AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION AND ITS EFFECTS ON TEFF

PRODUCTION (IN CASE OF FOGERA WOREDA IN AMHARA REGION)

ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF COMMERCE AND BUSINESS ADMINSTRATION
DEPARTMENT OF FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

SENIOR ESSAY A RESEARCH SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
REQUIREMENTS FOR BACHELOR ART IN FINANCE AND DEVELOPMENT
ECONOMICS.

BY: DESSIE ABIYU

ID NO: RBE/383/10
ADVISOR: MIHERETU .T (MSc)

DECEMBER, 2020
SAWLA, ETHIOPIA

1
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First I would like to thank you my almighty God and All things were made by him and
without him was not anything made that was made. For giving the strength to bring my
longtime dream and effort into reality.
I would like to thank you to express my genuine heart gratitude and appreciation to my
advisor, Mihretu T (MSC), he Help me to prepare this proposal to give his wholehearted and
unreserved advice and stimulating guidance.
I would like to thank you my family (especially my mother and brother, Tiruwork W and
Workye.A)

2
Acronym

ADLI Agricultural development led industrialization

BOAR Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
EEA Ethiopian economic association
FDRE Federal democratic republic of Ethiopia
EER Ethiopian economics research
ANRS Amara national regional state
GDP Gross Domestic product
CSA Central statistical authority
NEPAD New partnership for Africa's development

3
Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...............................................................................................................ii

Acronym.........................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE CONTENT........................................................................................................................iv

CHPTER ONE.................................................................................................................................1

Introduction......................................................................................................................................1

1.1 Background of the study........................................................................................................1

1.2. Statement of the problem......................................................................................................2

1.3 Research question................................................................................................................3

1.4 Objective of this study.........................................................................................................3

1.5 Significance of the study........................................................................................................4

1.6 Scope of the study..................................................................................................................4

1.7 Limitation of the study...........................................................................................................4

1.8 Organization of the paper.......................................................................................................4

4
 CHPTER ONE

1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

An agricultural sector is crucial for a given country's food security and it provides a lot for the
overall economic growth and poverty reduction. Agriculture is an important economic sector
in Africa that constitutes the backbone of most African economies, providing 60 percent
of employment, accounts for about 40 percent of the continent’s foreign exchange
earnings and in most countries, it is still the largest contributor to Gross Domestic
product (GDP) and it is also the dominant provider of industrial raw materials (NEPAD,
2007). Though the sector has these important, agricultural productivity is low and subsistence
production is dominant in Africa. This partly on account of limited use of limited use of
improved agricultural technologies in production (BANK., 2008)
Mines the likelihood of the population by employing most of labor force. Before the
expansion of agriculture, people got their food by gathering wild plants, hunting and fishing.
But for many centuries improvement of agriculture does not show the required level (Todaro,
2010)
According to Ethiopian economic association (2010), agriculture is the backbone of
Ethiopian economy and Ethiopia has a divers agro-ecology zones such as from extremely
lowland up to highland throughout all region Oromia and Amhara regions represent the
largest teff producing region these accounted for 85% of the national volume and 84% of area
cultivated during 2010/2011 crop season. It accounts almost 85 percent of foreign exchange
from export and provides employment to 85 percent of the population. However, the
agriculture sector is dominated by small scale subsistence farming characterized by
traditional farming practices. Farming mainly depends on human and animal labor and
farmers had few tools to make labor more productive (Todaro, 2014) In Ethiopia economy
characterized by use of backward technology farming method. Farmer’s production is simply
from hand to mouth and using farm technology is enormous for rural household of Ethiopia
as land productivity traditional tools, draft animal, low level of input use and family labor are
still the most important factor of production. (EEA, 2014)
Ethiopian government’s priority to fight widespread poverty and food insecurity is also
directed towards this sector. The Agricultural Development Led Industrialization (ADLI)

