UDC: 624. 012. 454: 539.

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE
SECTIONS

By: WIRATMAN WANGSADINATA C.E.

~
DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN TENAGA LISTRIK
DIREKTORAT JENDERAL C I PTA K A R Y A
DIREKTORAT PENYELIDIKAN MASALAH BANGUNAN
Jalan Tamansari no: 84 * BAN DUNG * Tilpon: 81082/81083
 UDC: 624. 012. 454: 539.3

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE
SECTIONS

By: WIRATMAN WANGSADINATA C.E.

Dep. Pekerjaan Umum & Tenaga Ustrik

PUSLITBANG
PERPUSTAKAAN

DEPARTEMEN PEKERJAAN UMUM DAN TENAGA LISTRIK

DIREKTORAT JENDERAL C I PTA K A R Y A

DIREKTORAT PENYELIDIKAN MASALAH BANG UNA N

Jalan Tamansari no: 84 * BAN DUNG * Tilpon: 81082/81083

----------------------REGIONAL HOUSING CENTRE

Published by : Yayasan Lembaga Penyelidikan Masalah Bangunan- Bandung

March197B
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> 1 'SL1T'J\ ,
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 3

ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SECTIONS

By:
Wiratman Wangsadinata, C.E.*)

Synopsis.
The paper deals with the elastic analysis of reinforced concrete sections based on the new Indonesian
Reinforced Concrete Code 1971. Although theory of elasticity is now gradually being abandoned as a basis
for the design of sections and replaced by more rational theories based on ultimate strength concepts, nevertheless
it will remain important as a tool for computing working stresses. Therefore, a more realistic approach in the
determination of the value of the modular ratio 'n' should be assessed taking into consideration deformation
properties of concrete due to actual loading cases in practice. Background of the stipulations concerning
values of 'n' in the new Code is briefly discussed. Based on the derived equations charts are presented, with
which sections subjected to pure bending can easily be analised. It is shown that the charts are also
applicable to bending with normal force, provided that the tension steel remains in tension. A method is
further presented on how to treat flanged sections as equivalent rectangular sections.

NOTATIONS.
A, A' area of steel; with accent (apostrophe) means compression steel.
At area of steel farthest to the application point of tensile normal force.
A2 area of steel nearest to the application point of tensile normal force.
b = width of section; for flanged section width of equivalent rectangular section.
bm = effective flanged width of flanged section.
bo stem width of flanged section.
ca,cb section coefficient; eq. (20), (21), (22), (23), (31), (32).
d' distance of compression steel to compressed edge of section.
D, Da, Db resultant compressive force; subscripts a and b refer to steel and concrete.
ea eccentricity of normal force with respect to the axis of tension steel.
~ = tg if> = secant modulus of concrete.
Bt,o = tg if>o elasticity modulus of concrete; eq. (1).
h effective height of section.
i coefficient for bending with normal force; eq. (28).
M = bending moment.
n = Ea/~ = modular ratio.
N = normal force.
t = flange thickness of flanged section.
T = resultant tensile force.
y distance of neutral axis to compressed edge of section.
z internal lever arm.
~= aa/nab ratio of steel and concrete stress; eq. (11).
'Ym• 'Yma• 'Ymb = material coefficient; subscripts a and b refer to steel and concrete.
l'
s
'Ypa• 'Ypb
depreciation coefficient; subscripts a and b refer to steel and concrete.
load coefficient.
S =A'/A compression steel ratio.
€'
b compression strain of concrete.
~ = z/h = internal lever arm coefficient; eq. (17), (41).
flY distance of application point of resultant compressive force D to compressed edge of
section.
A.= bm/bo transformation coefficient for equivalent rectangular section of flanged section.
~ = y/h, ~0 = neutral axis coefficient; subscript o refers to elastic balanced condition.
aa, a~, at, working stress; subscripts a and b refer to steel and concrete; with accent (apostrophe)
means compressive stress.
aa, at, allowable working stress; subscripts a and b refer to steel and concrete (compressed).
abk characteristic compressive strength of 15 em concrete cubes at 28 days.
abu flexural compressive strength of concrete.

*) Research member Building Research Institute Bandung; lecturer Dept. of Civil Engineering Institute of Technology
Bandung; chairman Committee on the Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971.
4

slope of straight line determining the secant modulus of concrete; coefficient

to determine 'Ymb·
¢o slope of straight line determining the elasticity modulus of concrete.
w= rKf
""'bh' w0 = tension steel coefficient; subscript o refers to elastic balanced condition.

