SSCE1793: Tutorial 1 1

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

SSCE1793 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
TUTORIAL 1
1. Classify each of the following equations as an ordinary differential equation (ODE) or
a partial differential equation(PDE), give the order, and indicate the independent and
dependent variables. If the equation is an ODE, indicate whether the equation is linear or
nonlinear.
d2 x dx
(a) 3 +4 + 9x = 2 cos 3t (mechanical vibration, electrical circuit, seismology)
dt2 dt
dy y(2 − 3x)
(b) = (competition between 2 species)
dx x(1 − 3y)
∂2 u ∂2 u
(c) + =0 (Laplace’s equation, potential theory,electricity)
∂x2 ∂y2
dp
(d) = kp(P − p) where P and p are constants (logistic curve, epidemiology,economics)
dt
dx
(e) = (4 − x)(1 − x) (chemical reaction rates)
dt
2
d y dy
(f ) x 2 + + xy = 0 (aerodynamics, stress analysis)
dx dx
4
d y
(g) 8 4 = x(1 − x) (deflection of beams)
dx
2. Determine whether the given equation is separable, linear, neither or both.
dy dy yex+y
a. = sin x + y. b. = 2 .
dx dx x +2
dx dy
c. x + t2 x = sin t. d. 3t = et + y ln t.
dt dt
dy
e. (t2 + 1) = yt − y.
dt
3. Solve the following ODE using separable variables.
dy sec2 y dv 1 − 4v2
a. = b. x =
dx 1 + x2 dx 3v
dx dy
c. + x2 = x d. = 3x2 (1 + y2 )
dt dx
2
e. y−1 dy + yecos x sin xdx = 0 f. (x + xy2 )dx + ex ydy = 0
4. Solve the following Initial Value Problem.
dy √
a. y0 = x3 (1 − y), y(0) = 3 b. = (1 + y2 ) tan x, y(0) = 3
dx
dy p dy π
c. = 2 y + 1(cos x), y(π) = 0 d. = 2x cos2 y, y(0) =
dx dx 4
5. Obtain the general solution to the following ODE.
dr
a. + r tan θ = sec θ b. (t + y + 1)dt − dy = 0
dθ
dy dy
c. (x2 + 1) + xy = x d. (x2 + 1) = x2 + 2x − 1 − 4xy
dx dx
6. Solve the following Initial Value Problem.
dy dy 4
a. + 4y − e−x = 0, y(1) = e − 1 b. + 4y − e−x = 0, y(0) =
dx dx 3
dy 3y dy π
c. + + 2 = 3x, y(1) = 1 d. sin x + y cos x = x sin x, y( ) = 2
dx x dx 2
 7. Classify the equation as separable, linear, exact or none of these. Notice that some equa-
tions may have more than one classifications.
10
a. (x2 y + x4 cos x) − x3 dy = 0. b. (x 3 − 2y)dx + xdy = 0.
p
c. −2y − y2 dx + (3 + 2x − x2 )dy = 0. d. y2 dx + (2xy + cos y)dy = 0.
e. θdr + (3r − θ − 1)dθ = 0
8. Classify the equation as separable, linear, exact or none of these. Notice that some equa-
tions may have more than one classifications.
(a) (2xy + 3)dx + (x2 − 1)dy = 0.
(b) (cos x cos y + 2x)dx − (sin x sin y + 2y)dy = 0.
t
(c) dy + (1 + ln y)dt = 0.
y
(d) et (y − t)dt + (1 + et )dy = 0.
y x
(e) (2x + )dx + ( − 2y)dy = 0
1 + x2 y 2 1 + x2 y 2
9. Solve the initial value problem:
1 x
(a) (yexy − )dx + (xexy + 2 )dy = 0, y(1) = 1.
y y
1 y
(b) (y2 sin x)dx + ( − )dy = 0, y(π) = 1.
x x
10. For each of the following equations, find the most general function M (x, y) or N (x, y)
respectively so that the equation is exact.
x
(a) M (x, y)dx + (sec2 y − )dy = 0.
y
x
(b) (y cos (xy) + e )dx + N (x, y)dy = 0.
11. Consider the equation
(y2 + 2xy)dx − x2 dy = 0
(a) Show that this equation is not exact.
(b) Show that multiplying both sides of the equation by y−2 yields anew equation that
is exact.
(c) Use the solution of the resulting exact equation to solve the original equation.
(d) Were any solutions lost in the process?
12. Use the method discussed under ”Homogeneous Equations” to solve:
(a) (3x2 − y2 )dx + (xy − x3 y−1 )dy = 0.
(b) (x2 + y2 )dx + 2xydy = 0..
dy θ sec ( yθ ) + y
(c) = .
dθ θ
dy y(ln y − ln x + 1)
(d) = .
dx x
dy
13. Use the method discussed under ”Equations of the form = G(ax + by) ” to solve:
dx
dy √ dy
a. = x + y − 1. b. = (x − y + 5)2 .
dx dx