5
strategy, since 1994/95; is strongly believed to develop agricultural sector in Ethiopian
economy. Several measures were undertaken and a number of initiatives were introduced at
both regional and federal level of government. Nevertheless, apart from limited success
especially in the early days, the overall performance of agriculture has not been encouraged
(EER, 2010)
According to (EEA, 2010) the yield level of major cereals of Teff, maize, wheat etc have
not improved as against the expectation of significantly higher level of productivity as
predicted based on demonstrated results. National average productivity in cereal production,
for example remains stagnant in the country at 11.4 quintal per hectare for the last three
decades. Moreover, the recent improvements in total food crop production have also failed to
change the negative trend in per capita agricultural production observed since the last
three decades between 1971 and 2000. A simple average year-on-year growth has been
1.15 percent.
Extension and credit services are some of the initiatives that the government of Ethiopia has
implemented to promote the adoption of improved through its development strategy known
as Agricultural development Led Industrialization (ADLI).Non-governmental organization
(NGOs) and donors have also implemented various kinds of food for work projects to
disseminate soil conserving technologies. Despite such efforts by the government and
NGOs, the adoption rate of improved technologies still remains low (holden, 2011)
The study will assess the adoption of improved agricultural technologies and its impact on
Teff production in Fogera Woreda. Improved agricultural technologies in this case refers to;
fertilizer, pesticides, and improved seeds. The introduction part of the paper consisted of
background of the study, scope and limitations of the study
This study focuses on the production of Teff which is originated and domesticated in
Ethiopia between three and six million years ago. Teff is a very small grained cereal and it
is the preferred staple cereal for most of the population especially the study area ,Fogera
woreda . Fogera woreda has enormous natural resources which are useful to increase the
performance of agricultural production of crop especially Teff, sorghum, millet etc.
However, by different constraints, production of crop especially Teff is low and the
population is still under poverty line (Fogera Woreda BOARD, 2014).

1.2. Statement of the problem

The agricultural sector accounts for about 46.6 percent of the national gross domestic product
(GDP) and cover most of the exports of the country. Besides, the sector provides employment

6
for most of the population. However, even though agriculture is a dominant economic
activity in Ethiopia, it is characterized by very low development which (CSA, 2016).
Agriculture in Ethiopia is responsibl to increase food production for self-sufficiency
requirements and also it provides employment opportunity because the farming sector gives
much labor force. Agricultuer produces export commodities that generate foreign exchange
earnings and support the other sector of the economy to develop more over the agricultural
sector supplies raw material, capital for investment and creates market through income
generation (MOA, 2014). In spite of its importance in the national economy agriculture is
based on subsistence farming, households whose modes of life and operation have unchanged
for centuries. Agricultural productivity have been deteriorating from the early 70,s until
FDRE is come rendering good proportion of household unable to feed their families and
frequently depend on food aid (Tinsae 2014).
In Amhara National Regional state (ANRS), only 42.2 percent and 6.7 percent of total
land under cultivation in the region was covered by chemical fertilizers and improved
seeds respectively implying low level of improved input use farmer’s attitude and tendency
to adopt and accept improved technologies such as use of fertilizers, improved seeds and
pesticides that help to improve their living standards is crucial for the growth of the
agricultural sector. The use of fertilizer, improved seeds pesticides and extension services
by farmers is used is as important indicator of transformation from the existing
traditional agricultural production to a modern agricultural production ( Fogera Woreda
BOARD, 2014)
Studies are conducted on the assessment of modern agricultural technologies and their effect
on agricultural productivity. For instance (Wondimu 2014) assesses the role of modern
agricultural technologies on agricultural productivity. The study states that modern
agricultural technologies are very essential in increasing agricultural production and poverty
alleviation. However as (Dejene 2009) the degree of productivity of modern inputs varies
across crops. The type of modern inputs applied are also differs from crop. To this end, the
paper tried to investigate the impact of agricultural technologies adoption on the specific crop,
Teff rather than assessing agriculture as a whole. In this specific study area there were a
research work done in analyzing agricultural technology adoption and its effect on teff
production and agriculture in Ethiopia is responsible to increase food production for self-
sufficiency requirements. It provide employment opportunity because the farming sector
gives much labor force .Agriculture produce exports Teff product that generate foreign
exchange earnings and support the other sectors of the economy to develop more over the

7
agricultural sector supply raw material, capital for investment and creates market through
income generation (MoA, 2013/2014)
Since Teff is one of the most preferable staple foods, the researcher would like to
investigate the production of Teff in the study area, Fogera Woreda so, this paper tried to
give attention to understand the agricultural technologies adoption and its effect on Teff
production in Fogera woreda.

