ISSN 2321 3361 © 2020 IJESC
Research Article Volume 10 Issue No.5
An Experimental Study on Different Properties of Sea Sand and
River Sand
Satish Chotaliya1, Snehal Chaudhari2, Tarun Chauhan3, Jinal Parmar4, Kajal Pal5, Dixit Chauhan6
Student1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Assistant Professor6
Bhagwan Mahavir College of Engineering & Technology, Surat, India
Abstract:
The construction industry is growing with major trust on infrastructure and the demand for sand is also increasing. The overuse of
river sand for construction has many undesirable environmental and social consequences. The natural sand deposits are depleting
and illegal sand mining is becoming uncontrollable issue. In- stream sand mining has become a common practice and resulted in a
mushrooming of river sand mining activities which have given rise to various problems that require urgent action by the
authorities. These include river bank erosion, river bed degradation, river buffer zone encroachment and deterioration of river
water4 quality and groundwater availability. The main natural and cheapest sources of sand are riverbeds and these natural
resources are sepleting very fast. Due to various resons good sand is not necessarily readily available and it should be transported
from long distances. Transportation is a major factor in the delivered price of construction sand. Moving construction sand to the
market increases the sale price of the market significantly, due to the high cost of transportation. The use of specific deposits of
sand depends on the performance of these materials in standardized engineering tests, including but not limited to, grain size
distribution, shape and percentage of silt or clay.
Key Words: Aggregate, Sea Sand, Concrete, Salt content, Compressive Strenght.
1. INTRODUCTION Then fineness modulus test through, fineness modulus of sand
is an index number which represents the mean size of the
The top most part of earth in abundant quality is sand which particles in sand. It is calculated by performing sieve analysis
has mostly used in construction industry. This project is to with standard sieves. The cumulative percentage retained on
compare the performance between the two types of sand by each sieve is added and subtracted by 100 gives the value of
conducting various experiments. It has been known that sea fineness modulus. Silt content is a fine material which is less
sand is avoided in construction industry due to many reasons. than 150 micron. It is unstable in the presence of water. If we
In the end. one will be able to understand how seashore sand use silty sand for bonding, it will reduce the strength and
performs over river water sand. In many countries sea sand cause rework , that’s why we need to check these test. Then
have been using for making cement concrete since long time pH test through chloride content checked.
ago, naturally, its technology depends on the research
achievement and specific conditions of each country. 3. MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES
Therefore studying the differences in properties of both river
and sea sand will give an idea whether sea sand can be altered 3.1Sea Sand
in such a way that it can be used as a substitute for the
depleting river sand. Removal of huge amount of river sand Sand, as one of the most accessible natural resources, has been
mainly for construction from river beds has environmrntal used mostly as a construction material since the earliest days
impacts. of civilization. It is defined as “continuously graded
unconsolidated material (sediment) present on the earth’s
AIM surface as a result of the natural disintegration of rocks. The
top most mantle of earth, which was once rock, has been
The main aim of the project is to compare the performance of
transformed to soil by natural forces of weather .Texturally
seashore sand and river water sand in construction industry.
