Fourier Series

Lecture No. 3

1
 FOURIER SERIES

Fourier series
Suppose that a given function f  x  defined in   ,   (or)  0, 2  (or) in any other
interval can be expressed as
a0 
f  x      an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
The above series is known as the Fourier series for f  x  and the constants
a0 , an , bn  n  1,2,3      are called Fourier coefficients of f  x 
Periodic Function:-
A function f  x  is said to be periodic with period T  0 if for all 𝑥, 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑇) =
𝑓 (𝑥 ),and T is the least of such values
Example:- (1) sin x  sin  x  2   sin  x  4        the function sin x is periodic with
period 2 . There is no positive value T, 0  T  2 such that sin  x  T   sin x x
(2) 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝜋
2𝜋 2𝜋
(3) The period of sin𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 𝑖. 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛 ( 𝑛 + 𝑥)
Euler’s Formulae:-
The Fourier series for the function f  x  in the interval 𝐶 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝐶 + 2𝜋 is given by
a0 
f  x     an cos nx  bn sin nx 
2 n 1
1 𝐶+2𝜋
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
1 𝐶+2𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫𝐶 𝑓(𝑥 ) cos 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 and
1 𝐶+2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫𝐶 𝑓 (𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
These values of a0 , an , bn are known as Euler’s formulae
Corollary:- If f  x  is to be expanded as a Fourier series in the interval 0  x  2 , put 𝐶 = 0
then the formulae (1) reduces to

1 2 1 2
f  x  dx f  x  cos nx.dx
   
a0  an 
0 0

1 2
bn   f  x  sin nx.dx
 0

Corollary 2:- If f  x  is to expanded as a Fourier series in   ,   put c   , the interval

becomes   x   and the formulae (1) reduces to

2
 1  1 
f  x  dx f  x  cos nx.dx
   
a0  an 
 

1 
bn 
   f  x  sin nx.dx


Functions Having Points of Discontinuity :-

In Euler’s formulae for a0 , an , bn it was assumed that f  x  is continuous. Instead a

function may have a finite number of discontinuities. Even then such a function is expressible as
a Fourier series
Let f  x  be defined by
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜙 (𝑥 ), 𝑐 < 𝑥 < 𝑥 0
= 𝜙(𝑥 ), 𝑥0 < 𝑥 < 𝑐 + 2𝜋
Where x0 is the point of discontinuity in  c, c  2  in such cases also we obtain the Fourier
series for f  x  in the usual way. The values of a0 , an , bn are given by
1  x0 c  2
a0     x  dx     x  dx 
  c x0 
c  2
an      x  cos nx.dx     x  cos nx.dx 
1 x0
  c x0 
c  2
bn      x  sin nx.dx     x  sin nx.dx 
1 x0
  c x0 
Note :-
0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
𝜋
(i) ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑚𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝜋, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚=𝑛>0
2𝜋, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑛 > 0
𝜋 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 0
(ii) ∫−𝜋 sin 𝑚𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = {
𝜋, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛 > 0

Problems:-
Fourier Series in [−𝝅, 𝝅]
1. 𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 f  x   x 𝒂𝒔 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒂𝒍   x  
Sol : Let the function x be represented as a Fourier series
a0  
f ( x)  x    an cos nx   bn sin nx  1
2 n 1 n 1
π π
1 1
a0 = ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f(x)dx = 0 (∵ x is odd function)
π π
−π −π

3
 π
1
an = ∫ f(x) cos nx. dx
π
−π
= 0 ( x cos nx is odd function and cosnx is even function)
π π π
1 1 1
bn = ∫ f(x) sin nx. dx = ∫(x) sin nx. dx = = [ ∫ x sin nx. dx]
π π π
−π −π −π
π
1
= [2 ∫ x sin nx. dx] [∵ x sin nx is even function]
π
−π
2 − cos nx − sin nx π 2 −π cos nπ
= [x ( )−1( 2
)] = [( ) − (0 + 0)]
π n n 0 π n
(∵ sin nπ = 0, sin 0 = 0)
2 2 2
  cos n   1   1 n  1,2,3.....
n n 1

n n n
Substituting the values of a0 , an , bn in (1), We get
∞
2
x − π = −π + ∑ (−1)n+1 sin nx
n
n=1
1 1 1
= −π + 2 [sin x sin 2x + sin 3x − sin 4x + … … .]
2 3 4
2. 𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬 f  x   x   𝐚𝐬 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥   x  
Sol:
Let the function x   be represented by the Fourier series
a0  

f  x  x   =   n
2 n 1
a cos nx  
n 1
bn sin nx  1 Then
π π π π
1 1 1
a0 = ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ f(x − π)dx = [ ∫ xdx = π ∫ dx]
π π π
−π −π −π −π
π
1
= [0 − π. 2 ∫ dx] (∵ x is odd function)
π
0
1
= [−2π(x)π0 ] = −2(π − 0) = −2π
π π π
1 1
and an = ∫ f(x) cos nx. dx = ∫(x − π) cos nx. dx
π π
−π −π
π π
1 1 
= [ ∫ x cos nx. dx − π ∫ cos nx. dx]  0  2  cos nx.dx 
x   0 
−π −π

( x cos nx is odd function and cos nx is even function)

