- R.G. Webster, A. Granoff, "Encyclopedia of Virology", Academic Press Inc., 2000.
2- J.D. Karam, J.W. Drake, K.N. Kreuzer, "M olecular Biology of Bacteriophage
T4", Amer Society for M icrobiology, 1994.
3- D.M . Knipe, M . Howley, D.E. Griffin, R.A. Lamb, M .A. M artin, B. Roizman, S.E. Straus,
"Fields-Virology", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2001.
4- M .K. Waldor, D.I. Friedman, S.L. Adhya, "Phages: Their Role in Bacterial Pathogenesis and
Biotechnology", ASM Press, 2005.
5- R. Calendar, "Bacteriophages", 2nd Edition, Oxford University Press, 2006.

١٧١
 ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Viral Diseases‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪Adenoviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Papillomaviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Parvoviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Herpesviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Poxviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Hepadnaviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Polyomaviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Circoviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Reoviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Retroviridae‬‬ ‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Picornaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١١‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Caliciviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٢‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Togaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٣‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Arenaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٤‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Flaviviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٥‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Orthomyxoviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٦‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Paramyxoviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٧‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Bunyaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٨‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Rhabdoviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ١٩‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Filoviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ٢٠‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Coronaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ٢١‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Astroviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ٢٢‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬
‫‪Bornaviridae‬‬ ‫‪- ٢٣‬ﻳﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ‬

‫‪١٧٢‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫ ﻧﺸﺮ‬،‫ ﺷﺮﻳﻔﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‬،"۲۰۰۹ ‫ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‬:‫ " ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬،‫ ﻓﺎﻟﺮ‬،‫ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺘﺎﻝ‬،‫ ﻣﻮﺭﺍﻱ‬.‫ ﺁﺭ‬.‫ ﭖ‬- ۱
.۱۳۸۸ ،‫ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺭﻓﻴﻊ‬
2- R.G. Webster, A. Granoff, "Encyclopedia of Virology", Academic Press Inc., 2000.
3- D.M . Knipe, M . Howley, D.E. Griffin, R.A. Lamb, M .A. M artin, B. Roizman, S.E. Straus,
"Fields-Virology", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 2001.
4-S. Specter, R.L. Hodinka, S.A. Young, D.L. Wiedbrauk, "Clinical Virology M anual", 4th
Edition, ASM Press, 2009.

١٧٣
 ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪Protozoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﺰﺍ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻛﻠﹼﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﺎﺭﻛﻮﺩﻧﻴﺎ )ﭘﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺫﺏ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ(‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺯ )ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻣﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻟﻴﻤﺎﻛﺲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺲ ﻳﺪﺍﻣﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻴﺐﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ (‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺳﻴﻠﻴﻮﻓﻮﺭﺍ )ﻣﮋﻙﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ(‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ـ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ )ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺎﺳﺘﻴﮕﻮﻓﻮﺭﺍ )ﺗﺎﮊﻙﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ( ‪:‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ )ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺎﻧﻮﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺸﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ ( ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻭﺯﻭﺁ‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ـ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ـ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ـ ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ )ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺳﭙﻮﺭﺍ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺭﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻴﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺑﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﻠﺮﻳﺎ ‪.(.......‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺍ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻬﺮﻱ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺕ‪ .‬ﺟﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﭘﺘﺮﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻭﻭﮒ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺟﻤﻨﺪ‪.١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪2- D.T. John, W.A. Prtri, "M edical Parasitology", 9th Edition Saunder's Publication, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٧٤‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪Protozoology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﻠﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺏ ﻧﻤﻚ ﺍﺷﺒﺎﻉ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻣﺒﺎﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﻣﺒﺎﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﻟﻴﻤﺎﻛﺲ ﻧﺎﻧﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻳﺪﺍﻣﺒﺎﺑﻮﭼﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﮊﻳﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺱﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺘﻴﺪﻭﻡ ﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﺎﮊﻙ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ)ﻟﻴﺸﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺎﻧﻮﺯﻭﻡ (‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‬
‫‪- ١٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻛﻮﻛﺴﻴﺪﻳﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﺹ‪ .‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﻃﺎﻻﺭﻱ‪" ،‬ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪.۱۳۸۲ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻭﺭﻣﺰﺩﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬‫‪H.C. Jeffrey, R.M . Leach, " Atlas of M edical Helminthology and Protozoology", 2nd‬‬
‫‪Edition, Churchill Livingstone, 1988.‬‬

‫‪١٧٥‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Biochemistry of Microorganisms‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ ATP‬ﻛﻪ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﺮﮊﻳﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ :‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺘﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﺮﮊﻳﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺑﻮﻫﻴﺪﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﻟﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻴﺮ ﭘﻨﺘﻮﺯ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻓﺴﻔﺮﻳﻼﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﺍﺗﻴﻮ ‪ -‬ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﭼﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻟﻴﭙﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭﮊﻥﺩﺍﺭ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺮﻳﺐ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻛﺲ‪" ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻟ ﻨﻴﺠﺮ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﺭﺵ‪.١٣٨١ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M .L. Strivastava, "M icrobial Biochemistry", Alpha Science International, 2008.‬‬

‫‪١٧٦‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪Biotechnology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻨﺎﻭﺭﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ )ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﻱ (‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ‪ -‬ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ‪ -‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻧﺎﻧﻮ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ‪ SEn‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1) S. B. Primrose, "M olecular Biotechnology", Blackwell Scientific Publisher, 2011.‬‬
‫‪2) G. M . Evans, "Environmental Biotechnology", John Wiley & Son Inc., 2003.‬‬
‫‪3) A. Doyle, "Laboratory Procedurcs in Biotechnology", John wiley and Son Inc., 2004.‬‬

‫‪١٧٧‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫‪Microbial Genetic Engineering‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺖﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﮊﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ‪ DNA‬ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎـ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺷﻴﺰﻭﻣﺮﻫﺎـ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ‬
‫) ‪(Compatible cohesive endnd‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎـ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﻣﺨﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺗﻞ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺖ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﮕﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﻴﺸﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻴﻜﻴﺸﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎ ﻭﺍﺳﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻔﻨﮓ ﺿﺮﺑﻪﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻳﺰ ﺗﺰﺭﻳﻖ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ : DNA‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ )‪ ، (M ini and M axiprep‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ‪ DNA‬ﺗﻚ‬
‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﻤﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪ : DNA‬ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺯ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲﺍﻛﺮﻳﻞﺁﻣﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﻢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ‪ :DNA‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﺮﺍﺯﻱ )‪ ، (PCR‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ‬
‫‪ PCR‬ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ : DNA‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪، DNA‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﮓ ‪ : DNA‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ‪ DNA‬ﻫﻀﻢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﻮﻧﻴﻚ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ‪ DNA‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ‪، PCR‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻀﻢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ‪ DNA‬ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ‪ ، cDNA‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻭ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ : DNA‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﺨﻤﺮ ﻭ‬
‫ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺶ ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﻛﻠﻮﻥ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪ : RNA‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪RNA‬‬

‫‪١٧٨‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1. R.W. Old, "Principles of Gene M anipulation, an Itroduction to Genetic Engineering", 2nd
Edition, University of California Press, 1981.
1. F. M . Ausubel, R. Brent, R.E. Kingston, D.D. Moore, "Short Protocols in M olecular Biology",
5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.

١٧٩
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪Immunogenetic‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ M HC‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺭﺍﻝ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪M HC‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﺮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ )ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ(‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﻭﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ )ﺗﻚ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻧﻲ( ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ )ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻧﻲ (‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ ) ‪(Phage Display‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﮕﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪.١٣٨٣ ،‬‬
‫‪2- C. Janeway, " Janeway's Immunobiology", 7th Edition, Garland Science, 2008.‬‬
‫‪3- A.K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman, " Cellular and M olecular Immunology", 7th Edition, Poloer W. B.‬‬
‫‪Sanders Company, 2009.‬‬
‫‪4- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " Lewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬
‫‪5- A.K. Abbas, A.H. Lichtman, "Basic Immunology", 2nd Edition, Saunders, 2006.‬‬

‫‪١٨٠‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪Diseases of the Immune System‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺗﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺼﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺎﻥ ‪Immunodefieiency‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺍﺗﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ‪MHC‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻮﭘﻮﺱ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﻤﺎﺗﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻟﺘﻴﭙﻞ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺮﻭﺯﻳﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪﻳﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﺎﺳﻴﺖ )ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻳﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﺋﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ (‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ) ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﺩ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺘﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪Tissue typing) ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﺪﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- C. Janeway, P. Travers, M . Walport, M. Shlomckik, "Immunobiology", 6th Edition, Churchill‬‬
‫‪Livingstone Publications, 2005.‬‬
‫‪2- A. K. Abbas, H. Lichtman, S. Jordan, “Cellular and M olecular Immunology”, 5th Edition,‬‬
‫‪Saunders Company, 2005.‬‬
‫‪3- J.R. Ksenberg, D. Brassat, “Immunogenetics of Autoimmune Disease”, Springer Publishing,‬‬
‫‪2006.‬‬

‫‪١٨١‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Animal tissue culturing‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ )ﻻﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ( ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- R. I. Freshney, "Culture of Animal Cells : A M anual of Basic Technique", Wiley, 2005.‬‬
‫‪2- V. Vinci, R. Sarad, Parekh, "Hand book of Iindustrial Cell Culture: M ammalian, M icrobial,‬‬
‫‪and Plant Cells", Homana Press, 2003.‬‬
‫‪3-K.Kagasaki,"Animal celltechnology:Basic andAppliedAspects",Springer,2004.‬‬

‫‪١٨٢‬‬
 ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪DNA repair and Mutagenesis‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯ ﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ‪ ، DNA‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‬
‫ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﺭﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﻮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﭙﻮﺯﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺶ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺗﻮﻣﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﻔﺖ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺶ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺟﻬﺶ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪. DNA‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻱ ‪ ، NER‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ‪ ، BER‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﭘﻞ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺟﻔﺖ ﺑﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﻟﻮﮒ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ ، SOS‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲ ‪ – ADP‬ﺭﺍﻳﺒﻮﺯ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- Ec. Friedberg, "DNA Repair and M utagenesis", ASM Press, Washington, 1995.‬‬
‫‪2- Grifth & Suzuki, "An Introduction to Genetic Analysis", 2004.‬‬
‫‪3- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " Lewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬
‫‪4- A. Nickoloff, M .F. Hoekstra, "DNA Damage and Repair, Vol. II: DNA Repair in Higher‬‬
‫‪Eukaryotes", Homana Press, 1998.‬‬

‫‪١٨٣‬‬
 ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ‬
‫‪Proteomics and Genomics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮕﻮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺮ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻛﺸﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﺸﺖﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﻏﺮﺑﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ‪. cDNA‬‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺎﻻ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﮊﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ‪ mRNA‬ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺭﻳﺰ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﻪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﮊﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺭ ﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎ ‪-‬ﺩﻭ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﮊ‪ ،‬ﻣﺲ ﺍﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۱۰‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ "‪ : "omics‬ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ۱۱‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ‪ :‬ﮊﻝ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،NMR ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- A.M . Campbell, L.J. Heyer, "Discovering Genomics, Proteomics and Bioinformatics", 2nd‬‬
‫‪Edition, Benjamin Cummings, 2006.‬‬
‫‪2- F. T. Stathopoulou, "Genome and Proteome in Oncology", Nova Biomedical Books, 2005.‬‬
‫‪3- R.R. Sinden, "DNA: Structure and Function", 1st Edition, Academic Press, 1994.‬‬
‫‪4- J.D. Watson, R.M . Myers, A.A. Caudy, J.A. Witkowski, "Recombinant DNA: Genes and‬‬
‫‪Genomes- A Short Course", 3nd Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2006‬‬
‫‪5- T.A. Brown, "Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis- An Introduction", Fourth Edition Blackwell‬‬
‫‪Publishing, 2001.‬‬

‫‪١٨٤‬‬
6- D.J. Cahill, P. Cash, S.J. Cordwell, M . Hecker, "Proteomics of M icroorganisms: Fundamental
Aspects and Application (Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology)", Springer,
2003.