1. INTRODUCTION.

Theory of elasticity is the historical starting point for the analysis of reinforced concrete sections,
whereby the concrete is considered as a perfectly elastic material. Because of the assumption of straight
line relationship between stress and strain, this theory is often called "straight line theory". From equality
of strains in the concrete and steel during deformation a specific number appears in the calculation which
is known as the modular ratio, which is the ratio of the elasticity modulus of steel and concrete and is
denoted by 'n'. Therefore, the analysis of sections using this method is also known as the "n-method".
Furthermore, as the stresses involved in the calculation are working stresses, the design of sections using
this method is also often called "working stress design".
At present theory of elasticity as a basis for the design of reinforced concrete sections is gradually
being abandoned to be replaced by more rational concepts based on ultimate strength. There are two
reasons for this, i.e. (1) the n-method does not reflect the real safety against ultimate strength and (2) by
using the n-method as generally practised in the past less economical sectional dimensions are obtained
compared to that obtained using ultimate strength theories. However, theory of elasticity will remain
important, not only as a branch of science but also as an important tool for computing working stresses
in structural members which behave elastically under certain loading conditions. It is known that highly
redundant structures will remain statically indeterminate at its ultimate stage, either because collapse is due
to instability before all plastic hinges can developed [7] or because the structure is intentionally designed
to develop plastic hinges in beams only rather than in columns [21]. Thus, even though a structure
is analised using collapse criteria, the n-method will still be needed for computing stresses in structural
members which remain elastic. Apart from that, for the computation of deformations consideration of
elastic behaviour of sections may facilitate the analysis [20] , while for the computation of deflections
and crack widths using formulas like given in the new Code, working stresses in the member must be
calculated first.
From the above discussion it is clear that since the n-method will remain taking an important part
in modern design of structures, the value of the modular ratio 'n', being the fundamental starting point,
should be better assessed and more practical methods of application should be facilitated. Several
stipulations concerning the elastic analysis of sections, which is more realistic than it was stipulated in
the past, is given in the new Code [ 1] [2]. Several studies which lead to the above stipulations have been
presented by the author in previous papers [4] [5] [6] (7] and this paper is a complement of the author's
previous work, in which charts will now be presented for more practical application of the n-method.
Although important principles given in the new Code are briefly reviewed here, the reader is recommended
to examine the specific articles in said Code for more detailed informations.

2. HISTORICAL REVIEW.
The elastic analysis of reinforced concrete sections was introduced for the first time by Koenen
in Germany in 1886. At that time he considered the elasticity modulus as being equal for steel and
concrete so that the modular ratio became n = 1. It was in 1890 that Neumann pointed out that the
elasticity modulus of concrete was much more smaller than that of steel and he proposed to use n = 14.
Since then no general consensus has ever been reached concerning the value of the modular ratio. Only
in the European continent uniformity in the use of a modular ratio of n = 15 has been agreed upon and
only after an appeal of Emperger in 1936 [ 13] . Thus, based on a fixed modular ratio n = 15, several
methods of analysis for practical purposes have been developed in Europe using tables and charts (14]
[15] (16] (17] (18] (19].
In the American continent the modular ratio has always been considered variable depending on
the concrete quality. The better the quality of the concrete the smaller the value of n. This is closer to
the actual property of concrete. Several formulas have been proposed to compute the value of n and in
the literature the following values of n can be found: n = 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 and 15. Thus, based on a certain
fixed value of n also in the American continent several methods of analysis for practical purposes have been
developed using tables and charts [22] (23] (24] [25].
In so far the influence of the speed of loading was not being considered in the determination of the
modular ratio, although it was known that concrete behaves completely different under long-time and
short-time loading. The influence of the speed of loading was taken into account for the first time in
Japan, where it was felt necessary to distinguish permanent loading due to dead load and live load from
temporary loading due to any loading in combination with earthquake. For increasing quality of
 5

concrete, the following values of n can be found in the literature: n = 30, 24, 21 for permanent loading
and n = 20, 16, 14 for temporary loading [26]. Thus, also in Japan several methods of analysis for
practical purposes have been developed using tables and charts based on a certain fixed value of n.
As regards Indonesia it has its own unique development. For a very long time it was under strong
influence of Europe via the Netherlands. Since the first reinforced concrete code in 1921 up till the
1955 code, a fixed value of n = 15 was stipulated. Based on this several practical methods of analysis
have been introduced from Europe and widely used in Indonesia [ 10] [ 11] . Around the year 1960
influence from the American continent started taking root, so that the use of variable low values of n
became more and more common. Values of n stipulated in the ACI codes as mentioned above were
recommended in official handbooks [12]. Then, in the following years also influence from Japan
gradually found acceptence and by using relatively high variable valoes of n like mentioned above more
economical structures had been produced in Indonesia. This trend was mainly caused by the increasing
number of big projects constructed in Indonesia under technical cooperation with Japanese designers.
Thus, non-uniformity arose in the use of the modular ratio in Indonesia. This disorderly situation
came fortunately to an end by the issue of the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971. In this
new code the modular ratio is defmitely stipulated as being variable depending on the concrete quality
and the loading case, similarly stipulated like in Japanese ,codes, which is more realistic since Indonesia
belongs to one of the important seismic countries in the world. Background of the determination of said
modular ratio will be further discussed in 3.2.
Apart from the problem of determining the right value of n, it is felt necessary to find out more
practical methods of analysis in which the variability of n is automatically taken into account. If each
table or chart is valid only for a certain fixed value of n, then a great number of tables or charts will be
required for practice. To overcome this difficulty in 1963 the author has developed a method of
analysis using a table which is valid for any value of n [3] [ 5]. A modification of this table with more
accurate figures calculated using an electronic computer was introduced by the author in 1970 [6]
[7]. Finally those tables are further developed into charts presented in this paper, which are more
practical than tables.