4
 π
sin nx π
∴ an = −2 ∫ cos nx. dx = −2 ( )
n 0
0
−2 −2
= (sin nπ − sin0) = (0 − 0) = 0 for n = 1,2,3 … … … .
n n
π π π π
1 1 1
∴ bn = ∫ f(x) sin nx. dx = ∫(x − π) sin nx. dx = [ ∫ x sin nx. dx − π ∫ sin nx. dx]
π π π
−π −π −π −π
π
1
= [2 ∫ x sin nx. dx − π(0)] [∵ x sin nx is even function]
π
−π
2 − cos nx − sin nx π 2 −π cos nπ
= [x ( )−1( )] = [( ) − (0 + 0)] (∵ sin nπ = 0)
π n n2 0 π n
2 2 2
 cos n   1   1 n  1,2,3.....
n n 1

 n n
Substituting the values of a0 , an , bn in (1), We get
∞
2
∴ 𝑥 − 𝜋 = −𝜋 + ∑ (−1)𝑛+1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
𝑛
𝑛=1
1 1 1
= −𝜋 + 2 [𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4𝑥 + … … .]
2 3 4
3. F𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 e
 ax
from    x   .
 1  1 1   ax
𝐃𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭  2 2  2  2       Sol. Let the function e
sinh   2 1 3 1 4 1 
be represented by the Fourier series
a0  
e ax =   an cos nx   bn sin nx  1
2 n 1 n 1

1  e ax  1  a a ea  e a
1 
a0   e ax dx   
     a  

a
e  e   a
Then
a  ea  e a  1 sinh a
 0    a
2  2  a
π
1 π 1 e−ax
∴ an = π ∫−π e−ax cos nx. dx = π [a2 +n2 (−a cos nx + n sin nx)]
−π
−ax eax
[∵ ∫ e cos bx. dx = a2 +b (
2 a cos bx + b sin bx
)]
1 e−aπ e−aπ
∴ an = π {a2 +n2 (−a cos nπ + 0) − a2 +n2 (−a cos nπ + 0)}
a 2a cos nπ sinh aπ
= π(a2 +n2 ) (eaπ − e−aπ ) cos nπ = π(a2 +n2 )
(−1)n 2a sinh aπ
= (∵ cos nπ = (−1)n )
π(a2 +n2 )
1 π
Finallybn = ∫−π e−ax sin nx. dx
π

5
 eax
[∵ ∫ eax sin bx. dx = (a sin bx − b cos bx)]
a2 +b2


1  e ax 
  2 2  a sin nx  n cos nx  
1   a ( n (  
e−aπ eaπ
= π [a2 +n2 0 − n cos nπ − a2 +n2 0 − n cos nπ)]
)
n cos nπ(eaπ −e−aπ ) (−1)n 2n sinh aπ
= =
π(a2 +n2 ) π(a2 +n2 )
a0
Substituting the values of , an and bn in (1) we get
2
sinh aπ (−1)n 2a sinh aπ sinh aπ
e−aπ = + ∑∞
n=1 [ cos nx + (−1)n 2n π(a2 +n2 ) sin nx]
aπ π(a2 +n2 )
2sinh aπ 1 a cosx a cos 2x a cos 3x sin x 2 sin 2x 3 sin 3x
= {( − 12 +a2 + − +. . ) (12+a2 − + … )} ──(2)
a 2a 22 +a2 32 +a2 22 +a2 32 +a2
𝐃𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧: −
Putting x  0 and a  1 in (2), we get

2sinh   1 1 1 1 1    1 1 1 
1          2        
  2 2 22  1 32  1 42  1  sinh   2  1 3  1 4  1
2 2 2


4. 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐱 + 𝐱 𝟐 , − <𝐱<

𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐡𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐝𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
𝐢) − − − −= 𝐢𝐢) − −=

Sol: Let x + x2 = + cos nx + → (1)

1
To find ao = = =
π
1
To find an =
π
1
=
π
1
=
π
= [
= [

= =
1
To find bn =
π

6
 =

= =
Substituting in (1), the required Fourier series is,
π2 2x 3x 2x 3x
x + x2 = – 4(Cos x – Cos + Cos +. . ) + 2(Sin x – Sin + Sin +⋯)
3 4 9 4 9
5. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined as 𝒇(𝒙) =
−𝝅, −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 0
]Hence deduce that 1  1  1        
2
[
𝒙, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝜋 2
1 3 52 2
8
a0  
Sol. Let f  x     an cos nx   bn sin nx  1 then
2 n 1 n 1

1  1 o 
 1  x 2   1  2  2  1   2  
   0               
    
a0       
0
f x dx dx xdx x
   2  0    2  2  2
 
f  x  cos nx.dx       cos nx.dx   x cos nx.dx 
1 1 o
an 
        0 

1   sin nx   1
0
 sin nx cos nx  1 1 
     x  2    0  2 cos n  2 
   n   n n 0    n n 
1 1
= 𝜋𝑛2 (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 1) = 𝜋𝑛2 [(−1)𝑛−1 ]
−2 −2 −2
𝑎1 = 2 , 𝑎2 = 0, 𝑎3 = 2 , 𝑎4 = 0, 𝑎5 = 2 − − −
1 .𝜋 3 .𝜋 5 .𝜋
𝜋 0 𝜋
1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = [ ∫(−𝜋) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋 0
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 cos 𝑛𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
0
= [𝜋 ( ) + (−𝑥 + ) ]
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 0
1 𝜋 𝜋 1
= [ (1 − cos 𝑛𝜋) − cos 𝑛𝜋] = (1 − 2cos 𝑛𝜋)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
1 1
b1  3, b2  , b3  1, b4  and so on
2 4
Substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get
sin 3𝑥
+ 3 sin3 3𝑥 + sin44𝑥 + ⋯ ) … (2)
−𝜋 2 cos 3𝑥 cos 5𝑥
𝑓(𝑥) = 4
− 𝜋 (cos 𝑥 + 32
+ 52
+ − − −) + (3 sin 𝑥 − 2
Deduction:-
−𝜋 2 1 1
Putting x0in (2), we obtain 𝑓 (0) = 4 − 4 (1 + 32 + 52 + … . ) ─── … . (3)
Now f  x  is discontinuous at x  0
f  0  0    and f  0  0   0
1 
f  0  f  0  0   f  0  0   
2 2
−𝜋 −𝜋 2 1 1 1 1 𝜋2
Now (3) becomes = − (1 + + + − − −) → + + 1⁄52 + ⋯ =
2 4 𝜋 32 52 12 32 8

