#117 – What Facility
Managers Need to Inspect
on a Fire Sprinkler System,
Part 3
July 17, 2018
The NFPA inspection requirements for
fire pumps in commercial sprinklers
In the first two installments of QRFS’ series on the inspection of
commercial fire sprinklers, we detailed the National Fire Protection
Association (NFPA) requirements for the annual visual inspection of
sprinkler heads, pipe, and fittings:
What Facility Managers Need to Inspect on a Fire Sprinkler System, Part
1
What Facility Managers Need to Inspect on a Fire Sprinkler System, Part
2
NFPA 25: Standard for the Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-
Based Fire Protection Systems lists a number of other check-ups, some of
which depend on the type of fire protection system and its components.
In this piece, we go over the inspection schedule required for commercial
fire sprinklers that use onsite fire pumps to pressurize water in the
system.
Are you just looking for components for a fire sprinkler system? Check
out our inventory of cover plates, escutcheons, fire sprinkler heads,
and other components and tools, or just use the search bar to find what
you’re looking for.
Fire pumps have complex inspection
requirements
Many sprinkler systems require onsite fire pumps to ensure that the
water pressure is adequate for the building’s needs. These often include:
Any building that relies on a (non-gravity) water storage
tank for the fire protection system’s water supply or uses a
municipal supply with insufficient pressure.
High-rise buildings: Fighting gravity to deliver adequate
water pressure to upper floors requires the aid of a pump.
Large industrial spaces and storage warehouses: The sheer
size of these facilities plus the lack of separated interior
rooms place a lot of pressure demand on a fire sprinkler
system. In addition, many of these spaces have special fire
protection systems that are different than run-of-the-mill
sprinklers.
Fire pumps “and their associated equipment” can “cost from $20,000 to
more than $1,000,000 when suction tanks are required.” And since they
are complex pieces of machinery that are vital to the operation of these
systems, they have varied and highly detailed inspection requirements.
Fire pumps are powered by a diesel, electric, or steam turbine engine,
and each variety has different needs. Their installation specifications are
covered in NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for
Fire Protection, whereas inspection details are found in NFPA 25.
Given the intricacy of this equipment, there are generally two major
categories of commercial inspection:
Weekly inspections that can be completed by onsite facility
personnel for the sake of convenience;
and more complex monthly, quarterly, semiannual,
annual, or biennial inspections – often coupled with testing
and maintenance – that are done by a fire safety professional.
NFPA “does not mandate that a specific inspection form must be used”
for weekly inspections, but says that “it is important to document that
each item required to be inspected has been addressed at the proper
frequency.” The organization also explicitly states that inspection should
be done according to the fire pump manufacturer’s specifications, but
provides an alternative schedule as well.
An
inspection of a fire pump. Image source: Security Fire, a life safety
professional services provider in Memphis, TN.
Weekly NFPA fire pump inspections
From the 2017 Edition of NFPA 25
8.2.2* The pertinent visual observations specified in the following checklists shall be
performed weekly:
Weekly inspection of pump house conditions
NFPA first outlines what should be checked out in the space where the
fire pump is located:
(1) Pump house conditions are determined as follows:
(a) Heat is adequate, not less than 40°F (4.0°C) for pump room with electric
motor or diesel engine–driven pumps with engine heaters.
(b) Heat is adequate, not less than 70°F (21°C) for pump room with diesel
engine–driven pumps without engine heaters.
These guidelines are intended to keep water from freezing in the pipes
that safeguard the pump room. In addition, the higher temperature
needs of diesel engines reflect the fact that cold temperatures can
specifically impact their performance.
Diesel and electric engines are also affected by very high temperatures;
diesel engines “are derated 1 percent for each 10°F (5.6°C) above 77°F
(25°C) ambient temperature.” And many “controllers [in electric engines]
have maximum operating temperatures of 104°F (40°C),” while this limit
is “122°F (50°C)” in others. Thus, on a weekly basis, use the Goldilocks
Rule to make sure that pump houses are climate controlled: not too cold
and not too hot.
(c) Ventilating louvers are free to operate.
Diesel pumps require adequate air ventilation, and louvers help
“maintain fresh air for proper diesel system combustion and room air
temperature control.” Check to make sure the louvers are not broken,
blocked, frozen, or otherwise out of operation.
(d) Excessive water does not collect on the floor.
(e) Coupling guard is in place.
Water could, of course, be a sign of a leak that needs to be corrected.
And while commercial pumps typically sit pretty high off of the floor,
deep standing water can interfere with the pump’s operation.
