MAT 070
Calculus II
Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City
February 23, 2022
Chapter 5 The Techniques of Integration
5.6 Two Rationalizing Substitutions
RS I Whenever an integrand contains a single irrational expression of the form
p
(ax + b) q ,
where p and q are integers, the substitution
1
u = (ax + b) q ,
will convert the given integrand into rational function of u.
RS II If xq , q is an odd integer, and a single irrational expression of one of the
forms
p p p
a 2 − x2 , a2 + x2 , or x2 − a 2
appear in the integrand, then the substitution
p p p
u = a2 − x2 , u = a 2 + x2 , or u= x2 − a2 ,
will convert the integrand into a rational function of u.
Z √
3
x+8
Example 1 Find dx.
x
Solution:
√ By RS I, we let
u = 3 x + 8 = (x + 8)1/3 ⇔ u3 = x + 8
x = u3 − 8
dx = 3u2 du
Z √ 3
u3 du
Z Z
x+8 u 2
Then, dx = (3u du) = 3 .
x u3 − 8 u3 − 8
Simplifying the integrand using long division then we have,
u3 du
Z hR i
8
3 = 3 1 + u3 −8
u3 − 8 hR R 8du i
= 3 du + u3 −8 .
= 3u + 3(∗)
Z
8du
To evaluate the second term (∗) , we use partial fraction
u3−8
decomposition and write,
8 8 A Bu + C
= = + 2
u3 −8 2
(u − 2)(u + 2u + 4) u − 2 u + 2u + 4
So,
8 = A(u2 + 2u + 4) + (Bu + C)(u − 2).
When u = 2, A = 23
when u = 0, C = − 83 ,
when u = 1, B = − 23 . Therefore,
Z Z
8 8
(∗) 3
du = 2
du
u −8 Z (u − 2)(u + 2u + 4)
A Bu + C
= + 2 du
Z 2u − 2 u + 2u + 4
− 23 u − 38
3
= + 2 du
Z u − 2 u Z+ 2u + 4
2 du 2 u+4
= − 2
du
3 u−2 3 u + 2u + 4
2 2
= ln|u − 2| − (∗∗)
3 3
Z
u+4
Now, working on du, we apply completing the square. Thus,
u2
+ 2u + 4
we have u2 + 2u + 4 = (u2 + 2u + 1) + 3 = (u + 1)2 + 3. Let
y = uZ+ 1,u = y − 1 and du Z= dy . Moreso, u + 4 = y − 1 + 4 = y + 3 So,
u+4 u+4
(∗∗) 2
du = 2
du
u + 2u + 4 Z (u + 1) + 3
y+3
= dy
Z y2 + 3 Z
ydy dy
= 2
+3 2
y +3 y +3
Setting z = y 2 + 3, dz = 2ydy for the first term and for the second term we
apply√integration yielding inverse trigonometric function with a2 = 3 or
aZ= 3 Z Z
u+4 ydy dy
du = + 3
u2 + 2u + 4 2
Z ydz + 3
2
y + 3
2 1 y
= + 3 √ arctan √ +C
z 3 3
= 12 ln|z| + √33 arctan √y3 + C
= 12 ln|y 2 + 3| + √33 arctan √y3 + C
1 2 3 u+1
= 2 ln|u + 2u + 4| + 3 arctan
√ √
3
+C
Z Thus, Z
8 8
(∗) 3
du = 2
du
u −8 (u − 2)(u +Z2u + 4)
2 2 u+4
= ln|u − 2| − 2
du
3 3 u + 2u + 4
2 2 1
= ln|u − 2| − · ln|u2 + 2u + 4|+
3 3 2
√3 arctan u+1
√ +C
3 3
Therefore,
Z √
3
u3 du
Z
x+8
dx = 3 3
x Z u − 8Z
8du
=3 du +
u3 − 8
= 3u + 3 · 23 ln|u
− 2|−3·
2
3 · 21 ln|u2 + 2u + 4|
+3 · √33 arctan u+1√
3
+C
√ √
= 3 3 x + 8 + 2ln| 3 x + 8 − 2|
√ 2 √
−ln| 3 x +8 + 2 3x + 8 + 4|
√ √
3
x+8+1
+ 33 arctan √
3
+C
Z p
Example 2 Find x3 4 − x2 dx.
√
Solution: Let u = 4 − x2 = (4 − x2 )1/2 . Then u2 = 4 − x2 and
2udu
Z = −2xdx. So,
3
p R √
x 4 − x2 dx = x2 4 − x2 (xdx)
Z
= (4 − u2 )u(−udu)
Z
= (−4u2 + u4 )du
−4u3 u5
= + +C
3 √ 5 3 √ 5
−4 4 − x2 4 − x2
= + + C.
3 5
Exercise: Determine the following integrals:
√
Z
1. (x + 2) x − 1 dx
x−3
Z
2. 7 dx
(2x + 3) 4
−e
Z
3. 3 dx
x3 (x2 + 4) 2
1 − 3x3
Z
4. 6 dx
(5x − 1) 5
Z √
2 x+1−3
5. √ dx
3 x+1−2
x3 − x
Z
6. √ dx
9 − x2
Z p
7. x3x2 − 5 dx
Z √
3
x
8. √ dx
x−43x
4x3 dx
Z
9. 3
(25 + 4x2 ) 2
Z
x dx
10. 4
(3x − 1) 3
Z
dx
11. √
x−4 x−1+6
Z p √
2 y+1
12. dy
y
Z
3 dx
13. √
2 x+4+x+1