7
 −𝝅, −𝝅 < 𝑥 < 0
6. Find the Fourier series of the periodic function defined as 𝒇(𝒙) = [ ]
𝝅, 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 𝜋
a0  

Sol. Let f  x     an cos nx   bn sin nx  1

2 n 1 n 1 then
 1 o 
  dx    dx 
1
f  x  dx 
 
a0  
    0 
1 1 1
  x      x  0     2   2   0  0


0

    
 1 o 
  cos nx.dx    cos nx.dx 
1
f  x  cos nx.dx 
 
an  
    0 

1   sin nx  
0
 sin nx 
      
   n    n 0


1
 (0) (Q sin 0  0,sin n  0)

𝜋 0 𝜋
1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = [ ∫(−𝜋) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝜋 sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
−𝜋 −𝜋 0
1 cos 𝑛𝑥 0 cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝜋 ( ) + (−𝜋 ) ]
𝜋 𝑛 −𝜋 𝑛 0
1 𝜋 𝜋
= [ (1 − cos 𝑛𝜋) − (cos 𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0)]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
1 1 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
= (2 − 2cos 𝑛𝜋) = (2 − 2(−1) ) = { 4 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛
4
Substituting the values of a0 , an and bn in (1), we get𝑓(𝑥) = ∑∞𝑛=1 𝑛 sin(𝑛𝑥 ) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
1 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 4 (sin 𝑥 + sin(3𝑥 ) + sin(5𝑥 ) ± − −)
3 5

𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒊𝒏 [𝟎, 𝟐𝝅]

1. 𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = [0,2𝜋]
𝑆𝑜𝑙: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 = + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + → (1)

1 1 1 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑜 = = = (𝑒 𝑥 )2𝜋
0 = ( − 1)
π π 𝜋 𝜋
1 1
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = =
π π
1
= =
π

8
 1 1
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑏𝑛 = =
π π
1
= =
π

𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = + +

=
𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠.
𝟐. 𝑶𝒃𝒕𝒂𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒐𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒓𝒆𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌𝒙(𝝅 − 𝒙) 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 < 𝒙 < 2𝝅𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒌 𝒊𝒔 𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕.
𝑆𝑜𝑙: − 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑖𝑛 0 < 𝑥 < 2𝜋 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓(𝑥)
∞ ∞
𝑎0
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑘𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥 ) + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 − − − − − − − − − (1)
2
𝑛=1 𝑛=1
2𝜋 2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1 𝑘 𝑥2 𝑥3 2𝜋 2 𝑘
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = [𝜋 − ] = −
𝜋 0 𝜋 0 𝜋 2 3 0 3
2𝜋 2𝜋
1 1
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

𝑘 2)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋
(
= [ 𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 ( )
− 𝜋 − 2𝑥 (− ) + (−2) (− )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝑘 −3𝜋 𝜋 𝑘 −4𝜋 4𝑘
= [{0 + 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑛𝜋 + 0} − {0 + 2 + 0}] = ( 2 ) = − 2 (𝑛 ≠ 0)
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝜋 𝑛 𝑛
1 2𝜋 1 2𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑘𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0

𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 2𝜋

= [(𝜋𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) (− ) − (𝜋 − 2𝑥 ) (− ) + (−2) ( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
𝑘 2𝜋 2 2 2 2𝑘𝜋
= [{ + 0 − 3 } − {0 + 0 − 3 }] =
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎0 , 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑏𝑛 𝑖𝑛 (1) 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
∞
𝜋 2𝑘 ∞ 1 1
𝑓(𝑥) = − − 4𝑘 ∑ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑘𝜋 ∑ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑥
3 𝑛=1 𝑛 𝑛
𝑛=1

𝟑. . 𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐟𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐚𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝐭𝐡𝐞

(𝛑 − 𝐱)𝟐
𝐟𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐟(𝐱) = 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝟎 < 𝐱 < 𝟐𝛑
𝟒
Sol:
(π − x)2
Given f(x) = 0 < x < 2π
4

9
 fourier series of the function f(x) is given by
∞ ∞
(π − x)2 a0
f(x) = = + ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sinnx − − − − − − − −(1)
4 2
n=1 n=1

2π
1 2π 1 2π (π − x)2 1 (π − x)3 π2
a0 = ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ dx = [ ] = − −(2)
π 0 π 0 4 4π 3 0
6
1 2π 1 2π (π − x)2
an = ∫ f(x) cosnx dx = ∫ cosnx dx
π 0 π 0 4
2π
1 sin nx cos nx sin nx 1 2π 2π
= [ [(π − x)2 − {2(π − x)} (− 2
) + 2 (− 3 )]] = [ + ]
4π n n n 0
4π n2 n2
1
= 2 − (3)
n
1 2π 1 2π (π − x)2
bn = ∫ f(x) sinnx dx = ∫ sin nx dx
π 0 π 0 4

2π
1 cos nx sin nx cos nx
= [ [(π − x)2 (− ) − {2(π − x)} (− 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )]]
4π n n n 0
π2 2 π2 2
= [(− + 3 ) − (− + 3 )] = 0 ; bn = 0 − − − − − −(4)
n n n n
put the values of a0 , an , bn in (1) we get