3. ASSUMPTIONS AND EXPLANATIONS.

3.1. Stress-strain relationship for concrete.
Concrete is an elasto-plastic material, it means that every deformation always consists of two
components, the elastic and the plastic component, the latter also being known as creep. The elastic
component will disappear as soon as the load ceases to act, while the plastic component is permanent
and is a function of the speed of loading. If the loading is very fast the plastic component has not the
chance to develop so that the concrete behaves perfectly elastic with a rectilinear stress-strain relationship.
If the speed of loading is lowered down the plastic component, developed after every additional load
application, becomes larger. The stress-strain relationship is no longer rectilinear but determined by
a curve of which the curvature is approximately inversely proportional to the speed of loading. In Fig. 1
stress--strain relationships for concrete for several speeds of loading according to CEB [27] are shown.
As explainded above, the elasticity modulus Ebo = tg cf>o (see Fig. I) is a property of concrete which
is related to fast or instantaneous loadings only. Its value can lij)parently be computed with the following
formula:
Ebo = 19000 vfabk (1)
in which abk is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete determined with 15 em cube
specimens. Here the elasticity modulus will be involved in strength analysis, that is why characteristic
strength is used in the above formula. If for instance the elasticity modulus is required for rigidity
computations then mean strength of concrete should be used in the above formula.

Figure 1
Stress-strain relationship for concrete.
6

From Fig. 1 it can be noticed that if the concrete is subjected to sustained pressure such that
o'b/afm < 0.83, e.g. denoted by a, creep will develop continuously at a constant stress without causing
failure untul the strain reaches its ultimate value, called the creep limit, which in Fig.1 is denoted by c. The
most intensive creep occurs during the first 3 or 4 months of loading, while the creep limit will be reached
after 3 or 4 years. The value of concrete strain at its creep limit is approximately three times its elastic
strain. If for instance before the creep limit is reached an instantaneous loading is applied to the concrete
then momentarily the concrete will behave perfectly elastic with a rectilinear stress-strain relationship,
e.g. denoted by b-d in Fig.l. Such loading case actually happens in practice (see 3.2). If now sustained
pressure occurs such that ab/ai,u ~ 0.83, Fig.1 clearly shows that the crushing strength of concrete will be
reached sooner that its creep limit. Thus, due to continuous pressure a decrease in concrete strenght
occurs. To account for this the compressive strength of concrete abu must be devided by a coefficient
'Ypb = 1/0.83 = 1.2 in the case of sustained loading. In the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971
this coefficient is called the depreciation coefficient for concrete. A similar decrease of concrete strength
will also occur due to repeated loading. To account for that a suitable depreciation coefficient should be
assessed.
I

iii

EJ..:: 1, ,;, =elasl/c,-ly ,.,,_,_

~ : i!J (' :: S~Cit~rl 11><t11/.

Figure 2
Elasticity modulus and secant modulus of concrete.

Because concrete is an elasto-plastic material, in the use of the elastic theory for the analysis of
sections, the rectilinear relationship between stress and strain is no longer defined by the elasticity modulus
of concrete Ebo = tg ¢ 0 , but by the secant modulus Eb = tg ¢, where ¢ is the slope of the straight line
connecting the coordinate origin and the point corresponding to the stress-strain condition concerned
(see Fig.2).

3.2. Stress-strain relationship for concrete for loading cases in practice and modular ratio.
The stress-strain relationship shown as curves in Fig. I are obtained using gradually increased loads
with constant acceleration. Actual loadings in practice do not show such properties.
For the analysis of building structures, the Indonesian Loading Specification 1970 (NI 18), which
is also refer to by the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971, specifies two categories ofloadings,
that is permanent loading and temporary loading. Permanent loading is defined as loading caused by loads
that act for a long period, such like dead load and live load, while temporary loading is defined as any
combination of loadings with short-time loading, such like caused by wind and earthquake.
Based on the concrete property discussed in 3.1, it is possible to estimate approximately the stress-strain
relationship for concrete for actual loading cases in practice. Let consider Fig.3, which shows the progress
of stress and strain in the extreme compressed fiber of a reinforced concrete section. The straight line 0-4
represents the elastic deformation line for very fast loadings, so that the tangent of the angle 4-0-7 is the
elasticity modulus Ebo according to eq. (1). The line 0-S represents the creep limit, which approximately
may be idealized by a straight line (compare with the creep limit shown in Fig. I). As the ultimate strain is
approximately three times the elastic strain, the tangent of the angle 5-0-7 is 1/3 Ebo· Hence, the secant
modulus after the creep limit is reached may be considered as independent of the concrete stress with
a valu~:

-t ~0 = 6333 vabk 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(2)
 7
6 6
/
/ /
/ /
/

t 2 ~~ t----+---.. -t-r---+-+.;--+-----,f'---+---+--+------1
ti..'
'lu

(7.'
II

Figure 3
Stress-strain relationship for concrete for loading cases in practice; (a) and (b) are
idealized curves for ultimate strength analysis.

Suppose now the dead load plus the live load (=the permanent loading) of the structure bring about a concrete
stress of abl· In the progress of increase of these loads to their maximum value, in Fig.3 the stress-strain
relationship is represented by the curved line 0-1. Thereafter creep develops at a constant stress abl
represented by the horizontal line 1-2. Point 2 at the creep limit will almost be reached within 3 or 4 months
but the full creep limit. will be reached not before 3 or 4 years. During the progress of creep a continuous
decrease in the value of the secant modulus occurs until the minimum secant modulus is reacheq at the
creep limit according to eq. (2). Suppose after the creep limit is reached due to permanent loading earthquake
load appears, it means that per definition temporary loading occurs, then a series of increments or decrements
of the loads occurs within a very short time (a few seconds) so that the concrete behaves perfectly elastic. If
the earthquake load increases the previous loads, in the diagram shown in Fig.3 the stress-strain relationship
will follow the straight line 2-3 parallel to line 0-4. The level of point 3 is intentionally limited in such
a way that the concrete stress due to temporary loading will never exceed approximately two times the
concrete stress due to permanent loading. In this way the secant modulus at the maximum concrete stress
due to temporary loading is (see Fig.3) :

_]_
~2 2 ~I
or

~2 = 9500 v'Obk (3)

During the action of the earthquake a continuous increase in the value of the secant modulus occurs from
Ebl to Eb2· If the earthquake happens before the creep limit is reached then the stress-strain relationship
will follow for instance the straight line 2'-3'.
From the above discussion it is very clear that the stress-strain relationship for concrete fo~ actual
loadings in practice is very complicated. That is the reason why we have to idealize the stress-strain relationship
when it is required for analysis.
For the ultimate strength analysis of reinforced concrete sections the new Indonesian Reinforced
Concrete Code 1971 specifies as a compromise an idealized stress-strain diagram represented by a second
degree parabola up till the fiber where the strain reaches a value of 2 o/oo and continued by a horizontal
line till the ultimate strain, which is specified as 3.5 o/oo. The maximum stress ordinate is defined as afm
for temporary loading and 0.83 abu for permanent loading (see Fig.3). Ultimate strength analysis has been
discussed elsewhere by the author [9] and will not be discussed again here.
In using the elastic theory for the analysis of reinforced concrete sections a problem arises in choosing
the right value for the secant modulus. If we follow again the stress-strain progress due to permanent and
temporary loading (Fig.3), then we can state the following. Due to the continuous decrease in the secant
8

modulus during the development of creep a continuous redistribution of stresses in the section occurs,
whereby at a constant concrete stress the steel stress progressively increases until the maximum value is
reached when the concrete reaches its creep limit. Hence, the secant modulus Ebl is for the analysis of sections
due to permanent loading significant. If thereafter earthquake load happens, then due to the continuous
increase in the secant modulus during the action of the earthquake a redistribution of stresses in the section
again occurs, whereby both the concrete stress and the steel stress increase. It is clear now that for t}le
analysis of sections due to temporary loading the secant modulus Eb2 is significant.
Now we can define the modular ratio. According to its defmition the modular ratio is:

n = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (4)

so that by substituting Eb according to eq. (2) and (3) in the above equation we obtain the modular ratios
for building structures stipulated in the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971
for permanent loading :

n = 2.1 x 106 = ___.1JQ_ •• • • . . • . • . • • • . • • • (5)

6333Vabk v'Obk
for temporary loading :

n = 2.1 x 106 = _nQ____ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (6)

95 00 v'Ubk
{<1bk
For standard quality of concrete according _to the new Code values of its modular ratio are listed in Table I.

