1.

Differentiate primary and secondary sources of historical records, identify possible

repositories of primary sources; and appreciate the importance of history in the
social and national life of the Philippines. (20pts)

Materials are used for writing our history and they are usually classified
into primary and secondary sources. Primary sources are the sources that
enables the researchers to get as close as possible to what actually happened
during a historical event or time period. These are the original records of a
certain event by people who have actually experienced or witnessed it. These
sources might be in the form of diaries and journals, autobiography, sound
recordings and interviews, letters and correspondence, legislations, newspaper
articles, government documents, reports, photographs, and literatures. A primary
source can be identified through its authenticity according to the date of the
document, author, style of writing, its reference to events, its custody, semantics,
and hermeneutics. One example of this primary source is The Memoir of the
Revolution as the memoirs from it were based on events that Emilio Aguinaldo
recalled and the records that he kept from his diary.
On the other hand, secondary sources are sources that are written about
primary sources. These are the records or documents that are based on primary
sources and explains a certain event of the past through evaluation and
interpretation the records created during a historical period. Researchers
interpret the evidences on primary sources and are considered to be secondhand
information. These sources can be in the form of researches, textbooks, journals,
commentaries, biographies, criticism, reviews of literary and creative works, and
articles. An example of a secondary source is the Political Caricature of the
American Era by Alfred McCoy. It is a secondary source as from the fact that it is
a document of compilation of different caricatures made during the American era
by fellow Filipinos regarding the issues at the time. The caricatures in the
document aren’t made and created by Alfred McCoy, but instead compiled,
categorized, and gave background to each issue tackled as part of his
interpretation of the primary sources.
As our history as an example, we can already infer from it that we’ve come
a long way from our ancestors. History not only gives details about the past so
that it won’t be forgotten but it is necessary for the social and national life in our
country. History itself gives us more insights into our civic and daily life as
Filipinos. It paves the way for us to discover our origins, and reflect from it to be
better citizens of our nation and be better person for ourselves and in our society.
It lets the people in the society to know what our ancestors experienced and
suffered in the past in order to make our country what it is today, which can unify
people and make them into better persons with more resources and capabilities
to rebuild and continue the coherent goals for betterment and improvement of our
society. And as much as history shapes our beliefs and values, it can help us
understand and respect the common humanity, traditions, and diversity in our
country which shapes our national identity from which the different national
figures sacrificed their lives to accomplish. And from these accomplishments, we
 would reflect as to not take it for granted and further much improve the society
we once had fought to claim.

2. Look up a historical event in the Philippines that you'd like to learn more about.
Explain why you chose to study it and what primary sources you will need to gather
more information. List the secondary sources you will use to fully research the
event. What have you discovered after gathering the necessary sources? (20pts)