2
14. Use the method discussed under ”Bernoulli Equations” to solve:
dy dy 2y
a. − y = e2xy3 . b. = − x2 y 2 .
dx dx x
dy y 1 dx x
c. + = 5(x − 2)y 2 . d. + tx3 + = 0.
dx x − 2 dt t
15. Newton’s Law of Cooling. According to Newton’s Law of Cooling, if an object at
temperature T is immersed in a medium having the constant temperature M , then the
rate of change of T is proportional to the difference of temperature M − T . This gives the
differential equation,
dT
= k(M − T )
dt
(a) Solve the equation for T .
(b) A thermometer reading 100o is placed in a medium having the constant temperature
of 70o . After 6 minutes, the thermometer reads 80o . What is the reading after 20
min?
(c) Blood plasma is stored at 40o . Before the plasma can be used, it must be at 90o .
When the plasma is placed in an oven at 120o , it takes 45 min for the plasma to
warm to 90o . How long will it take for the plasma to warm to 90o if the oven is set
at 100o , 140o and 80o respectively?
(d) It was noon on a cold December day in Cameron Highland; 16o C. Detective Musa
arrive at the crime scene to find the sergeant leaning over a body. The sergeant said
that there were several suspects. If only they knew the exact time of dealth, then they
could narrow down the list. Detective Musa took out a thermometer and measured
the temperature of the body; 34.5oC. He then left for lunch. Upon returning at 1:00
pm, he found the body temperature to be 33.7o C. When did the murder occur? Hint:
Normal body temperature is 37o C.
(e) Just before midday, the body of an apparent homicide victim is found in a room that
is kept at a constant temperature of 70o F . At 12 noon, the temperature of the body
is 80o F and at 1 pm it is 75o F . Assume that the temperature of the body at the
time of death is was 98.6oF and that it has cooled in accord with Newton’s law of
cooling. What was the time of death?
16. Free Fall. An object falls through the air toward earth. Assuming only air resistance and
gravity are acting on the object, it is found that the velocity v must satisfy the equation
dv
m = mg − bv
dt
where m is the mass, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and b > 0 is a constant. If
m = 100 kg, g = 9.8 m/sec2 , b = 5 kg/sec, and v(0) = 10m/sec, solve for v(t). What is
the limiting (i.e., terminal) velocity of the object.
17. Vertical Motion. A particle moves vertically under the force of gravity against air
resistance kv2 , where k is a constant. The velocity v at any time t is given by the differential
equation
dv
= g − kv2 .
dt
If the particle starts off from rest show that
λ(e2λkt − 1)
v=
(e2λkt + 1)
r
g
such that λ = . Then find the velocity as the time approaches infinity.
k

3
18. Electric Circuit. The simplest electric circuit shown in Figure 1 contains an electromo-
tive force (usually a battery or generator) that produces a voltage of E(t) volts (V) an a
current of I(t) amperes (A) at time t. The circuit also contains a resistor with a resistance
of R ohm Ω and an inductor with an inductance of L henries (H). Ohm’s Law gives the
dI
drop in voltage due to the resistor as RI. The voltage drop due to the inductor is L .
dt
One of Kirchhoff’s says that the sum of voltage drops is equal to the supplied voltage E(t).
Thus we have
dI
L + RI = E(t)
dt
which is a first order linear differential equation. The solution gives the current I at time
t.
(a) Suppose that in the simple circuit of Figure 1, the resistance is 12Ω and the inductance
is 4H. If a battery gives a constant voltage of 60V and the switch is closed when t = 0,
so the current starts with I(0) = 0, find
i. I(t) ii. the current after 1 sec
iii. the limiting value of the current.
(b) Suppose that the resistance and inductance remain as in part (a) but, instead of the
battery, we use a generator that produces a variable voltage of E(t) = 60 sin 30t volts.
Find I(t).
19. Electric Circuit. Figure 2 shows a circuit containing an electromotive force, a capacitor
with a capacitance of C farads (F), and a resistor with a resistance of R ohms (Ω). The
voltage drop across the capacitor is Q/C where Q is the charge (in coulombs), so in this
case Kirchhoff’s Law gives
Q
RI + = E(t)
C
dQ
but I = , so we have
dt
dQ 1
R + Q = E(t).
dt C
(a) Suppose the resistance is 5Ω, the capacitance is 0.05F, a battery gives a constant
voltage of 60V, and the initial charge is Q(0) = 0C. Find the charge and the current
at time 4t.
(b) In the circuit of part (a), R = 2Ω, C = 0.01F, Q(0) = 0 and E(t) = 10 sin 60t. Find
the charge and current at time t.

4
 UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
SSCE1793 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
ANSWERS TO TUTORIAL 1
1. (a) ODE, 2nd order, ind.var. t, dep.var. x, linear.
(b) ODE, 1st order, ind.var.x, dep.var.y, nonlinear.
(d) ODE, 1st order, ind.var.t, dep.var.p, nonlinear.
2. a.linear b.separable c.not linear, not separable
d.linear e.separable and linear
3. (a) 2y + sin 2y = 4 arctan x + C.
Cet
(c) x = , x = 1.
Cet − 1
1
(e) y = .
C − ecos x
−x4
4. (a) y = 2e 4 + 1.
(c) y = sin2 x + 2 sin x.
(d) y = arctan (1 + x2 ).
a. r = sin θ + C cos θ. b. y = −t − 2 + Cet .
5.
−1
c. y = 1 + C x2 + 1 2 .
t−1
6. (b) x = − 2t−3 .
2
a. linear with y as dependent variable d. exact, linear with x as dep. var
7.
e. linear, r as dep var.
(C − 3x)
a. y = . b. sin x cos y + x2 − y2 = C.
8. (x2 − 1)
c. t ln y + t = C. e. x2 − y2 + arctan (xy) = C.
1
9(b). sin x − x cos x = ln y + + π − 1. (equation is separable, not exact.)
y
10(a). − ln |y| + f(x)
x2
11. a. y = . d. yes, y = 0.
C−x
 2
y y2
12(a). ln − =C
x6 x2
(x + C)2
13. (a) y = − x and y = −x.
4
(6 + 4Ce2x)
(b) y = x + and y = x + 4.
(1 + Ce2x )
5x2
14. (b) y = and y = 0.
x5+C
(d) x−2 = 2t ln |t| + Ct2 and x = 0.
15(c). 82.2 min; 31.8 min; Never attains desired temperature