soil is not one material but a compound of three ingredients,
derived from the same parental rock . They are sand, silt and
OBJECTIVES
clay. Though mostly soil occurs as a combination of the three
To compare the properties of seashore sand and river water materials, there are places where stretches of sand do occur
sand. To use seashore sand in replacement of river water sand alone where building activity has to be carried out. Besides
Study the physical properties such as particle shape, avg, Size, occurrence of sand in a soil (its percentage) mass influences
bulk & tap densities. Investigate the pH of water contained its strength characteristics to a great extent. For example,
sand and find the causes. while constructing piers and abutments (of a bridge) which
mostly stand on a sandy base, the bearing capacity of sand
2. STUDY AREA becomes the most important criterion in deciding the size and
At first we thought that using the river water could cause depth of the construction. Sea sand can become a potatial
problems in future, then we thought that we will use sea sand. resource capable of supplying fine aggregate material for
Then we checked the sea sand in different ways. We check domestic civil engineering and construction usage. In
grain shape to determine to microscopic examination of a addition, using sea sand is economic than using river sand
small portion of the grain size fraction from all the sieves. because river sand is more expensive. Sea sand mainly
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contains much salinity as sodium chloride. If the salt is not 3.4 TESTS CONDUCTED ON WATER SAMPLE OF SEA
treated and sea sand is directly utilized for civil engineering SAND Chlorides
and construction concrete project, the durability of the
structural may be affected and as the result the concrete might Chlorides are soluble mineral compound that are dissolved by
be swelling, precipitating, sulphating and other adverse the water as it filters through the earth. Chlorides are generally
consequences. Therefore, the salt content of the sea sand must present in the Sea Sand. According to World Health
be eliminated before it is utilized to avoid the potential
hazards. The sand dunes contain higher chloride content due Table.2. Chloride content in sea sand
to continuous exposure to sea brezee. However, when sea Grams per 1000g
sand is actually utilized, the first problem encountered is the Ion Mass%
seawater
salt content in the sea sand. A distinction must also be made
between sea sand and sand deposits in dry coastal aeas. The 𝐶𝑙− 19 1.9
latter would tend to have very high chloride contents resulting 𝑁𝑎+ 10.7 1.07
from salt spray and evaporation over long periods of time. -2
so4
2.7 0.27
3.2. Properties of Sea Sand
𝑀𝑔2+ 1.3 0.13
Seashore sand can become a potential resource capable of
supplying fine aggregate material for domestic civil 𝐶𝑎2+ 0.4 0.04
engineering and construction usage. In addition, using sea +
K 0.4 0.04
sand is economic than using river sand because river sand is
more expensive. Seashore sand mainly contains much salinity
as sodium chloride. If the salt is not treated and sea sand is Organization, the maximum acceptable chloride concentration
directly utilized for civil engineering and construction in drinking water is 250 to 1000 mg/l. The chloride content in
concrete project, the durability of the structural may be Sea water can be determined by titrating the water with
affected and as the result the concrete might be swelling, standard silver nitrate solution using potassium dichromate.
precipitating, sulphating and other adverse consequences.
Therefore, the salt content of the seashore sand must be Table.3. Chloride Content in mg\lit
eliminated before it is utilized to avoid the potential hazards. Sea Sand With Sea Sand
River sand
The sand dunes are formed by sand particles blown by wind Water samples Out Wash In With Wash
In mg\lit
from sea shore. The top most layers of sand dunes contain mg\lit In mg\lit
higher chloride content due to continuous exposure to sea Amount of
breeze. However, when seashore sand is actually utilized, the Chloride 235 420 270
first problem encountered is the salt content in the seashore Content
sand. A distinction must also be made between seashore sand
and sand deposits in dry coastal areas. The latter would tend to pH
have very high chloride contents resulting from salt spray and
evaporation over long periods of time. pH is a measure of how acidic /basic water is. The range goes
from 0-14 , with 7 being mnetural. pH of less than 7 indicates
Comparison of Sea Sand and River Sand acidity. Whereas of the relative amount of free hydrogen and
hydroxyl ions in the water. Ph meter is an electronic is
Sea sand is more stable (high SBC - Safe Bearing Capacity) amplified and sent to an electronic meter connected to the
than river sand. It is due to the fact that sea sand, which is bulb, which measure and display the pH reading. It gives more
brought by travelling water either pushed by sea shore or by precise values than the ph papers.
river during the continuous rolling in between water layers in
rivers and sea shore sand. which can be assumed as infinite Hardness
time process) bigger stone particles continuously decaying
during travelling towards sea and dissociates into as small as Hardness is the property of water which prevents the
possible. Remaining dissociates particles at beach will be of formation of lather or foam when such water is mixed with
much strength than any other sand in the earth surface. soap. It is usually cased by the presense of calcium and
magnesium divalent metallic ions. Hardness is generally
3.3EXPERIMENTAL STUDY FOR RIVER SAND AND defined as the calcium carbonate equivalent of calcium and
SEA SAND magnesium ions presence in water and is expressed in mg/l.
IS: 383-1970 defines the fine aggregates as particles, which There are mainly two types of hardness.
will pass through 4.75mm, IS sieve. It is also called as sand.