∞
(π − x)2 π2 cos nx π2 cosx cos2x cos3x
f(x) = = +∑ = + 2 + 2 + + −−−
4 12 n2 12 1 2 32
n=1

𝟏; 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
4. Expand 𝒇(𝒙) = { as a Fourier Series.
𝟎 𝝅 < 𝑥 < 2𝝅

Sol:- The Fourier series for the function in (0,22𝜋) is given by

∞ ∞
a0
f(x) = + ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sinnx … … . . (1)
2
n=1 n=1
1 2π 1 π 2π 1
a0 = π ∫0 f(x)dx = π [∫0 1 dx + ∫π 0 dx] = π (x)π0 =1

10
 2 1  2
(0) cos nx.dx 
1
an   f  x  cos nx.dx   1 cos nx.dx  
 0  
 0  

1  sin nx 
  0
  n 0
1
 (0) ( sin 0  0,sin n  0)

2𝜋 𝜋 2𝜋
1 1
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = [∫ (1) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 0. sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
0 0 𝜋
1 𝜋 1 − cos 𝑛𝑥 𝜋 1 1
= [∫ (1) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ] = ( ) =− 𝑛𝜋 (cos 𝑛𝜋 − cos 0) = − 𝑛𝜋 [(−1)𝑛 − 1]
𝜋 0 𝜋 𝑛 0
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = { 2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑛𝜋
put the values of a0, an , bn in (1) we get
1 2 1 1 2 1 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = + ∑∞
𝑛=1,3,5 sin 𝑛𝑥 = + (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 + sin 5𝑥+. . )
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛 2 𝑛𝜋 3 5
5. Obtain Fourier series expansion of f  x     x  in 0  x  2 and deduce the value of
2

1 1 1 2
      
12 22 32 6
Sol:-
Given f(x) = (π − x)2 0 < x < 2π
fourier series of the function f(x) is given by
∞ ∞
a0
f(x) = (π − x)2 = + ∑ an cos nx + ∑ bn sinnx − − − − − − − −(1)
2
n=1 n=1

1 2π 1 2π
a0 = ∫ f(x)dx = ∫ (π − x)2 dx
π 0 π 0
2π
1 2 2
2π2
∫ [π + x − 2πx] dx = − −(2)
π 0 3
1 2π 1 2π
an = ∫ f(x) cosnx dx = ∫ (π − x)2 cosnx dx
π 0 π 0
2π
1 sin nx cos nx sin nx 1 2π 2π
= [ [(π − x)2 − {2(π − x)} (− 2
) + 2 (− 3 )]] = [ 2 + 2 ]
π n n n 0
π n n
4
= 2 − (3)
n
1 2π 1 2π
bn = ∫ f(x) sinnx dx = ∫ (π − x)2 sin nx dx
π 0 π 0

11
 2π
1 cos nx sin nx cos nx
= [ [(π − x)2 (− ) − {2(π − x)} (− 2 ) + 2 ( 3 )]]
π n n n 0
1 π2 2 π2 2
= [(− + 3 ) − (− + 3 )] = 0 ; bn = 0 − − − − − −(4)
π n n n n
put the values of a0 , an , bn in (1) we get

∞
2
π2 cos nx π2 4cosx 4cos2x 4cos3x
f(x) = (π − x) = +4∑ = + 2 + + + −−−
3 n2 3 1 22 32
n=1
Deduction:-
Putting x  0 in the above equation we get
∞
π2 cos nx π2 4cos0 4cos0 4cos0
f(0) = (π − 0 )2 = +4∑ = + + + + −−−
3 n2 3 12 22 32
n=1
π2 4 4 4
𝜋2= + 2 + 2 + 2 + − − −
3 1 2 3
π 2 1 1 1
𝜋 2 − =4[ 2 + 2 + 2 + − − −]
3 1 2 3
1 1 1 2
      
12 22 32 6
Even and Odd Functions:-
A function f  x  is said to be even if f   x   f  x  and odd if f   x    f  x 
Example:- x 2 , x 4  x 2  1, e x  e x are even functions
x3 , x,sin x,cos ecx are odd functions
Note1:-
1. Product of two even (or) two odd functions will be an even function
2. Product of an even function and an odd function will be an odd function

f  x dx  0 when f  x  is an odd function

a
Note 2:- a

 2 f  x  dx when f  x  is even function

a

Fourier series for even and odd functions

We know that a function f  x  defined in   ,   can be represented by the

Fourier series
a0  
f  x    an cos nx   bn sin nx
2 n 1 n 1

12
 1 
f  x  dx

Where a0 


1 
f  x  cos nx.dx
 
an 


1 
f  x  sin nx.dx

and bn 


Case (i):- when f  x  is an even function

1  2 
a0   f  x  dx   f  x  dx
    0

Since cos nx is an even function, f  x  cos nx is also an even function

1 𝜋
Hence 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 ) cos 𝑛𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
Since sin nx is an odd function, f  x  sin nx is an odd function
1 
 bn 
   f  x  sin nx.dx  0


 If a function f  x  is even in   ,   , its Fourier series expansion contains only

cosine terms
a0 
 f  x    an cos nx
2 n 1
2 
f  x  cos nx.dx, n  0,1, 2,     

Where an 
0

Case 2:- when f  x  is an odd function in   ,  

1 
a0 
   f  x  dx  0 Since f  x  is odd


Since cos nx is an even function, f  x  cos nx is an odd function and hence

1 
an 
   f  x  cos nx.dx  0


Since sin nx is an odd function; f  x  sin nx is an even function

1 𝜋
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓 (𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
2 𝜋
= 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓 (𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
Thus, if a function f  x  defined in   ,   is odd, its Fourier expansion contains only
sine terms
2 
∴ 𝑓 (𝑥) = ∑𝜋𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥 Where bn   f  x  sin nx.dx
 0