1.3 Research question

The study will try to answers the following Research question
1) What are the agricultural technologies that adopted by farmers in the study area?
2) How do agricultural technology adoptions will have effect on Teff production in the
Fogera woreda? and its effects on Teff production in Fogera woreda?
3) What seems like the level (trend) of Teff production in the study area and its trend of
productivity?
4) What roles do agricultural technologies play in improving Teff production?
5) What relationship exists between production of Teff and level of agricultural
technologies?

1.4 Objective of the study

The general objective of this study will be focused to assess the agricultural technologies
adoption and its effect on Teff production in Fogera woreda.
1.4.1. Specific objective of the study
The study will be the following specific objectives:
 To assess the agricultural technologies adoption and to provide information on the
Teff production in food and trade its effect on Fogera woreda.
 To assess the trend of Teff production in the study area, Fogera woreda
 To review the challenges of Teff production in Fogera woreda
 the relationship between agricultural technologies adoption and Teff production in
Fogera woreda.

1.5 Significance of the study

This study will be the important for households to know the major inputs that affect for
Teff production and to use these inputs properly and productively institutions will be
beneficial from this research to build and develop institutional service to create fair and
efficient distribution of agricultural input for rural household this study may be uses as and

8
provide information about the role of agricultural technologies adoption for teff production in
fogera woreda.

1.6 Scope of the study

Even though it will be important to study on the technology adoption and its effect on Teff
production at the country level, the study focused only in Fogera woreda. The study gave
attention to only Teff production because it is the dominant cereal in the area.
In this woreda stydy will focus on some many kebeles that will randomly select.
The study will conduct cross-sectionally for one year (2018/2019 crop year)

1.7 Organization of the paper

This paper has classified into five chapters. This first chapter will contains the introduction
part ‘background, statement of problem, Objectives, significance, scope and limitation of the
study. The second chapter will be the review literature part and it contains the theoretical and
empirical literatures. The third chapter will also contains the methodology part and includes
the type of data collected and the method of data analysis technique used in the analysis.

9
 Chapter Two
2. Literature Review
The literature part includes both theoretical and empirical reviews of the study. It explains
to the reader about what problem is the researcher tacking in, which approaches have
been tried before, Why they failed or succeed and what will be the researcher's
approach.
2.1. Theoretical literature review
The theoretical literature presents different theories that support the researcher’s idea. It
reviews of the agricultural practices in Ethiopia , Agricultural technology adoption, the
role and problems associated with extension service agents are discussed in this part of the
literature.
2.1.1. Agricultural practice and agricultural productivity in Ethiopia
The Ethiopian economy is supported by its agricultural sector, which is also fundamental
instrument for poverty alleviation, food security and economic and growth. However, the
sector continues to be under mind by land degradation, depletion of soil organic materials and
lack of adequate plant-nutrient supply (Grepperud, 1996’ Pender, 2006). As cumulative effect
of land degradation, increasing population size and low agricultural productivity, Ethiopia has
become increasingly dependent on food aid (Kassa, 2013)
In most part of densely populated highlands, average cereal production is less than one metric
ton per hectare (pander and G.Medhin, 2007). Such low agricultural productivity compounded
by recurrent famine, contribute to extreme poverty and insecurity. Over the last three decades,
the government of Ethiopia and various donors have undertaken massive problem of
natural resource conservation to reduce environmental degradation, poverty and increase
agricultural productivity and food security. However, the adoption rate of sustained land
management.
A number of factors may explain the low technology adoption rates in the face of significant
efforts to promote SLM practices. That is, poor extension service system, blanket
promotion of technology to very diverse environments, top-down approach to technology
promotion, let delivery of input, low return on investment, escalation of fertilizer prices ,lack
of access to seasonal credit and consumption risk (Bonger, 2013).
2.1.2. Agricultural Technology Adoption
The vast majority of the world’s poor lives in rural areas and is engaged in agriculture, and
therefore activities designed to address the vulnerability of these rural poor are often geared
towards improving agricultural practice as a means of increasing productivity, efficiency

