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Fuzzy L8 Variables

The document discusses linguistic variables and their components. A linguistic variable combines linguistic values or terms to describe variables. It has five components: the name of the variable, the set of linguistic terms, the universe of discourse, a syntactic rule to generate terms, and a semantic rule assigning meanings. Linguistic terms are modified by hedges like "very" or "quite" which mathematically alter membership functions. Together, the terms and hedges allow flexible natural language descriptions of variables.

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19BEE053, MD SHAHID ANSARI
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36 views29 pages

Fuzzy L8 Variables

The document discusses linguistic variables and their components. A linguistic variable combines linguistic values or terms to describe variables. It has five components: the name of the variable, the set of linguistic terms, the universe of discourse, a syntactic rule to generate terms, and a semantic rule assigning meanings. Linguistic terms are modified by hedges like "very" or "quite" which mathematically alter membership functions. Together, the terms and hedges allow flexible natural language descriptions of variables.

Uploaded by

19BEE053, MD SHAHID ANSARI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINGUISTIC VARIABLES

Dr. Zaheeruddin
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
New Delhi, India

Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 9910170032
VARIABLES AND LINGUISTIC VARIABLES

l one of the most basic concepts in science is that of a


variable

l variable -numerical (X=5; X=(3, 2); …)


-linguistic (X is small; (X, Y) is much
larger)
A numerical variables takes numerical values: Age = 65
A linguistic variables takes linguistic values: Age is old
A linguistic value is a fuzzy set.

l the concept of a linguistic variable plays a central role in


fuzzy logic and underlies most of its applications
Linguistic Variables
l The concept of linguistic variables introduced by Zadeh is an
alternative approach to modeling human thinking
l Information is expressed in terms of fuzzy sets instead of crisp
numbers
l Linguistic variable is ”a variable whose values are
words or sentences in a natural or artificial language”.
l Each linguistic variable may be assigned one or more
linguistic values, which are in turn connected to a
numeric value through the mechanism of membership
functions.
Linguistic variables and
Linguistics values (Fuzzy Sets)
color: red, blue, green, yellow, …
age: young, middle-aged, old, very old
size: small, big, very big, …
distance: near, far, very, not very far, …

 young middle-aged
old
1

0 age
100
Linguistic Variables and Fuzzy Sets

A linguistic variable combines several fuzzy sets.


Linguistic variable : temperature
Linguistics terms (fuzzy sets) : { cold, warm, hot }

(x)
cold warm hot
1

0 20 60 x [C]
Linguistic Variables and Fuzzy Sets
For example, if age is interpreted as a linguistic variable, 
then  its  term-set,  T(    ),  that  is,  the  set  of  its  linguistic 
values, might be
T( age) = young + old + very young + not young + very 
old  +  very  very  young  +  rather  young  +  more  or  less 
young + .......  
where each  of  the  terms  in  T(age)  is  a  label  of  a  fuzzy 
subset of a universe of discourse, say U = [0,100].
Representation of Linguistic Variables
l Linguistic Variables are represented by a quintuple (x,
T(x), U, G, M)
l x: name of variable
l T(x): set of linguistic terms (or values) which can be a
value of the variable
l U: set of universe of discourse which defines the
characteristics of the variable
l G: syntactic grammar (or rule) that generates the
linguistic values in T(x)
l M: semantic rule which provides meanings in T(x) for
the linguistic values in U
Linguistic Variables
• A linguistic variable is associated with two rules:
• a syntactic rule, which defines the well-formed sentences in T(  
). In other words, The syntactic rule refers to the way the terms 
in T(age) are generated
• a semantic rule, by which the meaning of the terms in T( ) may 
be  determined.  The  semantic  rule  defines  the  membership 
function of each linguistic value of the term set. If X is a term 
in T(  ), then its meaning (in a denotational sense) is a subset 
of U.  
•   
Linguistic Variables

l A primary fuzzy set, that is, a term whose meaning


must be defined a priori, and serves as a basis for the
computation of the meaning of the non-primary terms
in T( ).
l The term set consists of primary terms as (young,
middle aged, old) modified by the negation (“not”)
and/or the hedges (very, more or less, quite,
extremely,…) and linked by connectives such as (and,
or, either, neither,…)
Example
X = (Age, T(Age), U, G, M)