The historical event that I would definitely want to learn more is the event
of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. I chose to study this specific event because I was
reminded of this topic when we are discussing about the Katipunan in our
previous lessons. I was reminded of this topic because I remembered that this
event happened first before the Philippine Independence and I became curious
as to how did it play a role in the course of events in our history because I always
think back in elementary and high school what really is the relevance of the story
of the GOMBURZA to the grand narrative of the Philippine history.
The primary sources that would be necessary in digging deeper into the
event of 1872 Cavite Mutiny are reports/letters of the officials at the time
regarding the event, and the report of witnesses of the event in each of the two
sides – Spanish and Filipino side. However, with only limited access to different
documents across the internet, I was only able to find the primary source on the
report/letter of the current general in the time namely Governor General Rafael
Izquierdo to the Court-Martial of Manila where the Spanish military court is
located regarding the decision on punishment to Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and
Zamora, and other patriots on January 23, 1872. This document revealed to me
that Governor General Izquierdo reported to the Spanish Minister of War, on
January 23, 1872, blaming the Cavite Mutiny on the native clergy, some local
residents, intellectuals, and even El Eco Filipino, a Madrid-based reformist
newspaper. Significantly in this document, he calls the military mutiny an
“insurrection”, “uprising”, and “revolution” from which he involved the
GOMBURZA Fathers as he suspected that this uprising is meant to create a
different form of government where it is likely that, they would place at the head
of the government a priest chosen from the three Filipino Fathers. His report
magnified the event and made used of it to implicate the native clergies, which
was then active in the call for secularization. I wasn’t able to find any primary
sources on the witness reports from two sides as it is inaccessible for me, and
only secondary sources are available.
From my chosen event, I also found secondary sources in contrast to
primary sources that are hard to find. The secondary sources that I found are the
witness reports of the different sides of the story of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny in the
form of a compilation and interpretation of these witness reports entitled “The
Cavite Mutiny Toward a Definitive History” by John N. Schumacher. This book
also incorporated the interpretation on he primary source which I discussed
earlier, and also the two perspectives of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny. The first witness
report document in the book is written by Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish
 historian. He documented he Spanish perspective and highlighted it as an
attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. He
scored out that the abolition of such privileges by the workers of Cavite arsenal
created the main reasons of the revolution and that the native clergy were
allegedly involved with the rebels. On the other hand, the second witness report
document in the book was written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera,
a Filipino scholar and researcher regarding the Filipino version of the bloody
incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the
native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be
dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. However, it is not in conspiracy to
the native clergies and resident of Cavite. It only became a conspiracy due to the
fact that it was covered-up to be a conspiracy by General Izquierdo and the friars
as they feared that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past
and would be removed from their roles as new reforms are being installed on the
Central Government of Spain regarding the improvement of standard of
education in the Philippines. Dr. Tavera confirmed that the Madrid Government
came to believe that the scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the
real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution” reported by General Izquierdo and
the friars.
From contrasting the different sources, I was able to discover the facts
that aligned with each other. First, it is a fact that there was a dissatisfaction
among the workers of the Filipino arsenal as well as the members of the native
army after their privileges were drawn back by General Izquierdo. It is also
connected to this the fact that General Izquierdo really did introduced rigid and
strict policies that made the Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish
government out of disgust. And from this branches another one of the facts that
the Central Government of Madrid failed to conduct an investigation on what truly
transpired and only relied on reports of General Izquierdo and the friars. Another
fact was that the happy days of the friars were already numbered due to the
installment of new reforms depriving them of their power that prompted them to
commit frantic moves to extend their stay and power. Connected to this is also
the fact that the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization
movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the
country, which made them become prey to the rage of the friars. It is also during
the time that Filipinos were active participants, and responded to what they
deemed as injustices which also made them preys for conspiracy. And lastly, as
aligned to the written sources, the execution of the GOMBURZA was a blunder
on part of the Spanish Government from which it caused inspiration for Filipinos
from which a series of events branched out from this calling for reforms, and
eventually led to independence.

3. From the chosen historical event you answer in #2, Fill out the Written Analysis
Worksheet below: (50pts)

WRITTEN DOCUMENT ANALYSIS WORKSHEET

1 TYPE OF DOCUMENT?
 • “The Cavite Mutiny Toward a Definitive History” which is written by John N.
Schumacher is a journal article from the book “Philippine Studies: Historical
and Ethnographic Viewpoints (2011) 55-81” that accounts to the 1872
revolt in Cavite and the mutiny in Cavite.

2 Characteristics of the document?

• The document is a secondary source as it is a journal article that is written
from the interpretation of related primary sources.
• It is a journal article from a book titled “Philippine Studies: Historical and
Ethnographic Viewpoints”

3 Date it was written and published?

• It was not stated when was it written but it was published on January 2011.