10
and .ultimately, income. Governments, NGOs, aid agencies and extension workers have
long known that the success of any project depends in part on whether farmers adopt the
offered technologies or not if they do, whether those farmers adopt the technologies in an
ideal combination or not and for the prescribed length of time needed to produce designed
results or not.
Nill and Lee (2006), have conducted decades’ worth of surveys and analyses around the
world the world in an attempt to understand the adoption decisions of individual farmers and
the diffusion patterns among communities of farmers and rural poor. By understanding how
farmers and communities decide whether to adopt a technology, aid professional can refine
their agricultural technology outreach projects to address the conscious and subconscious
concerns of targeted communities, and increase the probability that farmers will be willing
and able to participate in project activities.
The word technology in the study is represented a new, Scientifically derived, often
complex input supplied to farmers by organization with deep technical expertise.Neill and
Lee (2006), point out that the majority of existing literature on agricultural technology
adoption is focused on Green Revolution (GR) technologies. For example, due to the
development process of HYV and the inputs required to make them productive, studies
examining HYV adoption look at very advanced forms of technology. HYV seeds are often
the product of intensive laboratory research, and when they are targeted to farmers they are
bundled with other technology input such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides because
these are necessary for the HYV seeds to perform as designed .Because so many studies of
agricultural technology adoption and diffusion focus on HYV and other GR inputs, their
findings are concentrated on a high-technology definition of agricultural technology .
The results of also provide evidences that agricultural technology adoption can contribute
to improving productivity and raising income of farm households agriculture in an
interconnected to throughout the World.
Understanding the different kinds of possible adoption is important in understanding how
traditional indicators relate to that adoption process. Just as there are different types of
technologies, there are also different kinds of agricultural technologies adoptions.
(Mesay, 2016) Singular vs. Packets of technologies available for adoption a the first
option is between final adoptions at the individual level, which involves an internal
deliberative process but is ultimately manifested as a dichotomous decision, and the
aggregate adoption behavior observed as the diffusion of a technology ,and its
corresponding adoption , throughout a discrete space. Individual adoption can measure

11
the degree of use in the long run, but it is ultimately a binary observation. Aggregate
adoption, on the other hand, is measured as the aggregate level of use of a particular
technology among one specific group of farmers or within one particular area. These
farmers, whether observed individually or collectively, can choose to adopt in different
ways. In some instances, farmers are presented with a single choice: the adoption of one
discrete technology such as a new highly yield variety of seed, or some other single input.
But in most cases agricultural technology are introduced in bundles, and these bundles
are often complementary. As instance HYV seed is introduced along with the fertilizer
and corresponding land preparation practices needed to make the HYV work as designed.

2.1.3. The adoption of agricultural technologies in Ethiopia

Agricultural technology adoption in Ethiopia were it organized where farmer gathered
and specialist from the ministry of Agriculture.
Yet an important decision of farm household is intensity of adoption i.e Ethiopia (CSA)
and World Bank living standard Measurement study-integrate surveys of Agricultural
technology adoption(W Asmare 2015)
There are various determinants for the adoption and continued use of agricultural
technologies. These are farm size, risk and uncertainty, human capital, labor availability,
credit constraint, tuner arrangements and supply constraints. All these affect the rate of
adoption of new technology at the farm level (Dejene, 2011)
Although it is controversial many studies suggest that there are positive relationships
between farm size and the degree of adoption of improved technology .Authors like
Ruttan (1977) argue that neither farm size nor tenure has been important source are
differential growth in productivity. Besides the author argue size of holding is a surrogate
for a large number of potentially important factors such as access to credit, capacity to
bear risks, access to scarce input, access to information, wealth and so on.
As Dejene (2011), put that: since the influence of the contravening factors varies in
different areas and over time, so does the relationship between holding size and adoption
behavior.
Because the factors are actually lie at the root of observed farm size and adoption
relationships, the following attempts to outline the importance of such factor:
A, Human capital:-is one of the major determinants of the intensity of adoption of
agricultural technologies. Farmers with beer education are likely to be early adopter of
modern technologies and to apply modern inputs more efficiently throughout the adoption