A coupling guard is a removable cover that protects people from the
engine’s moving components, and the components from objects that
could damage them. Make sure it’s good to go.
Weekly inspection of pump system conditions
From the 2017 Edition of NFPA 25
(2) Pump system conditions are determined as follows:
(a) Pump suction and discharge and bypass valves are fully open
A suction control valve is “used to prevent the fire pump from
outdrawing the available [water] supply,” a discharge relief valve guards
against pressure surges, and a bypass valve makes sure that the fire
sprinklers have access to the onsite water supply if the pump isn’t
functioning. NFPA says that all “valves directly associated with the fire
pump (i.e., in the pump room) must be part of the weekly visual
inspection,” and in these three cases, they must be in the open position.
(b) Piping is free of leaks.
NFPA states that “Piping leaks in suction and discharge piping, most
frequently found at flanges or couplings … can be considered
impairments or can lead to impaired systems, depending on the severity
of the leak.” This video shows a leaking fire pump, plus what it looks like
when the coupling guard is not in place:
(c) Suction line pressure gauge reading is within acceptable range.
Calculating the acceptable range on a suction line pressure gauge may a
little tricky. NFPA specifies the following:
Where the water supply is taken from a tank, the gauge should be positive at a
pressure approximately equal to the water height in the tank multiplied by 0.433
psi/ft. As an example, a pump attached to a tank that has 20 ft (6.1 m) of water
above the point of the pipe connection should have approximately 8.5 psi (0.6 bar)
on the suction gauge [0.433 psi/ft 3 20 ft 5 8.7 psi (0.6 bar)].
Where the supply is from a public source, the gauge should equal the public water
supply pressure, adjusted for elevation changes.
A prudent step is to get the appropriate pressure range from a life safety
professional and the manufacturer’s instructions, followed by verifying
the gauge reading is appropriate every week.
(d) System line pressure gauge reading is within acceptable range.
When the pump is not running, this reading “should be the same as the
suction pressure gauge.” (see above)
(e) Suction reservoir has the required water level.
If the system utilizes a tank, the water level of the supply the pump
draws from is checked via an altitude float – whereas the water supplied
from an underground well or reservoir involves reading a gauge. Consult
the manufacturer’s instructions and/or the life safety professional who
installed the system for specifics.
(f) Wet pit suction screens are unobstructed and in place.
Screens guard against debris that can enter the system from the water
reservoir:
Th
e screens toward the bottom left of this diagram serve to block debris
from the reservoir. Source: NFPA 25 Handbook
You must make sure:
There is a trash rack; this is simply another name for the
“primary” screen that blocks and collects debris while
allowing water to flow freely.
There are two sets of screens.
And that the pump suction strainer is at the bottom of the
submerged pump assembly. This is a “secondary” screen; to
view its approximate placement, look at the diagram shown
above (“strainer”).
Screens are necessary to protect the pump from objects that can impair
the machinery or collect in and block system pipes.
(g) Waterflow test valves are in the closed position, the hose connection valve
is closed, and the line to test valves is free of water.
Waterflow test valves, as the name specifies, are used to test the
waterflow of the system. They should always be closed unless being used
for this purpose. An open or even a leaking valve will/may cause the
pump to activate. Further, water must be fully drained to protect valves
and the pipes that feed them from freeze damage, if that is a possibility.
The presence of leftover water mixed with air also causes corrosion in
metallic components.
Weekly inspection of the electrical system and pump
components
Electrical pumps have specific inspection needs; if you have a diesel
pump, the actions specifically related to it in the section after this one
apply. This video provides a good run-through of electrical pump
components and the pump’s basic operation:
From the 2017 Edition of NFPA 25
3) Electrical system conditions are determined as follows:
(a) Controller pilot light (power on) is illuminated.
(b) Transfer switch normal pilot light is illuminated.
A transfer switch enables switching between alternate sources of power,
such as between the municipal grid and a backup generator. It is only
present on electric pumps that have this specific set-up. (c) Isolating
switch is closed — standby (emergency) source.
An isolator switch “is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is
completely de-energized for service or maintenance.” NFPA states that
“isolation switches on each source of power to an electric motor drive
must be closed when the pump is in the operating or standby condition.”
(d) Reverse phase alarm pilot light is off, or normal phase rotation pilot light
is on.
Many pumps have multi-phase electric motors; if the “phase sequence” is
set up incorrectly, the pump can run in the wrong direction. Proper
installation means that this is unlikely to be a problem, so the “reverse
phase alarm pilot light” should be off at all times, while a normal phase
light should be lit.