١٨٥
 ‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪Basic Heamatology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﺑﺮﺳﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭ‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﭘﻮﺋﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ‪ ABO‬ﻭ ‪ Rh‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﻤﻲﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺁﻧﻤﻲ ﻓﻘﺮ ﺁﻫﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺁﻧﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﮏ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ -‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻏﺸﺎﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ )‪(... ،G6PD‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺁﻧﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﮏ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ -‬ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻨﻮﭘﺎﺗﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻻﺳﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺁﻧﻤﻲ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﮏ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻝ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ‪ -‬ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺁﻧﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﮏ ‪ -‬ﻣﮕﺎﻟﻮﺑﻼﺳﺘﻴﮏ – ﺧﻮﻥ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﺵ ﺧﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ‪ -‬ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺳﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﺵ ﺧﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻟﻮﺳﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺎﺩ ‪ -‬ﻟﻮﺳﻤﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﻣﻦ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺑﺪﺧﻴﻤﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﭘﻼﮐﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻮﺳﺘﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١٥‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺧﻮﻧﺮﻳﺰﻱ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻧﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻼﮐﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﻭﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٦‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪١٨٦‬‬
 : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1. J.P. Greer, J. Foerster, G.M . Rodgers, F. Paraskevas, B. Glader, D.A. Arber, R.T. M eans,
"Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology", 12th Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ,2008.
2. M .A. Lichtman, E. Beutler, and T. Kipps, "Williams Hematology", 8th Edition, William J.
Williams, 2010.
3. S.M . Lewis, B.J. Bain, I. Bates, "Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology", 10th Edition,
Churchill Livingstone, 2006.
. ‫ ﮐﺎﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺱ‬، "‫ "ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬،‫ ﻫﻮﻓﺒﺮﺍﻧﺪ‬- ۴
. ‫ ﭘﻮﺭﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﷲ ﻭ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬.‫ ﺍ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‬،"‫"ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴ ﻢ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ ﺍ ﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬،‫ ﺑﻼﻧﻜﻲ‬- ٥

١٨٧
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫‪١٨٨‬‬
 ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪English for Genetic Studies‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۴ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺖ‪.۱۳۸۴ ،‬‬
‫‪3- R. C. King, W. D. Stansfield, “A Dictionary of Genetics”. Oxford University Press, 1997.‬‬

‫‪١٨٩‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪Molecular Genetics 1‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺹ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻫﻠﻴﻜﺲ ﺩﻭﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ‪ ٣‬ﺗﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﺗﺎﻳﻲ ‪ DNA‬ـ ﺗﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﻱ ـ ﺁﺋﻴﻨﻪﺍﻱ ـ ﭘﺎﻟﻴﻨﺪﺭﻡ ـ ﻗﻤﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫‪ DNA‬ـ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ـ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﮔﺰﻭﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻭﻥ ـ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻮﭘﺮﻛﻮﻳﻞ ‪. DNA‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ‪ :‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺷﺪﻥ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ : DNA‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ‪ Cairns‬ﻭ ‪ Okazaki‬ـ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ )‪ (Initiation‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ -‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ‬
‫ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪-‬ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩﻱ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻃﻮﻳﻞﺳﺎﺯﻱ ) ‪ (Elongation‬ﻳﺎ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺯ ـ ﻟﻴﮕﺎﺯ ـ ﭘﺮﺍﻳﻤﺎﺯ ـ‬
‫ﻫﻠﻴﻜﺎﺯ ـ ﺗﻮﭘﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﻣﺮﺍﺯ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺭﭘﻠﻴﻜﺎﺯ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜ ﺲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ ﺭﭘﻠﻴﺰﻭﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺧﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ )‪ (Termination‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ـ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺧﺘﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯ ‪ .‬ﺣﺠﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ "ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ‪) ١‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ ،" (DNA‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪2- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " Lewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬
‫‪3- H.F. Lodish , "M olecular Cell Biology", 6th Edition, W.H. Freeman 2008.‬‬
‫‪4- J.D., Watson, T.A. Baker, S.P. Bell, A. Gann, "M olecular Biology of the Gene", 7th Edition,‬‬
‫‪Benjamin Cummings,2010.‬‬

‫‪١٩٠‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪Molecular Genetics 2‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - 1‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ‪ RNA‬و اﻧﻮاع آن ‪ mRNA،‬ﭘﺮوﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ و ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ RNA - 2‬ﭘﻠﯿﻤﺮازﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - 3‬روﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ در ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮ ﯾﻬﺎ و ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي ﺳﯿ ﮕﻤﺎ و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - 4‬اﻧﻮاع ‪ RNA‬ﭘﻠﯿﻤﺮاز ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮوﻣﻮﺗﻮرﻫﺎي ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ و روﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - 5‬ﻓﺎﮐﺘﻮرﻫﺎي روﻧﻮﯾﺴﯽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎرﮐﻨﻨﺪﻫﺎي روﻧﻮﯾﺴ ﯽ‬
‫‪ - 6‬ﭘﺮدازش ﭘﯿﺶ ‪ ،RNA‬ﮐﻼﻫﮏ ﮔﺬاري و ﭘﻠﯽ آدﻧ ﯿﻼﺳﯿﻮن‬
‫‪ - 7‬ﭘﯿﺮاﯾﺶ ﭘﯿﺶ ‪ RNA‬ﻫﺎي ﻫﺴﺘﻪ اي‬
‫‪ Alternative splicing - 8‬و ‪ RNA editing‬و ‪exon shuffling‬‬
‫‪ - 9‬ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ در ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد ‪ tRNA‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- 10‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﺷﺮوع‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﯾﻞ ﺷﺪن و ﺧﺘﻢ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ در ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ و ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪- 11‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ و راﻧﺪﻣﺎن ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ در ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎر ﮐﻨﻨﺪﻫﺎي ﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﺮوﺗﺌﯿﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- 12‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮل اﻧﺘﻘﺎل ‪ RNA‬و ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﭘﺎﯾﺪاري ‪RNA‬‬
‫‪- 13‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﺎن ژﻧﻬﺎ در ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر و ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد اﭘﺮون‬
‫‪- 14‬ﮐﻨﺘﺮل ﺑﯿﺎن ژﻧﻬﺎ در ﯾﻮﮐﺎرﯾﻮﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﻣﻮﺗﯿﻒ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﺷﻮﻧﺪه ﺑﻪ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪- 15‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧﯿﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﯽ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺷﺪن و ﺳﺮﮐﻮب ﺷﺪن روﻧﻮﯾﺴ ﯽ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " Lewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬
‫‪2- David S. Latchman, "Gene Control", Publisher Garland Science,‬‬ ‫‪2010.‬‬
‫‪3- J.D., Watson, et al., "M olecular Biology of the Gene", 5th Edition, Pearsopn Education, 2004.‬‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ‪ ٣‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﭘﮋﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ‪.٢٠٠٧‬‬

‫‪١٩١‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Genetic Engineering‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪٢‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﮊﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴ ﺺ ﺯﻭﺩ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺟﻨﺴﻴ ﺖ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴ ﺺ ﻣﻠﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ، PGD‬ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪ pharmacogenetics ،‬ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﮐﻴ ﺐ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎ ) ﻟ ﻴﮕﺎﺯ ﻫﺎ ‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ(‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺰﻳ ﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺷﻴ ﺰﻭﻣﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺌﻮﺷﻴﺰﻭﻣﺮ ﻭ ‪ compatible ends‬ﻭ ﺗﻬ ﻴﻪ‬
‫‪Restriction Map‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺎﻳ ﺖ ﺑﺮﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴ ﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻠﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ‪RFLP‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ‪ PCR‬ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﮔﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺍﻳﻤﺮﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ PCR‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴ ﺺ ﻣﻠﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﺑ ﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‪RFLP-PCR, Nested –PCR RADP-PCR, SSCP-PCR :‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ :DNA‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‪PCR‬‬
‫‪Three steps PCR, Two steps PCR, SOEing PCR‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﻼﺯﻣﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﮑﺎﻧ ﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﮐﭙﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﮐﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ )‪ - (Techniques‬ﺍﻟﮑﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺗﻔﮑﻴﮏ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺮﻳﻞ ﺁﻣﻴﺪ ﻭ‬
‫‪. Pulse-Field gel electrophoresis .Agilent‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﻓﻴﻠﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ .‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪Southern Blot, Western‬‬
‫‪Northern Blot ،blot and Colony Hybridization, plaque lifting‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ‪ ،RNA‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ‪ cDNA‬ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ‪ RACE- PCR‬ﻭ ‪ RT- PCR‬ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ Real Time PCR‬ﻭ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ‪cDNA‬‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ‪DNA‬‬

‫‪١٩٢‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.۱۳۹۰ ‫ ﺑﻬﺎﺭ‬،‫ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‬،(‫ )ﺗﺎﻟﻴﻒ‬،"‫ "ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ‬،‫ ﺣﺠﺘﻲ‬.‫ ﺯ‬- ۱
2. J. Lodge, " Gene Cloning", 2007.
3. T. Brown, "Gene Cloning", 2009.
4. S.Desmond, T . Nichol, "An Introduction to Genetic Engineering", 2008.
th
5. S. Primrose, R.M . T wyman, “Principle of Gene M anipulation and Genomics”, 7 Edition,
Blackwell Publishing, 2008.