Even and Odd Functions:-

Problems:-
1. Expand the function f  x   x2 as a Fourier series in[−𝜋, 𝜋], hence deduce that

13
 (i) 1 1 1 1 2
2
 2  2  2     
1 2 3 4 12
Sol. Since f   x     x 2  x 2  f  x 
∴ 𝑓(𝑥 ) is an even function
Hence in its Fourier series expansion, the sine terms are absent



𝑎0
∴ 𝑥2 = 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 … … ───(1)
2
n 1
𝜋
2 𝜋 2 𝑥3 2𝜋2
Where 𝑎0 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ( 3 ) = …… ───(2)
0 3
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) cos 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
0 0
2 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 −cos 𝑛𝑥 − sin 𝑛𝑥 𝜋
= [𝑥 ( ) − 2𝑥 ( )+ 2( )]
𝜋 𝑛 𝑛2 𝑛3 0
2 cos 𝑛𝜋 4 cos 𝑛𝜋 4
= 𝜋 [0 + 2𝜋 𝑛2 + 2.0] = 𝑛2 = 𝑛2 (−1)𝑛 --------------(3)
Substituting the values of a0 and an from (2) and (3) in (1) we get

 2   1
n 1
2  4
x    2  1 cos nx   4 2 cos nx
2 n

3 n1 n 3 n1 n
2  cos2 x cos3x cos4 x 
  4  cos x  2  2  2        4 
3  2 3 4 
Deduction:- Putting x  0 in (4), we get
2  1 1 1  1 1 1 2
0   4 1  2  2  2       1  2  2  2     
3  2 3 4  2 3 4 12
2. Find the Fourier series to represent the function f  x   sin x ,   x  
Sol: Since sin x is an even function, bn  0 for all n

Let f  x  sin x 
a0
  an cos nx  1
2 n 1
1 𝜋 2 𝜋 2
Where 𝑎0 = | | = 𝜋 (− cos 𝑥 )𝜋0
∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
−2 4
= (−1 − 1) =
𝜋 𝜋
1 𝜋 2 𝜋
and 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫−𝜋 𝑓(𝑥 ) cos 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 sin 𝑥. cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
1
= ∫[𝑠𝑖𝑛(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(1 − 𝑛)𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋
0
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 + 𝑛)𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 𝑛)𝑥
= [− − ] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0
𝜋
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1 + 𝑛 𝜋 𝑐𝑜𝑠(1 − 𝑛)𝜋
( ) 1 1
=− [ + − − ] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
𝜋 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 1+𝑛 1−𝑛 0

14
 1   1  1  1  1
n 1 n 1
1  n 1  1 1   1 1 
      1     
  1  n 1  n    1  n 1  n  1  n 1  n  
−1 2 2 2
= [(−1)𝑛+1 − 1−𝑛2 ] = 𝜋(𝑛2−1) [(−1)𝑛+1 − 1]
𝜋 1−𝑛 2
−2
= 𝜋(𝑛2−1) [1 + (−1)𝑛 ] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
0 𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 ≠ 1
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = { −4
𝑖𝑓 𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
𝜋(𝑛 2−1)
2 𝜋 1 𝜋
For 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎1 = 𝜋 ∫0 sin 𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 − cos 2𝑥 𝜋 −1
= 𝜋( ) = 2𝜋 (cos 2𝜋 − 1) = 0
2 0
2 
4
Substituting the values of in (1) We get sin x    cos nx
 n2,4,   n2  1
a0 , a1 and an

2 4  cos nx 2 4  cos2nx
     
  n2,4 n2  1   n1 4n2  1
(Replace n by 2n)

Hence sin x  2  4  cos 2 x  cos 4 x      

  3 15 
2sin a  sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3x 
3. Show that for    x   , sin ax    2  2  ......
 1  a
2 2
2 a 2
3 a 2

(a is not an integer)
Sol: - As sin ax is an Odd function. It’s Fourier series expansion will consist of sine terms only

 sin ax   bn sin nx
n 1 ------------- (1)
  
2 2 2
bn 
  f ( x)sin nx dx   sinax .sin nx dx   [cos(a  n) x  cos(a  n) x]dx
 
Where 0 0 0
[ 2 sin A sin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]

1  sin(a  n) x sin(a  n) x 
bn   
  an a  n  0
1  sin a  cos n   cos  sin n  sina  cosn   cos a  sin n  
 
  an an 
1  sin a  .cos n  sin a .cos n 
bn 
  an

an   sin n  0

1  1 1  1 n  anan (1)n 2n
 sin a cos n     sin a ( 1)    sin a
  an an   a  n   (a  n )
2 2 2 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

15
 2 sin a 
n( 1) n 2 sin a 
n( 1) n 1
sin ax 


n 1 ( a  n )
2 2
sin nx 


n 1 ( n  a )
2 2
sin nx

2 sin a  sin x 2 sin 2 x 3sin 3 x 

    2  ......
 1  a
2 2
2 a
2 2
3 a 2

4. Find the Fourier series to represent the function 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒙, −𝝅 < 𝒙 < 𝝅.
Sol:- since sin x is an odd function 𝑎0 = 𝑎𝑛 = 0
Let 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = ∑ 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
2 𝜋 1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ sin 𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [cos(1 − 𝑛) 𝑥 − cos(1 + 𝑛) 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 0 𝜋 0
1 sin(1−𝑛)𝑥 sin(1+𝑛)𝑥 𝜋
= 𝜋[ − ] (n≠ 1) = 0(𝑛 ≠ 1)
1−𝑛 1+𝑛 0