(e) Oil level in vertical motor sight glass is within acceptable range.
(f) Power to pressure maintenance (jockey) pump is provided.
Make sure the maintenance pump (also known as a jockey pump) has a
working power supply and check the manufacturer’s instructions to verify
the correct oil level. This video illustrates how to shut off a main pump
and then turn it back on after using a jockey pump for maintenance
testing:
NFPA also instructs inspectors to evaluate and record “the general
condition of the electrical components. … Potential problems that can be
discovered include rodent nesting, plugged motor vents, broken parts,
unlocked controller doors, and improperly labeled electrical panel
boards. “If the pump room is equipped with electric heat, the thermostat
should be checked to determine that it is operating in cold weather and
that the temperature is set at normal room temperature. Any electric
controls for ventilation should also be verified that they are fully
operational.”
Weekly inspection of diesel system pump components
A specific set of weekly inspections is needed for a pump with a diesel
engine:
From the 2017 Edition of NFPA 25
(4) Diesel engine system conditions are determined as follows:
(a) Fuel tank is at least two-thirds full.
The two-thirds-full rule is based on a standard calculation of demand
based on the fact that tanks are “designed to hold an 8-hour supply of
fuel for the diesel engine.” This rule could be adjusted in light of actual
demand by your pump. Regardless of whether it is used, all fuel should
be replaced at least yearly.
(b) Controller selector switch is in auto position.
Controller selector switches have auto, off, and manual positions. The
“manual” setting enables manually starting the pump, and the “off”
setting is one way of stopping a diesel engine.
The “auto” mode means that the pump is standing by and ready to
engage when an emergency (activated by a drop in air or water pressure
in the sprinkler system) calls for pressurized water. Auto is where you
want it during an inspection.
(c) Batteries’ (2) voltage readings are within acceptable range.
(d) Batteries’ (2) charging current readings are within acceptable range.
(e) Batteries’ (2) pilot lights are on or battery failure (2) pilot lights are off.
(f) All alarm pilot lights are off.
(g) Engine running time meter is reading.
(h) Oil level in right angle gear drive is within acceptable range.
(i) Crankcase oil level is within acceptable range.
(j) Cooling water level is within acceptable range.
(l) Battery terminals are free from corrosion.
(m) Water-jacket heater is operating.
Water-jacket heaters heat water around an engine to keep it warm so it
starts quickly, uses less fuel, and suffers less wear and tear. A running
time meter enables you to track the life of the engine and perform
maintenance at needed intervals. If you see a lit alarm pilot light, you
know you have a problem. And all “acceptable ranges” for batteries and
oil levels should be gleaned from the manufacturer’s instructions. This
video from FM Global provides a brief run-through of the manual start of
a diesel fire pump:
Weekly inspection of steam system pump components
They’re pretty rare these days, but steam turbine fire pumps are still
around. They work when heated water is converted into high-pressure
steam which rotates “the blades of a turbine to create mechanical or
rotational energy.” NFPA 25 guidance on weekly inspection is pretty
simple:
From the 2017 Edition of NFPA 25
(5) *Steam system conditions: Steam pressure gauge reading is within acceptable
range
What about inspections at longer
intervals than a week?
NFPA 25 outlines a host of inspections that must be done monthly,
quarterly, semiannually, yearly, and biennially. Many of these checks line
up with additional maintenance and testing requirements. Because of
this complexity and the potential for dedicated testing and maintenance,
a life safety professional is typically utilized for these inspections.
Again, NFPA explicitly instructs individuals who are responsible for
inspection, testing, and maintenance of a fire pump to consult the
manufacturer’s specific instructions. But the organization also
provides a useful backup schedule; to see the complete, massive list of
all inspection, testing, and maintenance requirements specified by NFPA,
click on the preview image of the table below:
NFPA 25 offers a complete checklist of 71 different inspection,
maintenance, and testing actions spanning different types of
pumps. Click here or on the image above to see the entire list.
To be continued: What Facility
Managers Need to Inspect on a Fire
Sprinkler System
This concludes part three of QRFS’ series on the inspection of
commercial fire sprinkler systems – but we’re not done yet. In the next
and final installment of this series, we cover the inspection of waterflow
alarms, signage, and other components.
If you need to buy items for a commercial fire sprinkler system, review
our escutcheons, cover plates, commercial fire sprinkler heads, and other
components and tools, or just use the search function at the top of the
page.
If you have any questions regarding commercial fire sprinklers or need
help finding something, give us a call at 888.361.6662, comment below,
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