Age: name of the variable X

T(Age): {young, very young, very very young, …}

U: [0,100] universe of discourse

G(Age): Ti+1 = {young}  {very Ti}

M(young) = {(u, young(u)) | u  [0,100]}


Linguistic Variables
All linguistic values form a term set:
T(age) = {young, not young, very young, ...
middle aged, not middle aged, ...
old, not old, very old, more or less old, ...
not very yound and not very old, ...}
EXAMPLE
l Where each term T(age) is characterized by a fuzzy
set of a universe of discourse X= = [0,100]
LINGUISTIC VARIABLE MODIFIER

Dr. Zaheeruddin
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering & Technology
Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University)
New Delhi, India

Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 9910170032
Linguistic Variable Modifier (Hedges)

l A modifier may be used to further enhance the ability to


describe our fuzzy concepts.
l Modifiers (very, slightly, etc.) used in phrases such as
very hot or slightly cold change (modify) the shape of a
fuzzy set in a way that suits the meaning of the word
used. These modifiers are commonly referred to as
hedges.
l Hedges are modifiers of fuzzy set membership functions.
l These modifiers change the shape of a fuzzy set using
mathematical operations on each point of the set.
Linguistic Modifiers
l Linguistic Modifiers (or hedges) are unary operators
which alter a fuzzy set membership function
l Different modifiers are grouped in families on the basis
of the kind of alteration they represent
l Concentrator and Dilators
l Contrast intensifiers/dilators
l Approximation
l Restriction
l Each family is defined on the terms of axioms that the
modified set must satisfy
Concentrators/ Dilators
l CONcentration and DILution – transform original membership 
function µ(x)  µn(x), 
l If n > 1 (concentration)  increases membership
l If n < 1 (dilation)         decreases membership
l “very”, “extremely” (concentrators)
l “quite”, “a little” (dilators)
Fuzzy Set Hedges (Examples)
l Membership “very” of variable x = (membership of variable x) 2

l If income is low to a degree of 0.8, then income will be very


low to a degree of (0.8)2= 0.64.

l Membership “more or less” of variable x


= (membership of variable x)

l Hedges reduce the number of fuzzy sets that need to be


created

l Hedges also increase the readability of rules and


consequently ease maintenance.
Linguistic Variable Modifier: Example
Suppose  the  primary  terms  are  young  and  old,  whose 
meaning might  be defined by their respective compatibility 
functions   young and   old.  From these, then, the meaning - 
or,  equivalently,  the  compatibility  functions  -  of  the  non-
primary  terms  may  be  computed  by  the  application  of  a 
semantic rule. 
very young = (young)2
more or less old = (old)1/2
not very young = 1- (young)2
Fuzzy modifier (hedge)
A new term can be obtained when we add a
modifier “very” to a primary term
very young(x) = (young(x))2

young
0.5 very young

u
0
25 50 75 100 base
variable
LINGUISTIC VARIABLES
Example: Age
primary terms: young, middle-aged, old
modifiers: not, very, quite, rather, …
linguistic values: young, very young, not very young, and
not very old, …
µ

young middle-aged old


1

very old

0
Age
Fuzzy modifier (hedge)

An example of a fuzzy linguistic variable


and membership functions
HEDGES
The membership of Fast can be altered by VERY fast by
an exponential operator like the one indicated in the
figure :
Linguistic Variable Modifiers
Examples: VERY (µ2(x)), EXTREMELY (µ3(x)), 
SOMEWHAT, MORE_OR_LESS (µ0.5(x)) 
Operations on Linguistic Values

Concentration:
Dilation:
Contrast
intensification:

intensif.m
Concentration & dilation of linguistic values

l Let A be a linguistic value described by a fuzzy set with


membership function A(.)

l A2 = CON(A) is called the concentration operation

l A = DIL(A) is called the dilation operation

l CON(A) & DIL(A) are useful in expression the hedges such as


“very” & “more or less” in the linguistic term A

l Other definitions for linguistic hedges are also possible


Example: Construction of MFs for
composite linguistic terms
§ Not young and not old = young  old =

§ Young but not too young = young  young2 (too =


very) =

§ Extremely old  very very very old


= CON (CON(CON(old))) =
Linguistic Values (Terms)
l Contrast intensification: the operation of contrast
intensification on a linguistic value A is defined by

l INT increases the values of A(x) which are greater


than 0.5 & decreases those which are less than or equal
to 0.5

l Contrast intensification has effect of reducing the


fuzziness of the linguistic value A
EXAMPLE
X = (Age, T(Age), U, G, M)
Age: name of the variable X
T(Age): {young, very young, very very young, …}
U: [0,100] universe of discourse
G(Age): Ti+1 = {young}  {very Ti}
M(young) = {(u, young(u)) | u  [0,100]}

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