١٩٣
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Genetic Engineering Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪١ :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪DNA‬‬ ‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻓﻨﺂﻭﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮊﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻓﻮﺭﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ‪PCR‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻫﻀﻢ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ DNA‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﺔ ﮊﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ‪ DNA‬ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺑﺮﺭﻭﻱ ﮊﻝ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﺯ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﺍﺯ ﮊﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﮔﺎﺭﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻟﺺﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻻﻳﮕﻴﺸﻦ ﻣﻴﻜﺴﭽﺮ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻔﻮﺭﻣﻴﺸﻦ ‪ DNA‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺗﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ ‪ :DNA‬ﺗﻴﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺍﻛﺎﻟﻴﻦ ﻓﺴﻔﺎﺗﺎﺯ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ‪ DNA‬ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ‪ RFLP-PCR‬ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻠﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺗﺮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﺗﺮﻥ ﻭ ﻭﺳﺘﺮﻥ ﺑﻼ ﺕ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1. F. M . Ausubel, R. Brent, R.E. Kingston, D.D. Moore, "Short Protocols in M olecular Biology",‬‬
‫‪5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.‬‬

‫‪١٩٤‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Genetics of Cancer‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪٢‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎـ ﺟﻬﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻧﻜﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﺭﺗﺮﻭﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻜﻮﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﻜﻮﮊﻧﻲ ـ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪ DNA‬ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﺯﺍ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﻧﻜﻮﮊﻥﻫﺎ ‪ (Protooneogenes ):‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﻧﻜﻮﮊﻥ ﻫﺎـ ﺟﻬﺶ ـ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻛﭙﻲ‬
‫‪ DNA‬ـ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻣﻲ ـ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ‪ (Tumor suppressor) :‬ﻛﺸﻒ ﮊﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ ـ ﮊﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﻣﻮﺭ‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ـ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﻣﻴﻮﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺯﻱ ـ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬
‫ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﭘﻮﭘﺘﻮﺯ ‪ (Apoptosis):‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﭘﻮﭘﺘﻮﺯ ـ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﭘﻮﭘﺘﻮﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﺎﺳﭙﺎﺯﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﭘﻮﭘﺘﻮﺯ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺗﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﺗﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎ ـ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺗﻠﻮﻣﺮﺍﺯ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﻨﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ ـ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺳﺘﺎﺕ ـ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﻀﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻧﻪ ـ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ـ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- R.A. Weinberg, "The Biology of Cancer", Garland Science, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٩٥‬‬
2- G.M . Cooper, "Oncogenes", Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1995.
3- J. K. Cowell, "M olecular Genetics of Cancer", Bios Scientific, 2001.

١٩٦
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪Population Genetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴ ﺖ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﻟﻞﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻫﺎﺭﺩﻱ ﻭﻳﻨﺒﺮﮒ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ـ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻟﻞﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻟﻞﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ـ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ـ ﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ )‪ (Genetic Drift‬ـ ﺍﻧﺤﺮﺍﻑ ﻣﻴﻮﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ )‪ : (Inbreeding‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻠﻮﺹ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ـ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻢﺧﻮﻧﻲ ـ ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎﻭﻧﺪﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺯﻳﺲ )‪ : (Heterosis‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻫﺘﺮﻭﺯﻳﺲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﭘﻠﻲﻣﻮﺭﻓﻴﺴﻢ‪ :‬ﭘﻠﻲﻣﻮﺭﻓﻴﺴﻢ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ـ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﻮﺭﻓﻴﺴﻢ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﻮﺭﻓﻴﺴﻢ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺁﻥ ـ ﻣﺎﺭﻛﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡ ‪ Y‬ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‪ :‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ‪ DNA‬ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﻴﺘﻞ‪" ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺽ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺮ ﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺻﻴﺪﺍﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﻼﻥ‪.۱۳۸۲ ،‬‬
‫‪2- A. R. Hoelzel, "M olecular Genetics of Populations: A Practical Approach", IRL., 1998.‬‬
‫‪3- T. Nagylaki, "Introduction to Theoretical Population Genetics", Springer , 1992.‬‬
‫‪4- M .B. Hamilton, "Population Genetics", Wiley-Blackwall, 2009.‬‬

‫‪١٩٧‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Genetic Counseling‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﻃﻼﻉﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻚ ﮊﻧﻲ )ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ (‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮊﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻗﺐ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ـ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎﻭﻧﺪﻱ‪ :‬ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ـ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺛﻲ ﻗﻮﻣﻲ ـ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 – R.L. Nussbaum, R.R. M cInnes, H.F. Willard, "Thompson and Thompson Genetics in‬‬
‫‪M edicine", 7th Edition,Saunders, Elsevier, 2007.‬‬

‫‪١٩٨‬‬
 ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪DNA Mutagenesis and repair‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ( ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪١‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻲ ‪ DNA‬ـ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﺗﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻭﺣﺸﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻳﺶ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻡﻫ ﺎ ـ ﺁﻧﻮﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ـ ﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺁﺗﻮﭘﻠﻲ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺁﻟﻮﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺍﻧﺪﻭﭘﻠﻲ ﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ـ ﺗﮑﺮﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮊﻧﻲ ـ ﺣﺬﻑ ‪ -‬ﻣﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﺷﺪﮔﻲ ـ ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻧﮕﻲ ـ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺭﻭﻧﮕﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻘﻄﻪﺍﻱ ـ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ ـ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ـ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﭘﻮﺭﻳﻦ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺮﻳﻤﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻜﺲ ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺑﻪ ﺟﻠﻮ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ ـ ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻨﺜﻲ ـ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﺭﻣﻴﻨﺎﻝ ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻳﻲ ـ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺨﻮﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺟﻬﺶ ـ ﺗﺎﺗﻮﻣﺮﻳﻚ ﺷﻴﻔﺖ ـ ﺧﻄﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ـ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺪ ﺟﻬﺶ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻮﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺟﻬﺶ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪. DNA‬‬
‫ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺗﻴﺪﻱ ‪ NER‬ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺑﺎﺯﻱ ‪ BER‬ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻴﻜﻮﺯﻳﺪﺍﺯﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﺯ ـ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﻟﻮﮒ ـ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ SOS‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻛﺴﻴﺪﻛﻨﻨﺪﺓ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ – ADP‬ﺭﺍﻳﺒﻮﺯ ﭘﻠﻲﻣﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- Ec. Friedberg, "DNA Repair and M utagenesis", ASM Press, Washington, 1995.‬‬

‫‪١٩٩‬‬
2- Grifth & Suzuki, "An Introduction to Genetic Analysis", 2004.
3- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, and S.T. Kilpatrick, "Lewin's Genes XI", 10th Edition, Jones &
Bartlett Publishers, 2009.
4- A. Nickoloff, M .F. Hoekstra, "DNA Damage and Repair, Vol. II: DNA Repair in Higher
Eukaryotes", Homana Press, 1998.

٢٠٠
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪Human Genetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪-‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ :‬ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﮓ ﮊﻥ ﻫﺎ ‪-‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ‪– cDNA‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ – ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻩ ﺍﻱ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﺍﺯﻱ – ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﮔﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻴﻚ ‪-‬‬
‫‪- ٣‬ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻚﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺒﺎﺭﻧﻤﺎﻫﺎ ) ﺷﺠﺮﻩﻫﺎ( ـ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﺗﻮﺯﻣﻲ – ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ - X‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ‪ – Y‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺑﺎﺭﺯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺲ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺷﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫‪- ٤‬ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﭼﻨﺪﻋﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﻛﻨﺪﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪- ٥‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡﻫﺎـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫‪- ٦‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ X‬ﻭ‪ ،Y‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ـ‬
‫ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ـ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺰﻭﻡ ‪ X‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺁﻥ ـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭﻱ ـ ﺍﺑﻬﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬
‫‪٧‬ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ـ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ـ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺷﺖ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺹ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﻭﺟﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﺼﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺧﺰﺍﻋﻲ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪.١٣٨٦ ،‬‬
‫‪2- Robert L. Nussbaum, Roderick R. M cInnes, Huntington F. Willard, “Thompson & Thompson‬‬
‫‪Genetics in M edicine”, 7th Edition, Elsevier Publication, 2011.‬‬
‫‪3- T. Strachan , A. Read, “Human M olecular Genetics”, 4th Edition, Garlan Science, 2011.‬‬

‫‪٢٠١‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Bioinformatics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬
‫ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮ ﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻮﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﮔﺮ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻓﺮﻣﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺴﺘﺠﻮﻱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ‪. DNA‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮ ﺍﻉ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﺭﻫﮕﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1. A.D. Baxevanis, B.F. Ouellette, “Bioinformatics” 2nd Edition, John Wiely, 2001.‬‬
‫‪2. N.J. Hoboken, "Bioniformatics and Functional Genomics", John Wiely, 2003.‬‬
‫‪3. M .R. Barnes, "Bioinformatics for Geneticits", John Wiley, 2007.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫‪٢٠٣‬‬
 ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Cytogenetic‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻓﻠﻮﺭﺳﺎﻧﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ )‪ ،(FISH‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻴﭗ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ )‪ ،(SKY‬ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ‬
‫ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻲ )‪ ،(CGH‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﺪﻭﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﻠﻮﺋﻴﺪﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺱﺑﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻚ ﺍﻳﻨﺰ‪ ،‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻼﺭﺩ‪" ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺗﺎﻣﭙﺴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻣﭙﺴﻮﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺻﻼﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻛﺒﺮﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻧﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬
‫‪2 - R.L. Nussbaum, R.R. M cInnes, H.F. Willard, "Thompson and Thompson Genetics in‬‬
‫‪M edicine", 7th Edition,Saunders, Elsevier, 2007.‬‬
‫‪3-D.E. Rooney, B.H., Czepulkowski, “Human Chromosome Preparation, Essential‬‬
‫‪Techniques", John Wiley & Sons, 1997.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٤‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪Basic biotechnology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬

‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺻﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ‪ DNA‬ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺏﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﺋﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ :‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻻﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﺮﺍﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻮﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪-۵‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪-۶‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ‪ DNA‬ﺩﺭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪-۷‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪-۸‬‬
‫ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-۹‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- S.B. Primrose, "M olecular Biotechnology", Blackwell Scientific Publisher, 2011.‬‬
‫‪2- A. Doyle, "Laboratory Procedurcs in Biotechnology", John Wiley & Son Inc., 2004.‬‬
‫‪3- J.M . Walker and R. Rapley, "M olecular Biology and Biotechnology", Royal Society of‬‬
‫‪Chemistry, 2006.‬‬
‫‪4- B.R. Glick, J.G. Pasternak, C.L. Patten, "M olecular Biotechnology: Principle and‬‬
‫‪Applications of Recombinant DNA", 4th Edition, 2010.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٠٥‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Animal Tissue Culture‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪١‬ـ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ :‬ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻳﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺖ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺸﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ‪،‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﻄﻮﻁ )ﻻﻳﻦﻫﺎﻱ( ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻻﻳﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻫﺪﻓﻤﻨﺪ ﮊﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪ DNA‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- R. I. Freshney, "Culture of Animal Cells : A M anual of Basic Technique", Wiley-, 2005.‬‬
‫‪2- V. Vinci, R. Sarad, Parekh, "Hand book of Iindustrial Cell Culture: M ammalian, M icrobial,‬‬
‫‪and Plant Cells", Homana Press, 2003.‬‬
‫‪3- K. Kagasaki, "Animal cell technology: Basic and Applied Aspects", Springer, 2004.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٦‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪Special Topics in Genetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺘﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪. Cell Type Specification‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺳﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ‪ Cis and Trans elements‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻮﺁﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ‪ Genome Rearrangement‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﮊﻥ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﻨﺪﻩ ‪ Mobile gene‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‬
‫‪.Transposition‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺗﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺳﺎﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻼﺕ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫‪2.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " thLewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬
‫‪3- H.F. Lodish , "M olecular Cell Biology", 6 Edition, W.H. Freeman, 2008.‬‬
‫‪4- J.D. Watson, T.A. Baker, S.P. Bell, A. Gann, "M olecular Biology of the Gene", 6th Edition,‬‬
‫‪Benjamin Cummings,2007.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٧‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪Immunogenetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺁﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻛﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ‪ M HC‬ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻫﻮﻣﻮﺭﺍﻝ )ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺳﻮﻳﺠﻴﻨﮓ ﺁﻥ (‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ )ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺧﻴﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ(‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ‪ M HC‬ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻟﺮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻟﺮﮊﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺗﻮﻟﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﭘﻴﻮﻧﺪ )ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ(‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﻭﻣﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ )ﺗﻚ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻧﻲ( ﻭ ﭘﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ )ﭼﻨﺪ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻧﻲ (‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﻓﺎﮊﻱ ) ‪(Phage Display‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺳﺖﻭﺭﺯﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻭﺟﮕﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪.١٣٨٣ ،‬‬
‫‪2- C. Janeway, " Janeway's Immunobiology", 7th Edition, Garland Science, 2008.‬‬
‫‪3- A.K. Abbas, S.P. Lichtman, " Cellular and molecular Immunology", 7th Edition, Poloer W. B.‬‬
‫‪Sanders Company, 2009.‬‬
‫‪4- J.E. Krebs, E.S. Goldstein, S.T. Kilpatrick, " Lewin's Genes X", Jones and Bartlett, 2011.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٨‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫‪Behavioral Genetics‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻛﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﭙﺰﺷﻜﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺭﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻣﻴﻦ‪" ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ )ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ("‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻧﻴﻜﺨﻮ‪،‬‬
‫ﻩ‪.‬ﺁﻭﺍﺩﻳﺲ ﻳﺎﻧﺲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻬﺘﺎﺏ‪.١٣٨٠ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M . S. Aslam, "Genetics: Behavioral and M olecular" Campus Books, 2000.‬‬
‫‪3- R. Plomin, "Behavioral Genetics in the Postgenomic era", APA, 2003.‬‬
‫‪4- R. A. Carson, M . A. Rothstein, "Behavioral Genetics: The Clash of Culture and Biology",‬‬
‫‪Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.‬‬

‫‪٢٠٩‬‬
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Genetic of Microorganisms‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎ )ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻄﻲ(‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﮕﻮﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﭘﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﮊ ﻻﻣﺒﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺰﻭﮊﻧﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﭼﻨﺪﮔﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻳﺎ ‪ ، Global Control‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ‪ ، Pleiotrophic‬ﻛﺪﻭﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻭ ‪..‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻗﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ‪Transposition‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ )‪(Bacteriophage‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻛﺎﻧﺠﻮﮔﻴﺸﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺗﺮﺍﻧﺲ ﺩﺍﻛﺸﻦ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﻃﺮﺍﺣﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲﺑﻴﻮﺗﻴﻜﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻛﺎﺭﻳﻮﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺨﻤﺮ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- U. N. Streips, R.E. Yasbin, “M odern M icrobial Genetics”, John Wiley and Sons, 2002.‬‬
‫‪2- J. A. Christopher, D.B. Edward, “Genetically Engineered Viruses”, ` Bois Seientific, 2001.‬‬

‫‪٢١٠‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴ ﻦ‬
‫‪Biochemistry of Chromatin‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺴﺘﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺴﺘﺔ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻓﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ‪ DNA‬ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﻛﻢ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ )‪ (Nucleoskeleton‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺭﻻﻣﻴﻨﺎ ‪Nuclear lamina‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﻮﻛﻠﺌﺎﺭﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﻜﺲ ‪Nuclear matrix‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻼﻣﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ‪Core filaments‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻚ ‪ Nucleoluskeleton‬ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪rDNA‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ‪ Silencing proteins‬ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﺵ ﻣﺨﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻠﻮﻣﺮ‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻣﻮﺵ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ‪ rDNA‬ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- B.M . Turner, “Chromatin and Gene Regulation, M echanisms in Epigenetics”, Blackwell‬‬
‫‪Science Ltd, 2001.‬‬
‫‪2- R.V. Drieb, A.P. Otte, “Nuclear organization, Chromatin Structure, and Gene Expression”,‬‬
‫‪Oxford University Press Inc., 1997.‬‬
‫‪3- S.C.R. Elgin, “Chromatin Structure and Gene Expression”. Oxford University Press Inc,‬‬
‫‪1997.‬‬
‫‪٢١١‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Biochemistry of Proteins‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎﺭﭼﻮﺏ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻮﺍﺳﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﺳﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﮔﺮﺩﻫﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ‪‬ﻝ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﭘﻮﮊﻧﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﻳﻔﻴﻜﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﻳﺒﻮﺯﻭﻣﻲ ﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻜﻲ ﺗﻮﺍﻟﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﻻﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻓﻮﺑﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ ﺁﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺖ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻛﻮﻭﺍﻻﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٥‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻨﺘﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﺯﻧﺠﻴﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻱ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﭘﻠﻴﻤﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻗﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻈﻢ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﭘﻠﻲﭘﭙﺘﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٦‬ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﺵ ﺍﺷﻌﺔ ‪ ، -X‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ‪ ، NM R‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻨﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٧‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ :‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﻌﻄﺎﻑﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﺎﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺗﺎﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻠﻴﺺ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٨‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ـ ﻟﻴﮕﺎﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻚ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺮﮊﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻛﻨﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺁﻟﻮﺳﺘﺮﻳﺴﻴﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻜﻨﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٩‬ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﺳﻴﻨﺘﻴﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﺎﺗﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١٠‬ﺍﺿﻤﺤﻼﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ‪ :‬ﭘﻴﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ‪ ، in vivo‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻀﻤﺤﻞ ﺷﺪﻥ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١١‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻚ‬

‫‪٢١٢‬‬
 :‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
- + + -

‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
.۱۳۷۲ ،‫ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺍﻥ‬،‫ ﻗﻮﺟﻖ‬.‫ ﺩ‬،‫ ﻣﺰﺩﺍﺭﺍﻧﻲ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺡ‬،"‫ ﺍﺯ ﮊﻥ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ‬:‫ "ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬،‫ ﺩﻭﻛﺎﻧﺖ‬.‫ ﺍﻱ‬.‫ ﮊ‬- ۱
2- T.E. Creighton, " Proteins; Structures and M olecular Properties", W.H. Freeman., 1993
3- F.M . Richards, D.R. Eiscnberg, P.S. Kim, "Advances in Protein Chemistry", Academic Press,
Springer Co.,2001.

٢١٣
 ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ‬
‫‪Genetic of Development‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﭼﺮﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺣﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻛﭙﻚ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻲ ‪ -‬ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ‪ -‬ﻣﺘﺎﭘﻼﺯﻱ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪DNA-‬‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫‪ ،Microarray‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ‪ ،FGF‬ﻭ ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ‪ ،Apoptos is ،FGF-R‬ﺟﻬﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ‪،Notch‬‬ ‫‪-۵‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ )ﺟﻬﺶﻫﺎﻱ ‪ Connexin‬ﻭ‪(....‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﻣﮕﺲ ﺳﺮﻛﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫‪-۶‬‬
‫ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﻬﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﮊﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﻧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﻭ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﻪ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﺮ ﻣﺎﻓﺮﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺰﺷﻜﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‪ IVF ،‬ﻭ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬
‫ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻭ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻫﻜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺗﻮﺍﺭﺙ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻲ‬ ‫‪-۹‬‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻉ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪th‬‬
‫‪1) S. F. Gilbert, "Developmental Biology", 8 Edition, Sinaver Associates, 2006.‬‬

‫‪٢١٤‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬
‫‪Radiobiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﮐﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺍﺗﻮ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﮑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫‪- ۱۰‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ۱۱‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ۱۲‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ )ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ("‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۵ ،‬‬
‫‪" - ۲‬ﮒ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻧﺼﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻕ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺎﺋﻴﺎﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪.۱۳۸۵‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬

‫‪٢١٥‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫)‪٢۷‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ (‬

‫‪٢١٦‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Invertebrate Zoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٣ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ‪ % ٩٠‬ﻛﻞ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺮﻩ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺭﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‪ :‬ﻧﻮﻉ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﻢ‪ ،‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻊ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ )ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﻎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻞ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺳﺎﺯﺵ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﻓﺴﻴﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ :‬ﺑﺎﺩﻳﺪ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻴﻠﻮﮊﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﺎﮊﻛﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺭﻛﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﻭﺯﻭﺁ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﻭﺳﭙﻮﺭﺍ‪ ،‬ﻣﮋﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻴﺪﺍﺭﻳﺎﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪،‬‬
‫ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﺎﻧﺰﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﻳﺸﻜﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺭﺳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻨﺎﺗﻮﺳﺘﻮﻣﻮﻟﻴﺪﺍ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺮﻡﺗﻨﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺎﺭﺗﻨﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪١‬ـ ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﻳﮏ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻪ(‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪٢‬ـ ﺍ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﻦ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻛﺒﻴﺮ‪.١٣٧٦ ،‬‬
‫‪3-T. L. Storer and R. L. Usinger, “General Zoology”, Oxford University Press., 1997.‬‬
‫‪4-R.C. Brusca and G.J. Brusca, “Invertebrates”, Sinauer Associates., 2003.‬‬
‫‪5-E.E. Rupper, R.S. Fox and R. D. Barnes, “Invertebrate Zoology”, Thomson Brooks., 2004.‬‬
‫‪6-J.C.P.Hickman, L.S. Roberts and A.Larson , “Integrated Principles of zoology”, M cGraw-‬‬
‫‪Hill., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢١٧‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Invertebrate Zoology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺸﻚ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ‬
‫ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺗﻚ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﺗﻚﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﺼﻨﻮﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺗﺎﮊﻛﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺭﻛﻮﺩﻳﻨﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﮋﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﭙﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺞ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻫﻴﺪﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻛﻠﻨﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﺮﺟﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﺍﺣﻞ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﺯﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﺎﺩﻛﺸﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ ﻧﻮﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻠﻘﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻢﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﻜﺎﻝ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻛﺮﻭﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺯﺍﻟﻮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻧﺮﻡﺗﻨﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺷﻜﻢﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻛﻴﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺩﻭﻛﻔﻪﺍﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻭﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٤‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫‪٢١٨‬‬
 ‫ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬:‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‬

: ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
1- C.P. Hickman, J.L. Katz and S.L. Keen, “Laboratory Studies in Integrated Principles of
Zoology”, M cGraw- Hill., 2007.
2- C.F. Lytle and J.R. M eyer, “General Zoology Laboratory Guide”, M cGraw-Hill., 2008.
3- H.C. Bumpus, “A laboratory Course in Invertebrates Zoology”, Bibliobazaar., 2010.