Table I

n
Concrete 0 bk
quality (kg/cm 2 ) permanent temporary
loading loading

B 1 100 33 22
K 125 125 30 20
K 175 175 24 16
K 225 225 21 14

It will be shown later that it is safer for the analysis to use too low estimated values of the modular
ratios than too high estimated values. That is the reason why the values of the modular ratios listed in
Table I are maximum values according to the new Code.
If a more accurate value of the modular ratio for permanent loading in combination with accidental
loading is required, the mathod given by Borges [20] may be followed to assessed the related secant
modulus.

3.3. Allowable working stress.

Although the design of reinforced concrete sections based on the elastic theory is not recommended,
however it may still be used according to the new Code as an alternative. For that purpose allowable working
stresses are stipulated.
Concerning material strength the new Code require the use of characteristic strength; these are strengths
below which 5% of test results may allow to fall. This requirement applies for concrete as well as for steel. To
account for the decrease in material strength in practice, to obtain the design strengths the characteristic
strengths must be divided by the product of depreciation coefficient 'Yp and the material coefficient 'Ym· The
value of the depreciation coefficient for conCEete 'Y pb has been derived in 3.1, where we have found a value
of 1.2 for permanent loading and a value of 1.0 for temporary loading (no reduction in strength due to
creep). The depreciation coefficient for steel is always taken as 1.0 for all kind of loadings. The material
coefficient for concrete 'Y mb is specified as 1.4/ifJ, where if> = 1 for normal conditions. For excellent
 9

conditions a value of ¢ > 1 may be considered, while for unfavourable conditions a value of¢< 1 must be
used. The material coefficient for steel 'Yma is specified as 1.15 for all conditions.
In connection with the determination of the allowable working stresses, there is still one other
safety coefficient to be considered, that is the load coefficient 'Ys· This coefficient must be considered
to account for the effects of possible increase of the working load up till the ultimate load causing collapse
of the structure. In statically determinate structures between the working load and the ultimate load
there is a proportional relationship, but in statically indeterminate structures, due to the redistribution
of moments and forces before collapse of the structure, the ultimate load is no longer proportional to
the working load. However, for the determination of the allowable working stress it is always assumed
that there exists a proportional relationship between the ultimate load and the working load. ln this way
we can define the allowable working stress as follows:

allowable working stress characteristic strength

'Yp 'Ym 'Ys

According to the new Code, 'Ys = 1.5 .for permanent loading and 'Ys = 1.05 for temporary loading. For
standard qualities of concrete and steel the allowable working stresses are given in the new Code. The
allowable working stress is denoted by the stress symbol with a bar, e.g. Db and O'a·

4. DERIVATION OF EQUATIONS.
4.1. Rectangular section subjected to pure bending.
Consider a rectangular section, doubly reinforced and subjected to pure bending with notations
as shown in Fig.4, in which the following assumptions have been used: (1) plane sections remain plane
after bending and remain perpendicular to the member axis (hypothese of Bernoulli), (2) strains in the
sections are assumed to be directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis (Navier's law), (3)
tensile stresses are assumed to be resisted by the reinforcement only.
In the following we will first define successively neutral axis coefficient, internal lever arm
coefficient, compression steel ratio and tension steel coefficient :

~ L (7)
h
z
~ (8)
h

(j A' (9)
A

w A (10)
bh

From proportionality of stesses we also get the stress coefficient:

(3 (11)

T
.!1= r1z
j_ _l __ _
/
I
. ....
/
A /

Figure 4
Rectangular section subjected to pure bending.
10

In our further discussions we will always neglect the reduction of concrete area by the area of the
compression steel and assume that the modular ratio for the compression steel is the same as for the tension
steel (=n).
Internal forces acting on a section are (see Fig.4) :

T h...=_y_
A aa n A ab (12)
y

1\ ~by q; (13)

Da oA a·a = Y- d' on A
y
at, . (14)

Equilibrium of forces T = Db + Da gives, after substituting the above expressions of the internal forces
and after derivation, the tension steel coefficient :

nw (15)

The distance of the resultant compressive force D = Db + Da from the compressed edge of the
section will be denoted by 'T[Y ; it can be evaluated from the equilibrium requirement (Db + Da) 'T[Y = Db.
(1/3) y + DW d', which after substituting internal forces according to eq. (12), (13) and (14) and further
derivation, ytelds :

- 1 ~ 3 + onw.!t_(~-.!t_)
6 h h (16)

The internal lever arm is z = h- 77 y, which after substituting eq. (16) gives the internal lever arm
coefficient :

-1 ~ 3 + onw_ct_(~-Jt_)
1 - ___,6_ _ _ _-----..:;h,____h:.:...__ (17)
le
2
+ onw(~- _ct_)
h

Equilibrium of moments M = T . z gives :

M A aa ~ h = n wb h ~ ~ h
n
(18)

which yields the following expression :

_1_ M (19)
n wz q; b n w (3 ~

From equation (19) we find the expressions for the section coefficients

h (20)