4 Author of the Document

• The author of the document is John N. Schumacher, one of the most
prominent historians of the Philippines
• He was born on June 17, 1927 in Buffalo, New York and became a
naturalized Filipino Citizen in 1977.
• He entered the Society of Jesus on July 30, 1944 and arrived in the
Philippines four years later to undertake philosophical studies at the Sacred
Heart Novitiate. He then returned to the United States to pursue Theology
and was ordained as a priest on June 22, 1957.
• Also pursued a doctorate at Georgetown University out of his fascination
of Rizal.
Credibility of the author in writing this document
• He is a part of the pioneer faculty of Loyola House of Studies which is now
known as the Loyal School of Theology.
• He took his oath as a Filipino Citizen in 1977
• Received the Ateneo de Manila University’s Gawad Tanglaw ng Lahi which
is an award to those who have dedicated their life’s work to the pursuit of
Filipinism and the Filipino identity, regardless of race, creed, or political
affiliation.

5 For WHOM this document was written?

• This document was written generally as a reference for the Filipino people
to know about the 1872 Cavite Mutiny which sparked the first, but failed
movement, and inspiration to claim our independence.

6 Document Information. Answer the following questions:

A. List three things that describes the document that you think is
important.
o Informative – The document is extremely informative as it
expounded the connected events that happened during the time
which helped a lot in explaining the grand narrative of the event,
 such as the conclusion that the revolt in Cavite was not a mere
mutiny as perceived by fellow Filipinos at the time, but part of
a planned separatist revolution.
o Investigative – The document is also investigative as it was able to
narrow down the evidences and point out new truths, such as the
identification of the real planners of the revolution namely
Inocencio, de los Reyes, and Paraiso.
o Explicit – the document also stated clearly and in detail the events
that happened, leaving no room for confusion or clearing the doubts
from the event such as the innocence to the revolt of the three
priests who are executed.
B. Why is this document written? Cite the evidence from the document
on why it was written?
o As said in the document, it was written to compile and interpret the
textbook accounts of the 1872 revolt in Cavite which has generally
been seen as a mutiny of Filipino soldiers and arsenal workers over
local grievances, often portraying it as instigated by the friars with
the intention of eliminating the priests and lawyers agitating for
reforms. This article, basing itself principally on the extensive
account sent by Governor Izquierdo to the Overseas Minister, also
accepts his characterization of the revolt as a frustrated separatist
revolution, while rejecting his conclusions as to the instigators of the
revolt. Rather, it points to the real authors who escaped execution
because of their Masonic ties to Izquierdo. This document was
written to justify what really happened during the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
that is interpreted from both sides of the story and to clear out the
ambiguity of the events.
C. Narrate the authenticity/Genuity of the document
o Schumacher’s journal article is considered to be a secondary source
as it is a compilation of his interpretation and investigation from
different primary sources during the event of 872 Cavite Mutiny.
o Schumacher has been noticed by the Ateneo de Manila quite some
time after he got back to the Philippines, from which a lot of years
have passed before the book from which it was incorporated on was
published, meaning that extensive research was made by
Schumacher for this journal article. Also, his style of writing was
coherent from his previous books and articles.
o No anachronism is observed from his writing style and reference o
events.
o The book from which the journal article is incorporated is still in
custody of the Ateneo de Manila but can still be viewed online
though educational sites.
D. What is the relevance of the document?
o The relevance of this journal article, like any other historical
documents, comes from its purpose to bring facts regarding some
 significant historical events which are all crucial in understanding the
grand narrative of our history.
o The document gave an informative course of events and cleared the
ambiguity regarding the 1872 Cavite Mutiny from which a lot of
thoughts and misconceptions were cleared and new truths
resurfaced from uninvestigated evidences, documents, and facts.
o The document provided the conclusions which clarifies the
ambiguities in the event such as that the revolt in Cavite was not a
mere mutiny, but instead a par of a planned separatist revolution
planned by Inocencio, de los Reyes, and Paraiso, and that the
revolution as a whole failed because of the defection of he
committed Filipino troops. Also, although sentenced to death, they
were secretly commuted by Izquierdo, for being fellow Masons. The
here priests that had been executed also had nothing to do with the
revolt nor did the priests, lawyers, ad businessmen banished to the
Marianas have anything to do with it.