٢١٩
 ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪Vertebrate Zoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺴ ﺖ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺯﻳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﭘﺴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺯﻳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﺯﻳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻫﺮﻳﻚ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻫﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺩﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻮﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺯﻣﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺧﻮﺍﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﺗﺎﻣﺲ ﺍﻭﺭ‪"،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺑﺮﺍﻫﻴﻢﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪. ١٣٨٥ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﻫﻴﮑﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﻝ ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﺑﺮﺗﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪.‬ﻻﺭﺳﻦ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺡ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﻓﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ‪.۱۳۸۵ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ(‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪4- C.P. Hickman and S.L. Keen, “Integrated Principles of Zoology”, M cGraw Hill, 2008.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٠‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪Vertebrate Zoology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻢﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭﺑﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻋﻴﻨﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ )ﺁﻣﻔﻴﻮﻛﺴﻮﺱ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻓﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺧﺰﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﺩﻭ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻳﺰﺩﻳﺎﻥ‪" ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪:‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻣﻴﺪ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M . Hildebrand andG.Goslow, “Analysis of vetebrate structure”, John Wiley & Sons, 2001.‬‬
‫‪3- D.L. Gerardo and D. Pulera, “The Dissection of vertebrates”, Academic Press, 2006.‬‬

‫‪٢٢١‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Arthropods Zoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‪ :‬ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺷﺎﺧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻴﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺍﻛﻨﺪﮔﻲ ﺯﻳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪ ﻗﻼﺑﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺨﺖ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻨﻪ‪ ،‬ﺷﻜﻢ ﻭ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ؛ ﺑﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺭﮔﺒﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﺍﺯ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺎﺧﻚ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ‪،‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺑﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ‪ :‬ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۴ ،‬‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺍ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻗﺮﻱ ﺯﻧﻮﺯ‪" ،‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﺮﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺪﺭﺱ ﺍﻭﻝ‪" ،‬ﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳ ﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﮎ‪ .‬ﻋﺰﻳﺰﻱ‪" ،‬ﮐﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻃﺒﻘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻳﻠﻴﺎ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫‪5- R.C. Brusca and G.J. Brusca, “Invertebrates”, Sinauer Associates., 2003.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٢‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Arthropods Zoology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ ﻧﻌﻞﺍﺳﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻘﺮﺏﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻨﻜﺒﻮﺕﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺗﻴﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺮﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺧﺮﭼﻨﮓ ﮔﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺨﺖﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻠﺦ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺿﻤﺎﻳﻢ ﺩﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺷﺎﺧﻚﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺳﻮﺳﺮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺣﺸﺮﺍﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ ﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪1- H.C. Bumpus, “A laboratory Course in Invertebrates Zoology”, Bibliobazaar, 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٣‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology 3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ ﻧﺨﺎﻉ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺭﻓﻠﻜﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻭ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻮﻳﻦ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪:‬ﭘﻴﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﻠﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺳﻴﻨﺎﭘﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻤﻴﺘﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ :‬ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺣﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﻤﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻨﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻮﻳﺎﺋﻲ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﻮﺍﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬‬
‫ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺮﻛﺘﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ :‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪-٦‬‬
‫ﺣﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﺭﺍﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﺤﻮﺓ ﻫﻤﺎﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮﺷﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻴﭙﻮﺗﺎﻻﻣﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﻠﻴﻤﺒﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﻗﺸﺮ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-٧‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ‪ :‬ﻛﻮﺭﺗﻜﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﻣﻐﺰ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ﻭ‬ ‫‪-٨‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﺪﺍﺭﻱ‪،‬ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٢٢٤‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻲ ﻭ ﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪. ۱۳۷۷ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺁ‪ .‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻳﺘﻮﻥ‪" ،‬ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻡ‪ .‬ﻩ ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻗﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻩ‪ .‬ﮐﻴﺎﻧﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺗﺒﺮﻳﺰ‪.١٣٨٢ ،‬‬
‫‪3- E.R. Kandel,J.H. Schwartz and T.M . Jessell, “Principles of Neural Science”, 4th Edition,‬‬
‫‪M cGraw-Hill., 2000.‬‬
‫‪4- A.C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, "Text Book of M edical Physiology", 11th Edition, Saunders.,‬‬
‫‪2006.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٥‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٣‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology Laboratory 3‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﮐﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﮑﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺗﮑﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒ ﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ ﻓﻮﻗﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺸﺘ ﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﻐﺰ ﮔﺎﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﻓﻠﮑﺲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﻠﮑﺲ ﻧﺨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﭼﺸﻢ ﮔﺎﻭ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﺑﻴﻨﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﺎﭘﺎﺯﻭﻧﻲ ﺷﻨﻮﺍﻳﻲ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺲ ﻻﻣﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺸﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻡ‪ .‬ﻓﺸﺎﺭﮐﻲ ﻭ ﻥ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻄﺎﻧﻲ‪" ،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ‪.۱۳۸۰ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﭖ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﺘﻤﻲ ﻭ ﭖ ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺭﺟﺎﻩ " ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﻉ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﻲ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ "،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻧﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻮﻟﻒ‪.۱۳۸۳ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺡ‪.‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﻣﻨﻲ ﻭ ﭖ‪ .‬ﻣﺎﻟﮑﻲ‪"،‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺭﺍﮎ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫‪5- W.S.Hall, “A laboratory Guide in Physiology”, Bibliobazzar., 2009.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٦‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٤‬‬
‫‪Animal Physiology 4‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺸﻨﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺍﻧﺪﻭﻛﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺍﻧﺪﻭﻛﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺰ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻏﺪﺩ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻓﻴﺰ‪ ،‬ﺗﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺗﻴﺮﻭﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻮﻕ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻧﻜﺮﺍﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﻧﺎﺗﻮﻣﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻮﺭ ﻫﻴﭙﻮﺗﺎﻻﻣﻮﺱ – ﻫﻴﭙﻮﻓﻴﺰ ‪ -‬ﮔﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺑﺎﺭﻭﺭﻱ‬
‫‪IVF‬‬
‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺤﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - 1‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺭﺳﻮﻟﻲ‪ " ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ )ﻧﻮﺭﻭﺍﻧﺪﻭﮐﺮﻳﻦ( ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳ ﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬
‫‪2- E.R. Kandel,J.H. Schwartz and T.M . Jessell, “Principlesof Neural Science”, 4th Edition,‬‬
‫‪M cGraw-Hill., 2000.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٧‬‬
3- P. M . Conn and M .E. Freeman, “Neuroendocrinology in Physiology and M edicine”, Humans
Press Inc., 2000.
4- A. C. Guyton and J.E. Hall, "Text Book of M edical Physiology", 11th Edition., Saunders.,
2006.

٢٢٨
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬
‫‪Sense Physiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍ ﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ـ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ـ ﻭﺍﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ـ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻫﻴﺠﺎﻥ ـ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﺀ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﻛﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ـ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺭﻳﺰ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﭽﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺗﻨﻪ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ‪ :‬ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺨﺎﻉ ـ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺷﺒﻜﻪﺍﻱ ﺗﻨﻪ ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ـ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺮﻭﺗﺮﺍﻧﺴﻤﻴﺘﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪ :‬ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪ ـ ﻗﺴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﻫﻮﺷﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‪ :‬ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻣﺆﺛﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ـ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻫﻮﺷﻴﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ـ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻧﮋﺍﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ ـ ﺭﺅﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ـ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭﺣﺪﺗﻲ‪ .‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻡ ‪ .‬ﺍﺩﻳﺐ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪.١٣٧٧ ،‬‬
‫‪2-E. R.Kandel,J. H. Schwartz, T. M .Jessel, “Principles of Neural Science”4th Edition, M cGraw‬‬
‫‪Hill Inc., 2000.‬‬

‫‪٢٢٩‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Ethiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ( ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٣‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺻﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻋﺘﻼﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻭ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ـ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯـ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ـ ﺭﻭﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﻤﺎﻝ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻳﺎ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻱ ـ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ )‪ (Imprinting‬ـ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻓﻈﻪ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﮓ ﻳﺎ ﮔﺮﻳﺰ ـ‬
‫ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ـ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﺤﺮﻛﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ـ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎ )‪ ، (releasers‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻮﭘﺮ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﻱ )‪ ، (IRM‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻼ )ﭼﻴﺮﮔﻲ( ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﺧﺎﺷﮕﺮﺍﻧﻪ ـ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻨﻘﺎﺭﻱ )‪ (Peck order‬ـ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺴﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ـ ﭘﻴﺎﻡﺭﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ـ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺩﮔﺮﮔﺸﺖ )ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ( ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ـ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ ـ ﺍﻟﮕﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ـ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ‬
‫ﭘﻴﭽﻴﺪﻩ ـ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩ ـ ﻗﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ـ‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻲ ‪ -‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻪ ) ‪ ،(Altruism‬ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﻮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‪ :‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻬﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ـ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﻳﺎﺑﻲ ) ‪ (Homing‬ـ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭ ـ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻗﻠﻤﺮﻭـ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺮﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ـ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮﺕ ـ ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻱ‪ :‬ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ـ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻔﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ ـ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻚ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ ـ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﮋﻱ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻦ ﻏﺬﺍ ـ ﻧﻴﭻ ﺗﺮﻭﻓﻴﻚ ـ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻨﺒﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﻳﮋﻩ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫‪٢٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﮎ‪.‬ﺍ‪.‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﻮﻳﺲ‪" ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎﺑﺰﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٧،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺍ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻴﻨﮓ‪" ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻉ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺎﺑﺰﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪3- J.Alcock, “Animal Behavior”, Sinauer Associates, 2005.‬‬