J1
nw~
(21)
 11

= h (22)
j_M_
t1hb
=
)n~,n (23)

By rearranging eq. (18) we get the area of the tension steel

A M (24)

or the tensile stress in the tension steel

M (24a)
A t h

The expression which gives the relationship between concrete and steel stresses are obtained from proportionality
conditions :

~- d'/h ~ .: d'/h
a'a = (25)
~ 1- ~ aa

4.2. Bending with normal force.

The analysis for bending with normal force can be solved by transfering the eccentric normal force
so that it acts along the axis of the tension steel, where it may either decrease (Fig.S b) or increase (Fig.S c)

I,. 1

Figure 5
Rectangular section subjected to bending with normal force.

the force in the tension steel, depending whether the force is a compressive or a tensile force. If the eccentricity
of the normal force with respect to the tension steel is ea, the bending moment produced by the transfer
of force isM= N ea. An arbitrary section subjected to a bending moment M = N ea combind with a normal
force N acting along the axis of the tension steel will have an area of tension steel A with a tensile stress aa
which will satisfy the following equation:

A = (26)
 12

which after derivation gives

i A (27)

with

= (28)

In the above expressions N must be given a negative sign when it is a tensile force and in that connection
also ea must be given a negative sign when N is a tensile force. Hence, i > 1 for compressive norinal force
and i < 1 for tensile normal force.
If now we compare eq. (27) and (24) then we will notice that the two equations are identical. The
only difference lies in the fact that for pure bending N ea = M and i = 1. What is then the meaning of
i = 1 ? If we examine eq. (28) we will notice that i = 1 if ea = oo and this is indeed true since for pure bending
the eccentricity of the normal force N (=0) is ea = M/N = M/0 = oo and N ea changes to M.
An important conclusion we can draw from the above discussion is that bending with normal force
can be treated just exactly like pure bending, provided that N ea be used instead of M and i A instead
of A, notwithstanding the shape of the section. Parallel to this, for rectangular sections subjected to bending
with normal force we may write the compression steel ratio, the tension steel area and the section coefficients
successively as follows :

= A'
(29)
iA

i A = wb h = (30)

h (31)

= h (32)

In case the section has symmetrical reinforcement, the value of 8 is such that A' = A. From eq. (28) and
(29) it follows that this condition will be satisfied if :

= _I_ = (33)
i

As we have seen, the analysis for bending with normal force with the above method (the i-method), is
only valid for tension steel that remains in tension.
If the normal force is a compression force with a small eccentricity, the whole section will be in
compression, so that the i-method is no longer valid. Bending with normal force causing compression over
the whole section will not be further discussed here:
If the normal force is a tensile force with small eccentricity, the whole section will be in tension, so
that the i-method is also no longer valid. Since we always neglect the tensile strength of the concrete, in this
case the tensile force must be resisted by the reinforcement only. If A1 and A2 are the area of the reinforcement
farthest and nearest to the application point of the normal force, and the stress in both of the reinforcement
is designed to be equal (= aa), then from equilibrium conditions we will fmd :

N ea
= (34)
aa (h- d')
 I3

(35)

In the above discussion about bending with normal compressive force buckling effects are not being
considered. According to the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code I97I these are taken into
consideration by adding additional eccentricities to the original eccentricity of the normal force. This
problem will not be further discussed here.

4.3. Flanged sectio~.

When flanged sections (T or L section) are being considered two cases can occur. When the neutral
axis falls within the flange the problem of analysis is similar to that of analysing a rectangular section, where
for the width b the effective width of the flange bm must be used. When the neutral axis falls below the
bottom of the flange then we have a true flanged section. For practical analysis it is convenient to distinguish
two types of sections for this case, i.e. narrow flanged sections with bm/b 0 EO;; 5 and wide flanged sections
with bm/bo > 5 (see Fig.6).
Narrow flanged section (bm/b 0 EO;; 5).
The analysis of narrow flanged sections can be simplified by treating them as rectangular sections by
transforming the compression zone into an equivalent rectangular zone, which produces an equal resultant
compressive force [I 0] .
Based on the real compression zone the concrete compressive force is :

= I b h , [ ~ + ( bm _ I) _t 2 f- t/h (36)
-20 Ubt;; b h
0 ~

while based on the equivalent rectangular compression zone the concrete compressive force is :

= 4bhaj,~ (37)

~'-f- - h,. -~)1

t 1 '(r---- b ~
1T ~~~~ .Y~r/, -+·-·
.~----ez~D

1
..,l

j / ~)H
~~ T
~ o.;~
n
Figure 6
Narrow flanged section treated as an equivalent rectangular section.