2 𝜋 2 𝜋 1−cos 2𝑥 1 𝑆𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝜋 1
If n=1 𝑏1 = ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = (𝑥 − ) = ( 𝜋 − 0) = 1 ∴ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝜋 𝜋 2 𝜋 2 0 𝜋
𝑏1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
2sink   sin x 2sin 2 x 3sin 3 x 
5. Show that for    x   , sink x    2  2  ......
 1  k
2 2
2 k 2
3 k 2

(k is not an integer)
Sol: - As sin kx is an Odd function.
It’s Fourier series expansion will consist of sine terms only

 sin k x   bn sin nx
n 1 ------------- (1)
  
2 2 2
bn 
  f ( x)sin nx dx   sin kx .sin nx dx   [cos(k  n) x  cos(k  n) x]dx
 
Where 0 0 0
[ 2 sin A sin B  cos(A  B)  cos(A  B)]

1  sin(k  n) x sin(k  n) x 
bn   
  k n k  n  0
1  sin k cos n   cos  sin n  sink  cosn   cos k sin n  
 
  k n k n 
1  sin k .cos n  sink  .cos n 
bn 
  k n

k n   sin n  0

1  1 1  1 n  k nk n (1)n 2n

 sink  cos n     sin k  ( 1)    sink 
  k n k n   k  n   (k  n )
2 2 2 2

Substituting these values in (1), we get

16
 2 sink  
n( 1) n 2 sink  
n( 1) n 1
sink x 


n 1 (k  n )
2 2
sin nx 


n 1 ( n  k )
2 2
sin nx

2 sink   sin x 2 sin 2 x 3sin 3 x 

    2  ......
 1  k
2 2
2 k
2 2
3 k 2

Half –Range Fourier Series:-
1) The sine series:-
 
2
f  x    bn sin nx where bn  f  x  sin nx.dx
n 1  0

2) The cosine series:-


2 
f  x   0   an cos nx where a0   f  x dx and
a
2 n 1  0
2 
an   f  x  cos nx.dx
 0

Note:-
1) Suppose f  x   x in 0,   .It can have Fourier cosine series expansion as well as Fourier
sine series expansion in  0,  
2) If f  x   x2 in 0,   can have Fourier cosine series expansion as well as Fourier sine
series expansion in  0,   .
Half –Range Fourier Series:-
Problems:
1. Find the half range sine series for . 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙(𝝅 − 𝒙), 𝒊𝒏 𝟎 < 𝑥 < 𝜋
1 1 1 1 3
Deduce that 3  3  3  3     
1 3 5 7 32
Sol. The Fourier sine series expansion of f  x  in  0,   is 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥 (𝜋 − 𝑥 ) =
∞
∑𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
2 𝜋 2 𝜋
Where 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ; 𝑏𝑛 = 𝜋 ∫0 𝑥(𝜋 − 𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥

 x  x  sin nx.dx
2 


 2
0

2   cos nx    sin nx  cos nx 
  x  x 2       2 x      2 
  n   n 
2
n 3 0


22

 n 3
 4

1  cos n    3 1   1
 n
n

 0, when n is even

bn   8
 , when n is odd
  n3

17
 Hence
8 8 sin 3x sin5x 
x   x   
n 1,3,5...  n
3
sin nx or  x   x    sin x  3  3        1
 3 5 
Deduction:-
Putting  in (1), we get
x
2
𝜋 𝜋 8 𝜋 1 3𝜋 1 5𝜋
(𝑥 − ) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 + − − −)
2 2 𝜋 2 3 2 5 2
𝜋2 8 1 𝜋 1 𝜋 1 𝜋
⟹ = [1 + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝜋 + ) + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2𝜋 + ) + 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (3𝜋 + ) + − − −]
4 𝜋 3 2 5 2 7 2
𝜋2 1 1 1
(or) 32 = 1 + 33 + 53 + 73 + − − −
eax  eax
2.Find the half- range sine series for the function f  x   a  a in  0,  
e e
Sol. Let 𝑓(𝑥 ) = ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥───(1)
2 𝜋 2 𝜋 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑛 = ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 ) sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 𝑎𝜋 −𝑎𝜋 . sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝑒 −𝑒
2 𝜋 𝜋
= 𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋−𝑒 −𝑎𝜋) [∫0 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑛𝑥. 𝑑𝑥 ]
𝜋 𝜋
2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥
= [[ (𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 )] − [ 2 (−𝑎 sin 𝑛𝑥 − 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 )] ]
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 ) 𝑎2 + 𝑛2 0 𝑎 + 𝑛2 0
2 −𝑒 𝑎𝜋 𝑛 −𝑒 𝑎𝜋
𝑛
= [ 𝑛(−1)𝑛 + 2 + 𝑛(−1)𝑛 − 2 ]
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 ) 𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2 𝑎2 + 𝑛2 𝑎 + 𝑛2
2𝑛(−1)𝑛 𝑒 −𝑎𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2𝑛(−1)𝑛+1
= [ ] = − − ───(2)
𝜋(𝑒 𝑎𝜋 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝜋 ) 𝑛2 + 𝑎2 𝜋 (𝑛 2 + 𝑎 2 )
Substituting (2) in (1), we get
2 𝑛(−1)𝑛+1 2 sin 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 3 sin 3𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝜋 ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎 2 +𝑛 2 sin 𝑛𝑥 = 𝜋 [𝑎 2 +12 − + − − − − −]
𝑎 2+22 𝑎 2 +32
Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) defined in [𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝑙 ]
It can be seen that role played by the functions
1, cos x, cos 2 x, cos 3x,.....sin x,sin 2 x.........