Part II. Fill out the graphic organizer below to write your response.

Caricature Describe the Meaning Important Issue

Title Objects/People that you Clues Present
see ed
American The drawing is split into The caricature The Bag-ong
Worker/ two box cells. The one on refers not to a ten- caricature Kusog, 9
Filipino the left has a smoking fold difference in being split Novemb
Worker healthy man pushing a Filipino and in half with er 1928
light cart with a tag “FIVE American manual one being
DOLLARS DAILY”. On wages within the the
the other hand, the colony, but to a complete
drawing on the right has a more fundamental opposite to
weak and skinny man inequality- the each other
carrying a big sac of difference in wages portrays
something by hand under and working the
a scorching sun and heat, conditions between depiction
with a tag that says “ONE the two countries. of
PESO DAILY” While a stevedore contrasting
on the San the two.
Francisco docks
earned $5.00 a day
(10 Pesos) for easy
mechanized labor,
the Filipino earned
only 1 Peso for
hauling sacs by
hand under Manila’s
tropical sun.
While The drawing is split into 6 The caricature The The
the rectangular cells, form shows that in the caricature Independ
Chinese which the upper half all past decade foreign is split into ent, 23
Progresses represent the Chinese merchants, Chinese half, June,
and the lower half included, have depicting 1917
represent the Filipinos. grown from small that it
The upper and lower traders into “now shows the
portion is split into 3 cells great merchants difference
namely being the year and bankers.” The of the
1907, 1912, and 1917. In Filipino, by contrast, Filipino
the 1907, the Chinese have remained and the
and the Filipino are at the hewers of wood and Chinese.
same age, different things drawers of water. Furthermor
that they are doing (the This shows that e, the
Chinese is a merchant, Filipino at the time caricature
while the Filipino is didn’t try to improve is also split
working as a drawer of their life situations into three
water), and social status. due to the fact that segments
However, in the 1912, the they think that hard to shows
Chinese aged a little but work is all they the
is seen to have a small need, while in compariso
store that he owned, contrast to the n of the
while the Filipino only Chinese that success
aged but is still on the improved their life and
same status but now with situations by being improveme
a slightly weaker body. strategic in life. nt of each
And lastly, on 1917, the other
Chinese now owns a car through
and can be seen that he the
must have a driver. On succeedin
the other hand, the g time.
Filipino is still stuck in the
same situation but now
with a much older age
and much weaker body.

Sources:
Histo-11 Cavite Mutiny Book Analysis and Review. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/ateneo-de-manila-university/rizal-and-the-

emergence-of-the-philippine-nation/histo11-cavite-mutiny-book-analysis-and-review-

notes/27818526
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2022, from https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/university-of-saint-anthony/business-

studies/readings-on-cavite-mutiny-controversy-spanish-filipino-version/12957468

Selected_sections_and_cartoons_from_Phil.pdf. (n.d.). Google Docs. Retrieved October 31,

2022, from https://drive.google.com/file/d/1eNiSy-v9jG1s7cxzG2MM-Ws0-

TSlkv0s/view

The Two Faces of the 1872 Cavity Mutiny. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://nhcp.gov.ph/the-two-faces-of-the-1872-cavite-mutiny/

The Official Report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872. (n.d.). Retrieved

October 31, 2022, from https://www.studocu.com/en-us/document/university-of-

mindanao/bachelor-of-science-in-civil-engineering/the-official-report-of-governor-

izquierdo-on-the-cavite-mutiny-of-1872-primary-source/26711181

The Cavite Mutiny. (n.d.). Retrieved October 31, 2022, from

https://www.studocu.com/ph/document/xavier-university-ateneo-de-cagayan/history/25-

schumacher-the-cavite-mutiny/20697283