Equating eq. (36) and eq. (37) yields the width b of the equivalent rectangular compression zone :

b = A bm (38)

with:
bm 2~-t/h
~ + ( 0::: - I) _t
0 h ~
A = .• (39)
~ bm
~

In Table I the transformation coefficients Aare listed as a function of the shape of the compression zone, which
is determined by the neutral axis coefficient ~ and· the ratios bm/b0 and t/h.
Although the equivalent rectangular and the real compression zone produce an equal resultant
compressive force, the equivalent rectangular zone gives a slightly smaller internal lever arm. Therefote, the
14

analysis based on this equivalent rectangular compression zone is on the safe side. To start the analysis
we have to estimate first ~ to obtain A from Table I for known values of bm/b 0 and t/h. Treating the
flanged section further as a rectangular section with width b the analysis must show the correctness of
the estimated ~. otherwise the analysis must be rep:ated starting with a corrected value of~-
Wide flanged section (bm/b 0 > 5).
When the effective width of the flange is relatively large, the compression zone in the stem below
the bottom of the flange will be relatively very small, so that it can be neglected. In this case it is on the safe
side if we consider the resultant compressive force Db as acting in the mid-depth of the flange. By
considering equilibrium conditions like for rectangular sections, then we will find the direct relationship
between the bending moment and the reinforcement :

Table I
Transformation coefficient for the equivalent rectangular
compression zone of flanged section.

t/h bm/bo

0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 5.0
~ A
0.50 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.50 ~0.44 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.06 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99
0.50 0.44 0.38 0.31 0.25 0.19 0.12 0.06 0.99 0.98 0.98 0.97 0.97 0.97 0.97
0.50 0.43 0.36 0.29 0.21 0.14 0.07 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.94 0.93 0.93
0.50 0.42 0.33 0.25 0.17 0.08 0.95 0.92 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.88 0.87
0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.92 0.88 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80
0.50 0.38 0.25 0.12 0.88 0.82 0.78 0.76 0.74 0.73 0.71
0.50 0.33 0.17 0.84 0.76 0.71 0.67 0.65 0.63 0.61
0.50 0.25 0.79 0.68 0.62 0.57 0.54 0.52 0.49
0.50 0.73 0.60 0.51 0.46 0.42 0.36 0.35

M A aa ~ h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (40)

with

~ ( _t_ ) 2 + 8 n w hd'
1- 2 h (41)
t + 8n w
h

When the section is subjected to bending with normal force and the tension steel remains in
tension, in eq. (40) Mmust be replaced by N ea and A by i A, where ea and i have the same meaning as
defind in 4.2.

5. CHARTS.
Based on the derived equations for rectangular sections it is possible to arrange tables or charts
which give the relationship between the coefficients t
~. n w, Ca and Cb. From the equations we can
 15

see that ~. nw, Ca and Cb can be calculated for variable values of~. provided that 6 and d'/h are known.
A computer program has been prepared by which the precented charts have been obtained using IBM 1130. In
the computation of the charts a fixed value of d'/h = 0.10 has been used, which in general will be satisfied
by beams in practice. Furthermore, the following compression steel ratios have been used 6 =0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6,
0.8, 1.0, 1.25, 1.67 and 2.5.
Concerning the relationship between Ca and 100 nw which is shown in Chart II we can state the
following. Following eq. (21), the relationship between Ca and 100 nw can be written in the following
expression:

= J100
~ ·
J 1
100nw
~ 11 J 100 1nw
which is valid for values of ~ encountered in practice. From the above expression we can see that the
relationship between Ca and 100 nw will be represented by lines which are practically straight lines if the
coordinates are chartered following a logarithmic scale, like shown in Chart II.
From both charts it can be further noticed that a certain value of Ca or Cb gives a certain value
of 100 nw for the known 6. This means that for the analysis it is safer to use too low estimated values of
n than too high estimated values.
In the following the simple use of the charts will be reviewed:

Computation of stresses.

For pure bending compute 100 nw from eq. (IO); for bending with normal force estimate first~ to
obtain i from eq. (28), then compute 100 nw from eq. (30). Compute 6 from eq. (9) for pure bending and
from eq. (29) for bending with normal force. Next we can choose one of the two charts to proceed. However,
it is better to use both of the charts to obtain better control of the results. With the known 100 nw and
6 from Chart I we get Cb, ~and~ and from Chart II we get Ca. ~and~ (as a check). For bending with normal
force the obtained ~ must be in accordance with the estimated value, otherwise the analysis must be repeated
started with a corrected value of ~- The working stresses can now be calculated from eq. (24a) and (25).
Although stresses may also be calculated from eq. (24a) and (22), however this procedure is not recommended
as it gives less accurate results. If a flanged section is being considered, assume first that ~ .;;;; t/h and treat
the section as a rectangular section with width bm. Check from charts that ~is really .;;;; t/h; if it is so the
analysis can be proceeded. If apparently the neutral axis falls below the bottom of the flange, estimate then~
to obtain A from Table I for the known t/h and bm/b0 . Treat the section as a rectangular section with width
b = A bm. The analysis must show the correctness of the estimated~. otherwise the analysis must be repeated
starting with a corrected value of ~-

Design.