In expanding a function f  x  defined in [𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝜋] as a Fourier series, will be played by

x   2 x   3 x 
1, cos   , cos   , cos   ,.....
 e   e   e 
x   2 x   3 x 
sin   ,sin   ,sin   ,.....
 e   e   e 

In expanding a function f  x  defined in c, c  2l 

𝑐+2𝑙
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
(𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑐 𝑙 𝑙

18
 𝑐+2𝑙 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
(𝑖𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (
) . 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑙, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑐 𝑙 𝑙
0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 0
𝑐+2𝑙 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
(𝑖𝑖𝑖 ) ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) . 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥 = { 𝑙, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 ≠ 0
𝑐 𝑙 𝑙
2𝑙, 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 = 𝑛 = 0
[It can be verified directly that, when m, n are integers ]
Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) defined in[𝟎, 𝟐𝒍]:
Let f  x  be defined in 0, 2l  and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier series expansion is
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) = 2 𝑎0 + ∑∞
𝑛=1 [𝑎𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 + 𝑏𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ] → (1)
𝑙 𝑙
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
Where 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 → (2)
𝑙
1 2𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
.𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 → (3)
𝑙

Fourier Series Of 𝒇(𝒙) Defined In[−𝒍, 𝒍]:

Let f  x  be defined in  l , l  and be periodic with period 2l . Its Fourier

series expansion is defined as

1 
 n x n x 
f  x   a0    an cos  bn sin 
2 n 1  l l 
1 l n x 1 l n x
where an   f  x  cos dx bn   f  x  sin dx
l l l l l l

Fourier series for even and odd functions in[−𝒍, 𝒍]:-

n x
Let f  x  be defined in  l , l  . If f  x  is even f  x  cos is also even
l
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
= ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
𝑛𝜋𝑥
And 𝑓(𝑥)𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑙
𝑙
1 𝑛𝜋𝑥
∴ 𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 0∀𝑛
𝑙 𝑙
−𝑙

19
 Hence if f  x  is defined in  l , l  and is even its Fourier series expansion is given by
1 
n x
f  x   a0   an cos
2 n 1 l
2 l n x
where an   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l
If f  x  is defined in  l , l  and its odd its Fourier series expansion is given by

n x 2 l n x
f  x    bn sin where bn   f  x  sin dx
n 1 l l 0 l
Note:- In the above discussion if we put 2l  2 , l   we get the discussion regarding
the intervals  0, 2  and   ,   as special cases

Fourier series of 𝒇(𝒙) defined in [𝑐, 𝑐 + 2𝑙]

Problems:-

1.Express f  x   x2 as a Fourier series in  l , l 

Sol: Since 𝑓(−𝑥 ) = (−𝑥 )2 = 𝑥 2 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Therefore f  x  is an even function
Hence the Fourier series of f  x  in  l , l  is given by
a0 
n x 2 l n x
f  x    an cos where an   f  x  cos dx
2 n 1 l l 0 l
𝑙
2 𝑙 2 𝑥3 2𝑙2
Hence 𝑎0 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 ( 3 ) =
0 3
𝑙
2 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
0
l
   n x    n x   n x  
2  2   l  
sin   cos    sin 
 x    2x  l   2 l 
l  n   n
2 2
  n
3 3

      
 l   l 2
  l 3
0
𝑛𝜋𝑥 𝑙
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 1
= [2𝑥 𝑛2 𝜋2
]
𝑙
𝑙2 0
(Since the first and last terms vanish at both upper and lower limits)

20
 2  cos n  4l 2 cos n  1 4l
2 n

 a n   2l 2 2 2   
l  n  /l  n 2 2 n 2 2
Substituting these values in (1), we get

l 2   1 4l n x l 2 4l 2   1
n n 1
n x
2
x2    2 2 cos   2  2 cos
3 n1 n  l 3  n1 n l
l 2 4l 2  cos  x / l  cos  2 x / l  cos  3 x / l  
  2       
3   12
2 2
32

2. Obtain Fourier series for f(x) = x3 in [-1, 1].

Sol: The given function is x3 which is odd

ao=, an=0, bn= bn = =
=2

=2
f(x) = + + +
3. Find a Fourier series with period 3 to represent f  x   x  x2 in  0,3

Sol. Let a0   n x n x 
f  x     an cos  bn sin   1
2 n 1  l l 

Here 2l  3, l  3 / 2 Hence (1) becomes

a0   2n x 2n x 
f  x   x  x     an cos
2
 bn sin    2
2 n1  3 3 
3
2  x2 x3 
Where a0   f  x  dx    x  x 2  dx      9
1 2l 2 3
l 0 3 0 3  2 3 0

 n x   2n x 
dx    x  x 2  cos 
1 2 2 3
and an   f  x  cos    dx
l 0  l  3 0  3 
Integrating by parts, we obtain
2 3 9 2 54 9
𝑎𝑛 = [ − ]= ( )=
3 4𝑛 2𝜋2 4𝑛 2 𝜋2 3 4𝑛 2𝜋2 𝑛 2𝜋2

n x
Finally  x  x 2  sin  2n3 x  dx  n12
1 2l 2 3
f  x  sin
l 0 3 0
bn  dx 
l 

Substituting the values of a’s and b’s in (2) we get

9 9 
1  2n x  12  1  2n x 
x  x2  
2 2
n
n 1
2
cos     sin 
 3   n 1 n  3 


21
Half- Range Expansion of 𝒇(𝒙)𝒊𝒏 [𝟎, 𝒍]:-
Some times we will be interested in finding the expansion of f  x  defined in 0,l  in
terms of sines only (or) in terms of cosines only. Suppose we want the expansion of f  x  in
terms of sine series only. Define f1  x   f  x  in 0,l  and f1  x    f1  x  n with
f1  2l  x  f1  x  , f1  x  is an odd function in  l , l  . Hence its Fourier series expansion is
given by