12
process. Some recent studies use panel data discrete choice models to analyze the effect
of human capital on the probabilities of adoption of modern input. However some studies
suggest that education becomes an effective determinant of adoption only above a
threshold level (four years of schooling).(source)
B, Labor availability: - is another important variable affecting farmer’s decision about
the adoption of modern technologies .Some technologies like high yield variety
seed(HYVs) may require increased labor inputs, while other technologies like
mechanical technologies may save labor (Dejene, 2011).
C, Credit constraint: - In developing countries can explain the rate of adoption of
modern technology. In particular, indivisible technologies may require large initial
investments in the form of cross breed cows, tube-wells irrigation equipment, tractors etc.
Thus the differential access to capital may lead to differential rate of adoption between
farmers having access to credit and those who do not have.(Source)
D, Land tenure: - is also another factor that may be relevant in analysis of the rate of
adoption of modern technology. More over the literatures suggest conflicting results
regarding the relationship between tenure arrangements and adoption. Some studies
suggest that tenant’s exhibit lower tendency to adopt new technologies as compared to
owners while other studies do not find clear relationship between the two variables
(Fader, 1985).
E, Cultural characteristics:- These are found to influence adoption in many different
ways, for example by making new technologies more attractive or by limiting people’s
ability to take advantage of them .For example in many places women cannot move
freely outside home. Such cultural factors can have very powerful influence (Dejene,
2011).
2.1.4. Improved seeds and agricultural production
Unlike grain products seeds production requires great care, more precision in procedures
and more technical skills. To have access to quality seeds, one must follows the rule for
plant breeding systematic increase of the limited quality of breeder to obtain larger
quantity of seeds to be distributed to farmers (Seifu, 2005).
In developing countries like Ethiopia there are two type of seeds system ‘the formal
system, which is market oriented and is developed by the public or private sectors and
family or the community production system which is based mainly seed self-
provisioning exchange and gift among neighbors. The informal system rests on
ancestral practice and the experience of producers with field selection. The formal system

13
is based on scientific research coupled with variety selection. Field laboratory seed
control testing makes it possible to introduce new varieties that perform better and are
more resistant disease, drought and other biotic yield- limiting factors (Seyfu, 2005).
(Ibid)
Improved seeds are critically important technology required for higher yield and
productivity.
But the majority of the farmer use local seed FAO/WFP (2009) report shows that in the
2008 harvesting season at least 95% of all seeds used were local carried over from the
previous harvest either by farmers themselves following the traditional on farm
Selection process or buying from preferred seed stock kept by other farmer in the same
locality (EEA, 2009).
Researches based on improved seeds are important inputs that enhance the productivity of
food crops. Cereals receive relatively more improved seeds compared to other temporary
and permanent crops. For example in the 2000 cropping year only 5.4% of the cereal
land 0.14% of pulse land were cultivated with improved seeds showing the overall
low extent of the use of improved crop varieties (Befekadu and Berhanu 2003/2004).
2.1.5. Fertilizer usage and agricultural production
Fertilizer is a modern agricultural input which has played an important role in
revolutionizing agricultural production in several countries. However, there is little use
of modern fertilizer in underdeveloped countries (World Bank, 2006).
In Ethiopia the common fertilizer applied are urea and dap (Di-ammonium phosphate).
Cereals are main crop that receive much of the applied fertilizer. Fertilizer was applied
for about 14% and 44% of area under pulses and cereals respectively in 200/01. Teff
maize and wheat are three most important crop for which chemical fertilizer is commonly
applied. For instance, in 2000/01 cropping year chemical fertilizer was applied to 65.5%,
51.5% and 49.1%of the cultivated area for wheat, Teff and maize respectively (workeneh,
2006).
Fertilizers traditional role as a productivity enhancing agricultural input is being
expanded as donors and governments seek to use it as an instrument for achieving the
wide range of diverse goals (GDP growth, poverty alleviation, soil fertility
replenishment, soil conservation, food security and safety net) (World bank,2006).
2.1.6. Pesticide usage and agricultural production
Pesticide are different from other agricultural input in that they do not directly boosts
yields in the way that fertilizers do’ instead they reduce crop loss caused by pests. The