‫‪٢٣١‬‬
 ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Complementary Aniaml Histology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ) ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﻛﺮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺘﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﭘﻲﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﭼﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﻀﻠﻪ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻟﻨﻒ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻧﺴﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﻳﺎ ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺋﻴﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻃﺤﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻟﻨﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‬
‫‪- ١٠‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫‪- ١١‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ‬
‫‪- ١٢‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺯﻧﺶ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‬
‫‪- ١٣‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻧﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫‪- ١٤‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺹ‪ .‬ﺭﺟﺤﺎﻥ‪" ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﭼﻬﺮ‪.۱۳۸۱ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﺩ‪" ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮔﻠﺒﺎﻥ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬
‫‪3 -L.C. Junqueira andA.L. M escher, “Basic Histology”. M cGraw Hill M edical. 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٣٢‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Complementary Animal Histology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﺳﻜﭙﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺛﺒﻮﺕ ﺁﺑﮕﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺵﮔﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺭﻧﮓﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻧﺘﺎﮊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻻﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﭘﻲﺗﻠﻴﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﻤﺒﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻏﺪﺩ ﺗﺮﺷﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‪ ،‬ﻋﺼﺐ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺭﮔﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺋﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺯﻧﺶ ﺍﺩﺭﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺍﺳﻼﻳﺪﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻀﻠﻪ ﻭ ﻏﻀﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻍ‪.‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺑﺎﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪ ،‬ﻑ ‪ .‬ﻧﺨﻌﻲ ﮐﺎﺯﺭﻭﻧﻲ‪"،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.١٣٨٣ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﮐﺒﺮﻱ ﮔﻨﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻡ ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﻭﻧﺪ‪" ،‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬
‫‪3- I. Berma,“Color Atlas of Basic Histology”, M cGraw Hill Professional, 2003.‬‬
‫‪4- L.P. Gartner and J.L. Hiatt,"Color Atlas of Histology", Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2006.‬‬

‫‪٢٣٣‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Complementary Animal Embryology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﻭ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻃﻨﺎﺑﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺍﺻﻞ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻤﻚﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮﻭﻻ ـ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ـ ﺷﻜﻞﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﭘﻮﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻣﻔﻴﻮﻛﺴﻮﺱ‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺯﻳﺴﺘﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﻨﻴﻨﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪" ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﻜﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬
‫‪2- S.F. Gilbert, "Developmental Biology", Sinaurer Associates Inc., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٣٤‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﮑﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪Complementary Animal Embryology Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺼﻮﻝ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﺌﻮﺭﻱ ﺟﻨﻴﻦﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ﻭ ﺍﻭﻭﻡ )ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺵ( ﻣﻮﻻﮊ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺋﻮﮊﻧﺰ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪) ،‬ﻣﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﮔﻮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ (‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻮﺗﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺘﺎﺭﻩ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻔﻴﻮﻛﺴﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﻻﻡ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﻠﻴﻮﺍﻻ‪ ،‬ﺑﻼﺳﺘﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﮔﺎﺳﺘﺮﻭﻻ‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻧﻮﺭﻭﻻﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺳﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ )‪ ٣- ٥‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮﻱ(‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﻗﻮﺭﺑﺎﻏﻪ )‪ ١٠‬ﻭ ‪ ٧‬ﻭ ‪ ٥‬ﻣﻴﻠﻲﻣﺘﺮﻱ (‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ )ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ( ﺩﺭ ‪ ١٨ ،١٦‬ﻭ ‪ ٢٤‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎﻱ ﻃﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺿﻲ‬
‫‪ - ١٢‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺟﻪ ‪ ٧٢‬ﻭ ‪ ٩٦‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ ﻭ ‪ ٨‬ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻪ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻳﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻩ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺴﻨﻲ ﻛﻮﭼﺼﻔﻬﺎﻧﻲ‪ " ،‬ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ"‪،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.١٣٨٨ ،‬‬
‫‪2- M .T. Harman, "Laboratory Outlines for Embryology", Nabu Press., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٣٥‬‬
 ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪English for Zoology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ـ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﻙ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻛﹸﺘﹸﺐ‬
‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-١‬‬
‫ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﮊﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧ ﺖ‬ ‫‪-٣‬‬
‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻧﮕﻠ ﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫‪-٥‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﻤﮑﺎﺭﺍﻥ‪ " ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻫﺎﺩﻱ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻤﺖ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬

‫‪٢٣٦‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫‪٢٣٧‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Biology of Parasites‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ـ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺍﻭﻝ ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻫﻤﺰﻳﺴﺘﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻴﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺷﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺪﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻴﺰﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ـ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻓﺘﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻭﺯﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺳﻦ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻥﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﺵ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﭘﺎﺳﺦﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺮ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺭﺍﺯﻳﺘﻴﺰﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ـ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻣﻴﺰﺑﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪﺍﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺩﻭﻡ ‪ :‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﭼﺮﺧﺔ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻣﻲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﻭﺁ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺎﮊﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﺩ )ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﻛﺮﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻬﻦ ﺗﻮﺭﺑﻼﺭﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻣﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺴﺘﺪﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﺝ‪ .‬ﭼﺮﻧﻴﻦ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺿﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ )ﺟﻠﺪ ﺩﻭ(‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺍ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻉ‪ .‬ﺍﻃﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻳﻴﮋ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪4- T.V. Rajan,“Textbook of M edical Parasitology” BI Publications Pvt Ltd. 2009.‬‬

‫‪٢٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪Biology of Parasites Laboratory‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪١:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪﺓ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﻧﮕﻞﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻻﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﻭﺁ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﮊﻳﺎﺭﺩﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺸﻤﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻛﺴﻮﭘﻼﺳﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﭙﺎﻧﻮﺯﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﺎﻣﺒﺎﻫﻴﺴﺘﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻜﺎﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻻﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﻠﻮﺁﻣﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ‪ :‬ﺁﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﺱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺳﻜﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﻛﺮﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻼﺑﺪﺍﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﻜﻮﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻳﺸﻴﻨﻼ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﺭﻳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺗﺮﻣﺎﺗﺪﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﻓﺎﺳﻴﻮﻻ‪ ،‬ﺷﻴﺴﺘﻮﺯﻭﻣﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺳﺴﺘﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﻨﻴﺎﺳﺎﮊﻳﻨﺎﺗﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻴﻨﺎﺳﻮﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻴﻨﻮﻛﻮﻛﻮﺱ ﮔﺮﺍﻧﻮﻟﻮﺯﻭﺱ‪ ،‬ﻫﻴﻤﻨﻮﻟﻴﭙﺲ ﻧﺎﻧﺎ ﻭ ﻫﺮﺩﻳﻤﻴﻨﻮﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ ﻧﻴﺰﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻴﺪﻳﻮﻡ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﭖ‪ .‬ﻫﺎﻭﮐﻲ ﮔﻴﻠﺴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ )ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺼﻲ("‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻥ ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﻳﻦ ﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۴ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﻑ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﺵ ﺭﺍﺩ‪" ،‬ﺍﻃﻠﺲ ﺍﻧﮕﻞ ﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ ﭘﺰﺷﮑﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﮏ ﻳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ"‪،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﮐﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﻴﺮ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﺮ ﮐﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ‪" ،‬ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﻭﺋﻮ ﻟﻮﮊﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.۱۳۸۸ ،‬‬

‫‪٢٣٩‬‬
 ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪Icthyology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪:‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻮﻉ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ ،‬ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎﺕ ﻛﻠﹼﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﭘﻮﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٥‬ﺍﺳﻜﻠﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺮﻛﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺷﻨﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﻳﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٦‬ﻏﺬﺍﻱ ﻣﺎﻫﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻀﻢ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻏﺬﺍ‪ ،‬ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺭﺷﺪ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٧‬ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺧﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٨‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻓﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﺳﻤﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٩‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺴﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١٠‬ﻣﺎﻫﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺑﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ١١‬ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺭﺵ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۱‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﮐﻴﺎﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻩ‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻨﻮﻧﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‪" ،‬ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ ﺧﺰﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﺑﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻭ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻱ‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎﻥ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩ ﺳﺒﺰ‪.١٣٨٤ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﻁ‪ .‬ﺣﺒﻴﺒﻲ‪" ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٧ ،‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﻍ‪ .‬ﻭﺛﻮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺏ‪ .‬ﻣﺴﺘﺠﻴﺮ‪" ،‬ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﺏ ﺷﻴﺮﻳﻦ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.١٣٨٨ .‬‬

‫‪٢٤٠‬‬
4- K. F. Lagler, J. E. Bardach, R. R. M iller, D. R. M aypassino,“Icthyology”, John Wiley and
Sons. 1977.
5- C.P. Hickman and S.L. Keen, “Integrated Principles of Zoology”, M cGraw Hill, 2008.