n x
f1  x    bn sin dx
n 1 l
2 1
f1  x  dx
l 0
where bn 
The above expansion is valid for x in  l , l  in particular for x in 0, l  ,
2 n x
dx where bn  0 f  x  sin
n x
l


f1  x   f  x  and f1  x    bn sin dx
n 1 l l l
This expansion is called the half- range sine series expansion of f  x  in 0,l  . If we
want the half – range expansion of f  x  in 0,l  , only in terms of cosines, define f1  x   f  x 
in 0,l  and f1   x   f1  x  for all x with
f1  x  2l   f1  x  .
Then f1  x  is even in  l , l  and hence its Fourier series expansion is given by
a0 n x
f1  x    an cos
2 l
 l n x
where an   f1  x  cos dx
l 0 l
The expansion is valid in  l , l  and hence in particular on 0,l  ,
f1  x   f  x  hence in 0,l 
1 
n x
f  x   a 0   an cos
2 n 1 l
2 1 n x
Where an  0 f  x  cos dx
l l

n x
1. The half range sine series expansion of f  x    b sin
n 1
n
l
in (0, 𝑙 )is given by

2 n x
f  x  sin
1
Where bn  
l 0 l
dx

2. The half range cosine series expansion of f  x  in 0, l  is given by

22
 1 
n x
f a0   an cos
 x 
2 n 1 l
2 l n x
where bn   f  x  cos dx
l 0 l
Problems:-

1. Find the half- range sine series of f  x   1 in 0, l 

Sol: The Fourier sine series of f  x  in 0, l  is given by f  x   1  


bn sin
n x
n 1 l
2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑏𝑛 = 1 ∫0 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 1 ∫0 1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑥
1 1
n x 
l

 cos
2  n x 
l
2  2 2  n1 
  l
    cos    cos n  1   1  1
l  n / l  n  l 0 n n 
 0
0 when n is even
 bn  { 4 when n is odd
n
4 n x 
Hence the required Fourier series is f  x  
n 1,3,5 n
sin
l

4 𝑛𝜋 1 3𝜋𝑥 1 5𝜋𝑥
𝑖. 𝑒 1 = (sin + sin + ⁄5 sin ……..)
𝜋 𝑙 3 𝑙 𝑙
2. Find the half – range cosine series expansion of f  x   sin   x  in the range
 l 
0 xl
Sol : The half-range Fourier Cosine Series is given by
∞
𝜋𝑥 𝑎0 𝑛𝜋𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) = + ∑ 𝑎𝑛 cos … … ───(1)
𝑙 2 𝑙
𝑛=1
2 𝑙 2 𝑙 𝜋𝑥 2 − cos 𝜋𝑥 ⁄𝑙 𝑙 −2 4
Where 𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
𝑙 0
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 [ 𝜋⁄𝑙 ]
𝑙 0
= 𝜋
(cos 𝜋 − 1) =
𝜋
0

2 𝑙 𝑛𝜋𝑥 2 𝑙 𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑥
and 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 ∫0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( 𝑙 ) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙 𝑙
1 𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛+1)𝜋𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑛−1)𝜋𝑥
= ∫ [
𝑙 0 𝑙
− 𝑙
] 𝑑𝑥
cos(n+1) 𝜋𝑥 𝑙
1 − cos(n−1) 𝜋𝑥 ⁄𝑙
= 𝑙 [− 𝑙
+ ] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
(𝑛+1)𝜋⁄𝑙 (𝑛+1)𝜋⁄𝑙
0
1 (−1) 𝑛+1 (−1)𝑛−1 1 1
= 𝑙 [− 𝑛+1 + 𝑛−1 + 𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1] (𝑛 ≠ 1)
When n is odd an  1  1  1  1  1   0
  n  1 n  1 n  1 n  1 

23
 1 1 1 1 1
When n is even 𝑎𝑛 = 𝜋 [𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1 + 𝑛+1 − 𝑛−1]
−4
= 𝜋(𝑛+1)(𝑛−1) (𝑛 ≠ 1)
1 𝑙 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 1 𝑙 2𝜋𝑥
If 𝑛 = 1, 𝑎1 = 𝑙 ∫0 2 sin ( 𝑙 ) cos ( 𝑙 ) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙 ∫0 sin ( ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑙
1 1 2𝜋𝑥 𝑙 −1
= . [−𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )] = (cos 2𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0) = −1⁄2𝜋 (1 − 1) = 0
𝑙 2𝜋 𝑙 0 2𝜋
𝜋𝑥 2 4 cos(2𝜋𝑥 ⁄𝑙 ) cos(4𝜋𝑥 ⁄𝑙 )
from equation(1) we have∴ sin ( 𝑙 ) = 𝜋 − 𝜋 [ 1.3 + + − − −]
3.5
3. Obtain the half range cosine series for f(x) = x – x , 0
2

Sol:The half range cosine series for f(x) in 0 is given by

f(x) = + cos n x
Where ao = =2 =2
𝑎𝑛 = 2

=2 =2 =2

The cosine series of f(x) is given by,

+ = -

4. Obtain the half range sine series for ex in 0<x<1.

Sol: The sine series is
Where bn =
=2 = [ ]

= [ = [

∴ 2

24