14
effectiveness of pesticides in reducing potential crop losses due to pests can therefore be
used as a measure of the impact of pesticides on farm production. Usage of pesticides
against insect and diseases in Ethiopia is limited .A relatively large proportion of cereal
farmland is applied with pesticides compared to other permanent and temporary crops
. About 13% of the cultivated cereal area in 2000/01 was applied with pesticide
(workeneh, 2006).
Food production capacity is faced with an ever growing population and falling ratio of
arable land. Some 20 percent to 40 percent of the world’s Potential crop production is
already lost annually because of the effects of weeds pests and diseases. These crop losses
would be doubled if the existing pesticide users were abandoned, significantly raising
food prices even after harvest. In addition to increasing crop yields crop protection
products used in stored products can also prolonged the viable life of products’ prevent
huge postharvest losses from pests and diseases (FAO,2013).
2.1.7. Extension service and agricultural production
Different countries adopt different extension system. However, in low income countries,
government extension service is the dominant system of extension service delivery. Other
systems of extension service include: extension service provided by universities, by
nonprofit organization, by the private sector etc. In many cases, pluralism in extension
service is common. In thievery poor countries, the private sector rarely participate in the
delivery extension service’ simply it may not be profitable to do so. That is, perhaps, why
extension service is considered as a public good in such counties (Dejene, 2011).
2.1.7.1. Categories of extension service worker.
In many countries there are three Categories of workers engaged in extension service.
These are ‘(1) extension officers, who are responsible for the administration of extension
service at the national, regional, and local levels’(2) extension agents are extension
advisors, or development agents who work with the farmers at the village and farm level
‘(3) subject matter specialists, who provide technical advice and guidance to the
extension officers in matters pertaining to their areas of specialty (Ibid).
2.1.7.2. Challenges of agricultural extension service in Ethiopia
 Lack of clarity: as Tesfaye, (2003) remarked the Ethiopian extension system
operates without concentrate extension policy.
 Gaps in decentralization and Linkages: is power is being developed to wear as
to plan and implement extension service.

15
  Unidirectional information flow: extension has been based on the linear model
of knowledge utilization.
 Number and quality of extension personnel until recently the number of DA s
and their quality until recent are very low.
 Coverage and focus: the extension to cover wider areas negatively influence
ability of extension system.
 Assuming that awareness alone always leads to adoption (Belay,2003),
 Difficulties in assessing the performance and impact of agricultural extension
system is poor or unknown (MOA, 2010)
2.1.8. Characteristics of Teff production in Ethiopia
Teff contains high and unique nutritional values which will meet the need of health-conscious
consumers.it also a low risk crop, which resists many biotic and abiotic stresses. Currently
Ethiopia is the largest Teff producing and the only country to have adopted Teff as a staple
crop.There are approximately 300 species of Teff’; among these 43 percent of the species
seems to have originated in Africa, 18 percent in South America, 21 Percent in Asia, 10
percent in Australia, 9 percent in Canada, 6 percent in America and 2 percent in Europe, cited
by (Addisu,2004). It has reported that about 54 percent Teff Specie are listed in Ethiopia,
Teff grains are either White or a very deep reddish brown in color; in Ethiopia these are
usually grown in above 2500 meter. It has invaluable attribute for poor farmers and of special
benefit to location best by changeable conditions. Teff is also mentioned to be a reliable
cereal for unreliable, especially those with dry season of unpredicted occurrence. Currently,
most of Ethiopians Teff is being produced at moderate elevation (Ibid).
Teff is a socially accepted diet at national level and it is highly demanded by people. Hence, it
enables the farmer to learn more than another crop; Teff compromise the principal’s dietary
components of Ethiopian highland population. Teff grain, owing to its high mineral especially
iron and calcium has started to be used mixture with baby food industry (Addisu, 2004).
Outside Ethiopia there is growing interest in suing Teff. For example, small scale commercial
production of Teff as began in areas of the wheat belts of USA, Canada and Australia. Teff
has been introduced to South Africa and cultivated as for age crop and in recent years
cultivated as cereal crop in northern Kenya.
Teff production areas in Ethiopia description characteristics in Amhara, Oromia
and SNNP regions.
Teff cultivation in Amhara and Oromia regional states covered in Ethiopia the
production area and soil type which is closely soil physicochemical properties.

16
 In Amhara region teff production is 19.32 million Qt and its productivity is 16.99
Qt per hectare south Gondar zone among 11 zones of Amhara region 2.78
million Qt per hectar.
Teff production in Fogera woreda district is mainly produced for market outlet
can be affected by household characteristics.(Source)
2.2. Empirical literature review
The Empirical literature traces the development of an idea or theory over time as
it evolves. It examines the past year experiences and performances of the
agricultural sector. It also shows the trend over the performance level of
improved agricultural technology adoption.
2.2.1. The performance of the agricultural sector over the past year
The performance of agriculture is essential to make food crop available. Beyond
its role in improving access to food crops that helps to attain food security, a
good performance of the sector has a wide multiplier effect on the whole
economy.
Reports on food grain production indicate that 2011/12 and 2012/13 were good
years in signifying improvements in production and reducing a question of food
crops, compared to the previous years. In 2011/12 the country managed to
harvest about 21.9 million metric tons of grains. Compared to the previous years
(2010/11), the preference in 2011/12 requested a 7.4 percent, 2.5 percent and 4.6
percent growth in production, farm land and productivity respectively. 2013).
As central statistics Association (CSA) forecast for 2012/13 indicates, grains
production, productivity and cultivated land grew only by 4.6 percent, 3.3
percent and 1.7 percent respectively. The growth rate in the following year
2012/13 is much lower than the preceding year (2011/12). The decline in the
growth rate of grain is associated with corresponding declining in productivity
in cultivated land .Compared 2011/12 crop year ,growth rate in productivity in
cultivated land, for instance, declined by 38 percent and 48 percent respectively
in 2012/13.When compared to average growth rate for the period between
2005/06 and 2011/12, the decline in growth rate in land productivity and
cultivated land became even larger as both declined by 80 percent in 2012/13
(EEA, 2013)
2.2.2. The performance of Teff production in Ethiopia