٢٤١
 ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪Immunohematology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭﺍﻛﻨﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﮊﻥ ‪-‬ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻛﻤﭙﻠﻜﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻤﻦ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﻭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻮﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬

‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺎﮊﻭﺭ ﻭ ﻣﻴﻨﻮﺭﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﻫﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻴﻚ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﺮﻭﻫﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻧﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﺎﺯﮔﺎﺭﻱ‪،‬ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﺧﻮﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪-٤‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1-K.D. Blaney and P.R. Howard, “Basic and Applied Concepts of Immunohematology”, Second‬‬
‫‪Edition, M osby, 2009.‬‬
‫‪2-E.D. Quinley, “ Immunohematology: Principles and Practice”, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins,‬‬
‫‪2010.‬‬
‫‪3-D.M . Harmening, “M odern Blood Banking And Transfusion Practices”,5th Edition, Hayden-‬‬
‫‪M cNeil Publishing, 2005.‬‬
‫‪4-W.J. Judd et al, “Judd's M ethods in Immunohematology”,3rd Edition, AABB Press, 2008.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٢‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬
‫‪Reproduction Physiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪٤‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺣﻔﻆ ﺑﻘﺎﺀ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ١‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺟﻨﺴﻴﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺁﻳﻨﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻚﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲﻫـﺎ ﺗـﺎ ﺁﻏﺎﺯﻳـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﭘﺮﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﺨﺘﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٢‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻧﺮ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧـﺮ ‪ -‬ﺑﻠـﻮﻍ‬
‫ﺟﻨﺲ ﻧﺮ ‪ -‬ﮔﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﺮ ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻡ ‪ -‬ﺍﺳﭙﺮﻣﺎﺗﻮﮊﻧﺰﻳﺰ ‪ -‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ – ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﻭ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻧﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ - ٣‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪-‬ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺗﺸـﺮﻳﺢ ﺩﺳـﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳـﻠﻲ ﺟـﻨﺲ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺑﻠﻮﻍ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺭﺣﻢ ‪ -‬ﮔﻨﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻤﺪﺍﻥ ‪ -‬ﺗﺨﻤﻚﺯﺍﻳﻲ ‪ -‬ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺟﻨﺴﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺣﺎﻣﻠﮕﻲ ‪ -‬ﺗﻜـﻮﻳﻦ ﻗﺒـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ‪ -‬ﺗﻮﻟﺪ ﻧﻮﺯﺍﺩ ‪ -‬ﻳﺎﺋﺴﮕﻲ ‪ -‬ﻛﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻫﻮﺭﻣﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ ‪ -‬ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ ﻣﺤﻴﻄـﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﻤـﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎ ﺩﺭ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻞﻛﺮﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻨﺎﺳﻠﻲ ﻣﺎﺩﻩ‬
‫‪ - ٤‬ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺍﻥ ‪ -‬ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺗﺨﻢ ‪ -‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻘﺎﺡ ﺗﺎ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ﺟﺪﻳـﺪ‪ .‬ﺗـﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻮﺍﻣـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ‪ -‬ﻧﻘﺺﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺩﺭﺯﺍﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻑ‪.‬ﺝ ‪ .‬ﻻﻧﮕﻮ‪" ،‬ﻟﻘﺎﺡ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪:‬ﺡ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﻬﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺱ‪ .‬ﺻﺎﻟﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻝ‪ .‬ﺩﻟﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۵ ،‬‬
‫‪2- K.S. Saladin, "Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function", 3rd Edition,‬‬
‫‪M cGraw Hill., 2004.‬‬
‫‪3- S.F. Gilbert, "Developmental Biology", 9th Edition, Sinauer Associates Inc., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٣‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Blood Physiology‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻭﺍﺣﺪﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪۲:‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪-:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‪،‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ‬
‫ﻫﻤﻮﺳﺘﺎﺯ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮋﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﮏ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻧﺎ ﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺩﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﭘﻼﮐﺖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻮﺳﺘﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﭘﻼﮐﺘ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﭘﻮﺋﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﻭ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺑﻜﺎﺭﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻻﺕ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫& ‪1-J..P. Greeret al, “Wintrobe’s Clinical Hematology” ,12th Edition, Lippincott Williams‬‬
‫‪Wilkins. 2008.‬‬
‫‪2- M .A. Lichtmanet al,“Williams Hematology”, 8th Edition, M cGraw-Hill. 2010.‬‬
‫‪3-A.V. Hoffbrand et al, “Essential Haematology”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.2011.‬‬
‫‪4-A.K.Abbas et al, “Cellular and molecular immunology”, 6th Edition, Saunders.2010.‬‬
‫‪5-S.V.Rudmann“Textbook of Blood Banking and Transfusion M edicine”, 2nd Edition,‬‬
‫‪Saunders.2005.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٤‬‬
 ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫‪Blood Physiology Laboratory‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻭﺍﺣﺪﻋﻤﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ‪-:‬‬

‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪-:‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﻨﻴﺎﺯ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﺧﻮﻥ‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ‪،‬ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻜﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﮏ ﺧﻮﻥ ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﻬﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻫﻤﻮﮔﻠﻮﺑﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻛﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺮﻋﺖ ﺭﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﺭﻳﺘﺮﻭﺳﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ ﺁﻣﻴﺰﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﻮﺭﻓﻮﻟﻮﮊﻳﻚ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﭘﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮋﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻧﺤﻮﻩ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﺵ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺩﺳﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﺒﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫ﻓﺮﺍﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻧﻌﻘﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫ﻣﻄﺎ ﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻬﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻐﺰ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﻓﻴﻠﻮﮊﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-۵‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- G. Rozenberg, “M icroscopic Haematology a practical guide for the laboratory”, M arcel Dekker.‬‬
‫‪2004.‬‬
‫‪2- E.F. Glassy, “Coloratlas of Hematology: an illustrated field guide based on proficiency testing”,‬‬
‫‪The Gale Group Inc., 2005.‬‬
‫‪3- B.J. Bain, I. Bates, “Dacie and Lewis Practical Haematology”,10th Edition, Churchill‬‬
‫‪Livingstone, 2006.‬‬
‫& ‪4- S.B. M cKenzie, J.L. Williams, “Clinical Laboratory Hematology” ,2nd Edition, John Wiley‬‬
‫‪Sons, Inc., 2009.‬‬
‫‪5- R. Hillman, “Hematology in practice”, 5th Edition, M cGraw Hill., 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٥‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪Animal Biotechnology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬

‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﮐﻠﻴﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-۱‬‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﭘﻼﺳﻤﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-۲‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺩﺳﺖ ﻭﺭﺯﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺩﻱ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻱ ﻭ ﺁﻧﺰﻳﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﮐﻨﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻟﻴﮕﺎﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-۳‬‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺁﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﮑﻨﻴﮏ ﺗﺮﺍﺩﻑ ﻳﺎﺑﻲ‬ ‫‪-۴‬‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﮐﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻲ ﻫﻴﺒﺮﻳﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪-۵‬‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪-۶‬‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﮐﻠﻮﻧﻴﻨﮓ ﮊﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺴﺘﺎﻧﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪-۷‬‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺗﺮﺍﺭﻳﺨﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪-۸‬‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺁﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﺩﻱ ﻣﻮﻧﻮﮐﻠﻮﻧﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪-۹‬‬
‫‪ - ۱۰‬ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﮊﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦ ﻧﻮﺗﺮﮐﻴﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺩﻩ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬

‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬

‫‪1- 1- J.M . Walkerand R. Paplex, “M olecular Biology and Biotechnology”, Royal Society of‬‬
‫‪Chemistry , 2006.‬‬
‫‪2- 2- S.B. Primrose and R.W. Twyman, “Principles of gene manipulation”, Blackwell, 2010.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٦‬‬
 ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬
‫‪Radiobiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪ :‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻥ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ۱۳‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﭽﻪ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫‪- ۱۴‬ﺍﺗﻢ ﻭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖ ﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬
‫‪- ۱۵‬ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭ ﮐﺮﺩﻥ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻫﺶ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﮐﺘﻴﻮﻳﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻤﺮ‬
‫‪- ۱۶‬ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- ۱۷‬ﺁﺷﮑﺎﺭ ﺳﺎﺯﻱ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬
‫‪- ۱۸‬ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻲ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﻮﭖﻫﺎ‬
‫‪- ۱۹‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻧﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﺎﺯﻱ‬
‫‪- ۲۰‬ﺍﺗﻮ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۲۱‬ﺍﺛﺮﺍﺕ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‪ :‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﻴﺰﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﮐﺴﻴﺪﺍﺳﻴﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﮑﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﮑﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﺯﺍﺩ‬
‫‪- ۲۲‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ۲۳‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻣﮏ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻡ‬
‫‪ - ۲۴‬ﺍﺛﺮ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﺑﺮ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﻥ ﺳﺎﺯ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻮﺍﺭﺵ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻼﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭ‪" ،‬ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ )ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ("‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺒﺘﮑﺮﺍﻥ‪.۱۳۸۵ ،‬‬
‫‪" - ۵‬ﮒ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺘﻴﻞ‪" ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺑﺎﻟﻴﻨﻲ"‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭ‪ .‬ﻗﻮﺍﻡ ﻧﺼﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﮎ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻕ‪ .‬ﺻﻔﺎﺋﻴﺎﻥ ﻻﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮ‪،‬‬
‫‪.۱۳۸۵‬‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﻡ‪ .‬ﺭﺍﻋﻲ‪" ،‬ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ"‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻧﻮﺭ‪.۱۳۸۷ ،‬‬

‫‪٢٤٧‬‬
 ‫ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬
‫‪Cell and Tissue Culture‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ (‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﻨﺒﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻨﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺤﻴﻂﻫـﺎﻱ ﮐﺸـﺖ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺭﺍﺋﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ )ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﻛﺸﺖ – ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻝ ﮐﻴﻔﻲ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ )ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻲ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻲ ﻭ‪(...‬‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﻣﻮﺍﺩﻭ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ )ﺗﺎﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﻣﮑﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ – ﻛﺸﺖ ﻻﻳﻪﺍﻱ ‪ -‬ﻛﺸﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻖ(‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺪﺍﺳﺎﺯﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﭘﺎﺳﺎﮊ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺫﻭﺏ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻝﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﻭ ﺗﮑﺜﻴﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ‪RN A ،DNA‬ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﮐﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻭﮐﺸﺖ ﺩﻭﺩﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﻧﮏﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۱۰‬ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬ ‫‪J. P.M ather, “Introduction to Cell and Tissue Culture: Theory and Technique”, Plenum‬‬
‫‪Press,1998.‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪J. R. W. M asters, “Animal Cell Culture a Practical Approach”, Oxford University Press, 2000.‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬ ‫& ‪A. Doyle, “Cell and Tissue Culture: Laboratory Procedures in Biotechnology”,John Wiley‬‬
‫‪Sons, Incorporated, 2001.‬‬
‫‪4-‬‬ ‫‪J. M . Lord, “Essential Cell Biology: A Practical Approach”, 2nd Edition, Oxford University‬‬
‫‪Press, 2003.‬‬
‫‪5-‬‬ ‫‪D. H. Cheryl, “Basic Cell Culture Protocols”,Humana Press, 2005.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٨‬‬
 ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Cell Physiology‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ‪- :‬‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪٢ :‬‬
‫ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ‪- :‬‬
‫ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯ‪- :‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺱ‪ :‬ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ )ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﻫﺪﻑ ﺩﺭﺱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺩﺳﺘﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺪﻥ ﻭﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﮑﺎﻧ ﻴﺴﻢ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺭﺋﻮﺱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ - ۱‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۲‬ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﻏﺸﺎ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‪ ،‬ﭘﻤﭗﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۳‬ﺗﺤﺮﻳﮏ ﭘﺬﻳﺮﻱ ﻏﺸﺎﺀ‪ ،‬ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۴‬ﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺳﻴﻨﺎﭘﺴﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۵‬ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻮﻟﮑﻮﻟﻲ ﺍﻧﻘﺒﺎﺽ ﻋﻀﻼﺕ‬
‫‪ - ۶‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮﮒ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۷‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﺎﺛﻴﺮﺳﻤﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻫﺎ ﺑﺮ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ‬
‫‪ - ۸‬ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮑﻲ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮﺩ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﮐﺎﻧﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻳﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ - ۹‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺪﺩ ﺩﺭﻭﻥ ﺭﻳﺰ‬

‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﻮﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺷﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ‪ :‬ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪1-‬‬ ‫‪G. L.Fain, “M olecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons”, Harvard University Press, 1999.‬‬
‫‪2-‬‬ ‫‪N. Sperelakis, “Cell Physiology Source Book”, Academic Press, 2000.‬‬
‫‪3-‬‬ ‫‪G. G. M atthews, “Cellular Physiology of Nerve and M uscle”, Blackwell Publishing, 2003.‬‬
‫‪4-‬‬ ‫‪M . P. Blaustein, “Cellular Physiology”, Elsevier M osby, 2004.‬‬
‫‪5-‬‬ ‫‪W. F. Ganong, “Review of M edical Physiology”, M cGraw-Hill Professional, 2005.‬‬
‫‪6-‬‬ ‫‪A. C.Guyton, “Textbook of M edical Physiology”, Saunders, 2006.‬‬

‫‪٢٤٩‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۱‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻱ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪۱۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ*‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫)ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶﻫﺎ(‬
‫‪۱۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪*۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪*۲‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬
‫‪۲۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺁﻟﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ*‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
‫‪۲۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ*‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪۲۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ*‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺁﻣﺎﺭ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬
‫‪۲۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﻱ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﭙﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫‪۷‬‬
‫‪۲۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ ﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۸‬‬
‫‪۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۳۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﮏ‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ۱۷‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫* ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻳﻚ ﺳﺎﻋﺖ ﺣﻞ ﺗﻤﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪٢٥٠‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ - ۲‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺸﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫‪۳۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫‪۳۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪۳‬‬
‫‪۳۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ‬ ‫‪۴‬‬
‫‪۴۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۵‬‬
‫‪۴۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬
‫‪۴۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺍﺕ ﺯﻧﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪۶‬‬
‫‪۴۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪۷‬‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫‪۸‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻚ‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫‪۴۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۵۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻗﺎﺭﭺ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫‪۵۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۱‬ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ(‬ ‫‪۱۲‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۵۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۳‬‬
‫)ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ(‬
‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۵۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ) ۲‬ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ(‬ ‫‪۱۴‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۵‬‬
‫) ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ(‬
‫‪۵۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۳‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪(۱‬‬ ‫‪۱۶‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۳‬‬
‫‪۵۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۷‬‬
‫)ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪(۱‬‬
‫‪۵۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۴‬ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪(۲‬‬ ‫‪۱۸‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۳‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۹‬‬
‫)ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‪(۱‬‬
‫‪۵۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ (‬ ‫‪۲۰‬‬
‫‪۶۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ(‬ ‫‪۲۱‬‬
‫‪۶۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۲‬ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ(‬ ‫‪۲۲‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲۳‬‬
‫)ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻮﻉ(‬
‫‪۶۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۳‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ(‬ ‫‪۲۴‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۳‬ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲۵‬‬
‫ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ(‬

‫‪۶۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۴‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ(‬ ‫‪۲۶‬‬

‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۴‬ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﻭ‬

‫‪۶۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲۷‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ(‬
‫‪۷۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪) ۱‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ‬ ‫‪۲۸‬‬

‫‪٢٥١‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ(‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۷۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲۹‬‬
‫)ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ) ۲‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۳۰‬‬
‫ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ(‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳۱‬‬
‫) ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ(‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۳‬‬
‫‪۷۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫‪۳۲‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ(‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪۳‬‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫)ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺰﻡ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫‪۳۳‬‬
‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ(‬
‫‪۷۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۳۴‬‬
‫‪۷۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ) ۱‬ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻛﻤﻲ(‬ ‫‪۳۵‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ) ۱‬ﻣﻨﺪﻟﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪۷۸‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳۶‬‬
‫ﻛﻤﻲ(‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪) ۲‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ‬
‫‪۸۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﮏ ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۳۷‬‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﮊﻧﻮﻡ(‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪۳۸‬‬
‫‪۸۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﻕ ﺯﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳۹‬‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ‪-‬‬

‫‪ ۵۳‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٢‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۳‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪۲۵‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ۲۹ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬
‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۸۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳ ﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۸۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۸۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۸۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻠﺒﻚ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۹۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺘﺰﺍﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﺯﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۹۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۹۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪١‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۹۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۹۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱۰۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱۰۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ‬
‫‪۱۰۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۰۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ‪۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﺘﻮﺳﻨﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻔﺲ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۰۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱۱۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۳۰‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٣‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۴‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ۱۲) ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ) ‪ ۱۲‬ﻭﺍ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺍﺯﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱۱۳‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۱۴‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۱۵‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱۱۶‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺍﺩﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۱۷‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺁﺑﺰﻱ‬
‫‪۱۱۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۲۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﻛﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۲۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۲۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۲۵‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱۲۷‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻭ‬
‫‪۱۲۸‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ‬
‫‪۱۲۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۱۳۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻛﻮﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺻﺤﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬
‫_‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۳۲‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪۱۳۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻗﺎﺭﭼ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺭﭼﻬﺎ‬
‫‪۱۳۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻱ‬
‫‪۱۳۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻭﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺮ ﺩﻳﺮﻳﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻥ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٤‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۵‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪،‬‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫‪ ۲۹‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫‪۱۳۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۴۰‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۴۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ (‬
‫‪۱۴۳‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ (‬
‫‪۱۴۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۴۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫‪۱۴۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱﺑﺎﮐﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۱۵۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۵۲‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ‬
‫‪۱۵۴‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬
‫‪۱۵۶‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻏﺬﺍﺋﻲ‬
‫‪۱۵۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۶۰‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﻬﺎ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫‪۱۶۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ (‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ (‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ (‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫‪۱۶۳‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ (‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫‪۱۶۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬
‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ (‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ‪٢‬‬
‫‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ۲۹‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٥‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۶‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﮊ ﻱ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍ ﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ۱۴) ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫) ‪ ۱۲‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ ﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱۶۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺭﭺﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻱﺯﺍ‬
‫‪۱۶۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۶۹‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺮﻡ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻬﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻳﺎﻳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﺮﻭﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫‪۱۷۵‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﻮﺯﺋﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫) ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻤﻬﺎ(‬
‫‪۱۷۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﻣﻴﮑﺮﻭﺑﻲ‬
‫‪۱۷۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏ‬
‫‪۱۸۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۱۸۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪۱۸۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬
‫‪۱۸۳‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬
‫‪۱۸۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ ﻭ ﮊﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﺲ‬
‫‪۱۸۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻳﻬﺎﻱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ(‬ ‫ﻋﻔﻮﻧﻲ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ )‪( ٢‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ(‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ(‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺮﻱﻫﺎ ) ‪( ٢‬‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٦‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۷‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ‪ ۲۵‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪ ۲۶ ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ‬
‫‪۱۸۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫)ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ(‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ‬
‫‪۱۹۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۱۹۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۱۹۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۱۹۴‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪۱۹۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۱۹۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻮﻟﻴﺴﻢ ‪۳‬‬
‫‪۱۹۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۱۹۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺶ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻣﻴﻢ ‪DNA‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۲۰۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۳‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪۲۰۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۲۵‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ ۲۶‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٧‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ :۸‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪۱۲)،‬‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‪۱۳) ،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﺱ ﻓﻌﻠ ﻲ‬
‫‪۲۰۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻮﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۲۰۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬
‫‪۲۰۶‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻛﺸﺖ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪۲۰۷‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪۲۰۸‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ‬
‫‪۲۰۹‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ‬
‫‪۲۱۰‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺍﺭﮔﺎﻧﻴﺴﻢﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪۲۱۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﻛﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫‪۲۱۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺷﻴﻤﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﻭﺗﺌﻴﻦﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ‬
‫‪۲۱۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ ﺭﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻼﺡ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ ﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬
‫ﮊﻧﺘﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺍﻧﻔﻮﺭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻚ‬
‫ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ‬
‫‪۲۱۵‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٨‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ : ٩‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺍﻟﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ )‪٢٧‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ (‬

‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭﻭﺱ‬
‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬
‫‪۲۱۷‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪٢١٨‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﮔﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪١‬‬
‫‪۲۲۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪٢٢١‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﻣﻬﺮﻩﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ‪٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۲۲۲‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫)ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ(‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪٢٢٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺑﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ‬
‫‪۲۲۴‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٣‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪١‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪٢٢٦‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۱‬‬
‫‪۲۲۷‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪٤‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪٢‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ‪-‬‬ ‫‪۱۰‬‬
‫‪۲۳۹‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ‪۲‬‬
‫‪۲۳۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱۱‬‬
‫‪۲۳۲‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺷ ﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬
‫‪٢٣٣‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭ ﻱ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺟﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬
‫‪۲۳۴‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﻭﻳﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪۱‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺟﻨﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬
‫‪٢٣٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۲۳۶‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﻥ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٦‬‬
‫‪٢٧‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻊ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٥٩‬‬
 ‫ﺟﺪﻭﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻘﻲ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ - ١٠‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﻠﻮﻡﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬

‫ﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪،‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‪ ۱۰)،‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻳﻒ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﺁ‬ ‫ﻥ‬ ‫) ‪۱۲‬ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﺍﺯ‬
‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﻫﺎﻱ‬
‫ﺯﻳﺮ (‬
‫‪۲۳۸‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫‪٢٣٩‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺍﺣﺴﺎﺱ‬ ‫‪٣‬‬
‫‪۲۴۰‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪١‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫‪۲۴۲‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻤﻮﻧﻮﻫﻤﺎﺗﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﻤﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪۲۴۳‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫‪٦‬‬
‫‪۲۴۴‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫‪٧‬‬
‫ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺧﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻮﻝ ﺭﺩﻩﺑﻨﺪﻱ‬ ‫‪٨‬‬
‫‪٢٤٥‬‬ ‫‪١‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫‪۲۴۶‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺟﺎﻧﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ـــ‬ ‫‪۹‬‬
‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﺗﻮ ﻱ‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪۲۴۷‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬
‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮﻱ‬
‫‪۲۴۸‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﮐﺸﺖ ﺳﻠﻮﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫__‬ ‫‪١١‬‬
‫‪۲۴۹‬‬ ‫‪۲‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﮊﻱ ﺳﻠﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫__‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬

‫ﻥ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﻧﻈﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﻭﺱ ﺁﺯﻣﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬

‫‪٢٦٠‬‬