Temporary hardness
Table.1. Test results of Fine Aggregate
River Sea Permanent hardness
Sr no. Physical Test
sand sand
Total Dissolved Solids
1. Specific gravity 2.65 2.76
Total dissolved solids (TDS) comprise inorganic salts
2. Fineness modulus 2.826 2.576 (principally calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium,
bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates) and some small amounts
3. Bulk density 1466.29 1291.70 of organic matter that are dissolved in water . TDS in
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drinking-water originate from natural sources, sewage , urban
run –off , industrial waste water, and chemical used in the
water treatment process, and the nature of the piping or
hardware used to convey the water, I.e.,the plumbling.
Table.4. pH values
Sea Sand
Sea Sand
Water samples River sand With
With Wash
Out Wash
pH values 7.55 8.68 8.97
Hardness values 350 515 573
Permissible 236 2141 301
Limits
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
5.1 Test on compression test
Table.5. Compressive Strength of Mahisagar River Sand
Sr.NO Days CUBE 1 CUBE 2 CUBE 3
4.CONCRETE MIX DESIGN AND PROPORTION 1. 7 12.89 18.07 12.91
2. 14 22.96 21.50 21.17
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative amounts with the objective of 3. 28 33.85 35.34 40.06
producing a concrete of the required, strenghth, durability, and
workability as economically as possible, is termed the Table.6. Compressive Strength of Dandi Sea Sand without
concrete mix proportioning. The proportioning of ingredient wash
of concrete is governed by the required performance of SL.NO Days CUBE 1 CUBE 2 CUBE 3
concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened sates. 1. 7 5.60 8.03 5.89
If the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly 2. 14 10.05 10.25 10.60
placed and compacted. The property of workability, therefore, 3. 28 20.36 21.01 16.58
becomes of vital importance. The compressive strength of
hardened concrete which is generally considered to be an
index of its other properties, depends upon many factors, e.g. Table.7. Compressive Strength of Dandi Sea Sand with
quality and quantity of cement, water and aggregate, wash
batchingand mixing, placing, compaction and curing. SL.NO Days CUBE 1 CUBE 2 CUBE 3
1. 7 12.67 14.02 12.35
2. 14 22.97 22.25 20.30
3. 28 40.56 35.05 36.58
4.1 MIX PROPORTIONS FOR M7.5(1:4)
Cement=1440kg/m3
Fine aggregate=1600 kg/m3
Chemical admixture=none
Water cament ratio=0.45
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percentages in concrete brick ratio of 1:3”, a final year project
by “Mohdsyahmi hafiz bin yasin”, Faculty of Civil and
Environmental Engineering University Malaysia Pahang,
December 2010.
[5]. “The use of manufactured sand in concrete production:
test results and cost comparison”, A thesis by “Shewaferaw
Dinku Belay”, Addis Ababa university School of graduate
studies, July 2006.
[6].“Suitability of manufactured sand (M-Sand) as fine
aggregate in mortars and concrete” (CSIC project: CP
6597/0505/11-330 dated 5th July 2011) by Prof. B.V.
Venkatarama Reddy, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-
560012, January 2012.
5. CONCLUTION
After washing of sea sand is used for construction. This wased
sea sand has to less amount of salt content. By proper
treatment to sea sand that through clear removal of salt
content. It has to larger durability of mortar. The sea sand
used in construction field with removal of salt content. The
replacement of river sand by sea sand overcomes the future
demand in the requirement of the river sand in construction.
The purified sea sand has more strength than the unpurified
sea sand and river sand. Hense, it is proved that the corrosion
is controllable. This project concluded that the removal of salt
content from sea sand in mandotary for improving the
workability and durability of any constructiom work. It was
observed from the compression test that the sea sand mortar
block had lower cpmpressive strength compared to the sea
mortar block even though both the type of mortar blocks made
under same conditions and parameters.
6. REFERENCES
[1]. Bangladesh journal of scientific and industrial research,
Bangladesh J.Sci.Ind.res 47(2), 167-172, 2012, Page no.1
[2]. Scholars Research Library, Archives of Applied Science
Research, 2012, 4 (1):7884, “XRD and SEM Analysis of Tapti
River Sediment: A Case Study” by R. B. Marathe, Vasan
taraoNaik College, Shahada(M.S.), India.
[3]. American Chemical Science Journal 3(3): 287-293, 2013,
“XRD Characterization of Sand Deposit in River Niger (South
Eastern Nigeria)”.
[4]. “Investigation of abundant treated sea sand with different
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