17
Ethiopia is commonly regarded as the only country in the world where Teff is a
significant crop. It is very popular particularly in north western provinces. In
1960, Ethiopian restaurants were becoming well known in North America and
Europe. The grain’s flour is fermented and used to make injera, a sour-doughty
type of flat bread. Teff is resilient crop and in area where it can be cultivation of
Teff was discouraged as it was considered to be of little value in terms of
nutrition. Wheat, sorghum, and maize were promoted alternatively. However,
this policy did not put an end to Teff production in Ethiopia. Despite various
policy challenges, Teff has remained important and preferable cereal for most
Ethiopians. It is often the only crop that survives and bears gain during difficult
period. (Kibebew, 2014)
Teff production has increased substantially in 1996/97 reaching its highest
historical level of about 20.4 million quintals. Compared to 1996/97 data, Teff
production in 1997/98, 1998/99 and 1999/2000 decreased by 34.8 percent, 19.4
percent and 15.7 percent respectively.
During the imperial reign eases was given either to industrial development or to
the development of big commercial farms and exports. By the late 1960s the
adverse effect of previous agricultural policies were being increasingly felt cereal
production lagged behind the growth of urban and rural production (EEA, 2011).
Similarly during the Derg regime more emphasis and support was given to big
commercial state farms and cooperative farms which contributes only a small
amount to the total production. Despite smallholder agriculture which accounted
for about 95 percent of total area under crops and for more than 90 percent of the
total agriculture output, Teff importance was neglected (EEA/EERI,).As far as
post Derg regime the federal and regional government take a structural
adjustment to improve the productivity of each crops including Teff per hectare.
However, the performance of cereal production could not improve (Mulat,
2001). Annually Teff production averaged 19.5 percent of total cereal produced
in 2000/01 and 2001/02, while its share in 1999/2000 crop years was 23.3
percent.
In the drought year of 2003/04 and in the subsequent bumper harvest year of
2004/05, Teff accounted for 23.66 percent and 29 percent of total production
respectively. About 17.4 and 16.3 million quintals of Teff were produced in
2003/04 and 2004/05 respectively (EEA, 2014).

18
 2.3. Conceptual framework of the study

CHAPTER THREE
3. METHODOLOGY of the study
This section includes description of the study area, the type of data as well as its sources.
It also briefly answer how the researcher conduct the research, like the method that the

19
 has been collect the sampling technique that will employee in choose the samples, the
sampling design and the method of data analysis that will use after the collection of the
relevant of the data.
3.1. Description of the study area
This study will be focused on Fogera woreda of east Debretabor zone in, Amhara regional
state. This woreda is located of about 668 km away from Addis Ababa and 105 km from
Bahir dar. The woreda covered the total area of 1056 km and bordered on the east by Farta
woreda and in the west Addis zemen woreda, on the north by dera woreda and on the south by
dembia woreda and oromiya regional state or Abay river (GWRDO, 2014).
Fogera woreda lie between 10° 1’ 46’ and 10° 36’ 12’ north latitude and 370 23’ 45’ and 370
15’ 52’’longitude. The Elevation of the woreda range between 1200 and 3510 above sea level
The altitudinal variation of Fogera woreda is divided into three traditional agro- ecology
climate such as highland (Dega), mid -land (Woina dega), and lowland(Kola). The southern
part of the woreda is characterized by Kola. Most of the north and the central part of the area
is Woina dega whereas the northern part of the tip have Dega (GORDO ,2014).The woredas
has the total population of 169,790 out of their 84,866 members are females and the rest of
84,924 are males and the total population engaged in agriculture production (GWRDO 2014)

3.2. Method Of data collection (Types of data and methods of data collection technique )
The primary data will be collected through questionnaires. The questionnaires applied were
organized for Teff producer farmers in Fogera woreda. The respondents for the questionnaires
are also users of improved technologies. The questionnaires were presented on the local
language “Amharic” for better understanding with farmers. For illiterate respondents, farmers
who cannot read the questionnaires, the researcher read the whole content of the
questionnaires. The secondary data will be collect from Fogera woreda BOARD Write the
documents.
3.3. Sampling techniques and simple size determination
The study will use both probability and nonprobability sampling techniques. From the
probability sampling technique the study will be use stratified sampling technique. To do
this the researcher first divided the woreda into three strata based on their level of
production, that is, high, medium and low productive kebeles. From the nonprobability
sampling technique, the researcher used judgmental sampling method to select three
stratums from the three strata based on their geographical location.
3.4. Sampling Design

20
 Both the total sample size and the number of samples in each Keble are compute as
follows:

N= (z2.p (1-p)/∂ 2 (Kothari, 1990).

Where z= level of confidence interval
N=total sample size
p=population proportion
∂ 2 =error term
3.5. Method of data analysis
The collected of data will interpreted and summarized by descriptive method of data analysis
with quantitative data analysis techniques. As stated in the objective of the study, the general
objective is to assess the agricultural technology adoption and it effects on teff production of
modern agricultural technologies. To these end, the research will be use quantitative method
of data analysis. The quantitative method of analysis will employee on the assumption that it
will fit the tools by which the data are collect. The collected of the data will organize in line
with the objective of the research and analyze use quantities data analysis procedure. The
analyze data will interpreted based on the objectives and outcomes of the study. Then
conclusion will draw from the result of the study. Finally recommendations are forward for
the respective stakeholders.
Since quantities data has a nature of numerical values, the data will analyze use the tables.
Tables are essential in measuring the relationship of different variables. For instance, the
relationship between adoption of improved agricultural technology and Teff production will
depicted in these data analysis instruments.

CHAPTER FOUR

4. Time budget and cost budget(Budget Plan and Time Schedule)

4.1 Time budget

Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun
1 Literature survey Xx

21
2 Problem Xx
formulation and
report preparation
3 Research design Xx
4 Data collection xx
5 Data analysis xx
6 Report writing xx
7 Presentation and Xx
submission

4.2 Cost budget

No. Items Quantity Price P
1 Internet fee 30hrs 20 600
2 Paper 53 0.5 26.5
3 Pen 2 10 20
4 Binder 1 35 35

22
5 Typing cost 53 5 265
6 Printing cost 53 1 53
7 Miscellaneous 1 50 50
expenses
8 Note book 1 30 30
9 Total 1079.5

References
the role of production risk in sustainable managment.technology adoption in ethiopian high land.
(2011). Shiferew
Aredo. (2011). Agricultueral Development theory policy and practices.
BANK., W. (2008). World development report on agricultuer.
CSA. (2016). Economic activity in ethiopia. 125-152.
Dejene. (2011). the adoption of agricultueral technology in ethiopia. 125-139
EEA. (2011). Industiral development and commercial farm. 265-297.

23
EEA. (2013). The performance of teff production. 86-144.
EEA. (2014). Ethiopia economic assocation;annual report.
EER. (2010). Agricultuer sector in ethiopia. 245-260.
holden, S. a. (2011). the role of production risk in sustainable managment.technology adoption in
Ethiopia high lands.
kassa. (2013). Agricultueral productivity. 75-102.
Kibebew. (2014). Important and preferable of Teff production. 145-168.
Mesay, B. M. (2016). Agricultueral technology adoption. 465-492.
MOA. (2010). Chalenge of agricultural exttension service in Ethiopia. 247-66.
MoA. (2013/2014). Economic development sector. 32-75.
MOA. (2014). IMPORTANTS OF AGRICULTUER FOR SUBSISTENCE SECTOR. MINSTERY OF
AGRICULTUER.
NEPAD. (2007). New partnership for African Development.
Todaro. (2010). Economic development therid world counteries.
Todaro, M. (2014). Economic development thrid world counteries. (3. ed, Ed.)

24