As the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code 1971 still allows the use of the elastic theory for the
design of sections, both of the charts can serve that purpose ea:sily, with due consideration of the limitation
given in 6.
Compute Ca or Cb from eq. (20) and (22). Estimate 6, taking into consideration ductility requirements
and/or the value of the opposite moment. With the known Ca or Cb and 6 from the charts we get 100 nw,
~ and ~- For pure bending compute tension steel from eq. (I 0) or more accurate from eq. (24) after aa is being
known. The compression steel follows from eq. (9). The working stress at the obtained steel areas can be
calculated from eq. (24a) and (25) For bending with normal force compute first i from eq. (28) and then
tension steel from eq. (30) and compression steel from eq. (29), while the working stress at the obtained steel
areas can be calculated again from eq. (24a) and (25).
Coefficient Ca is chosen as a strarting point of the analysis if the steel stress is aimed to be fully utilized
(aa = U'a), which can be accomplished for pure bending, provided that the amount of compression steel is
sufficient; if it is not sufficient then the steel stress can no longer be fully utilized (aa < aa). Coefficient Cb is
chosen as a starting point of the analysis if the concrete stress is aimed to be fully utilized (Ub' =CJ6), which
may be the case for bending with normal compressive force.
For bending with normal force, where symmetrical reinforcement is required, ~ must be estimated
first to compute 6 from eq. (33). The analysis must show the correctness of the estimated value, otherwise
the analysis must be repeated starting with a corrected value of ~-
For bending with normal compressive force with small eccentricities, by fully utilizing the steel stress
it is possible to get a value of ~ equal to ea/h, so that i = oo and A = 0. This means that the application
point of the normal force N coincides with the application point of the resultant compressive force D. Another
 Clr.arr I
Cltaris for '"~ eta.~iic a.n.a!y~i.s e~F reinForced COI'Ic,.e-le ~ec-lion.s
z.o

So
\. \. \. \\\
1\.
\.
cJI'-.\. \.
_\.\.
\.
\.
\....,.
\~
\ .:r
\""
--+-----jf--H-+-+-+-++++-+-f-+-+-f--+-+- --1

t----t---+~~--l---"~d' '\.'\:~ ·- \ \ \
1----+----+--"-".---~-"'~~~ \ \ \
'1----+---+--~~,, '\.~ ~ \ \ 1\
~..3' "\. ~ \ \ \ \

'\. '\~\ \\ \
'\ \.~\\ \ '

I-~ £?6+---+--+--+--+---1 ~S"

().-If)
4.'J6 -f.O

"-Jf-

ay:z
:t \1"1

D.'JO
-1.~ ' - ~ 1;:: ~ 1/ L.d/1/ ,
1--r- v~--'VI/
"f.D. V I)'

;, \.\. .\
Ch ={ji i i '=- { " \~~\~
"''\\
,., {- t:-
fib'b ejJ 1\\ ~\
v Q
v'- r-
d'/h v.' _ "l.t r- rz '-'l\\
a- f n '/J - (- r a. ~'\
For pure 6end.it.~ : e.. = oo i i == 1' ' ~
F~r ben.da#a.! will, nor,_/ !Dree : 11~ N. e... ~ .,
 ~\

,~I\ 2.2
~~--r-~~~~~\\-4~~
1\.
'\~\ \

.z.6
\
.o ~.0 .

. .A~·
t-+-HH-i-++++1f--+-+-+~++~ ~f---1--++ o= A'
S:2.s A
.6,

-r-t~~Dj!!.H-t1......... ,//II
';ooi I;' 1/ II

~:2. +--+--+-+--1

111
v
18

possibility is that ~ > ea/h, which gives a negative value of i. This means that the position of the application
point of the normal force N is lower than the application point of the resultant compressive force D. This
condition is impossible since it violates the equilibrium condition. Equilibrium can be restored only if the
application point of the compressive force D comes lower, at least until it reaches the same level as the
application point of the normal force N. The position of the application point of the compressive forceD
can be lowered down by increasing the value of ~. For a constant ab the value of~ can be increase d only
by decreasing the value of aa. This means that for small eccentricities of the normal compressive force
both the concrete stress and the steel stress can not be fully utilized.

6. LIMITATIONS FOR THE DESIGN OF SECTIONS USING THE ELASTIC THEORY.

If the design of a section is based on the elastic theory, the new Indonesian Reinforced Concrete Code
1971 stipulates some limitations. In the following limitations for pure bending will be discussed.
First of all a minimum reinforcement is stipulated in relation to the prevention of brittle fracture. It is
known that when the bending moment applied to a section reaches its cracking moment value, a sudden
rise in the tension steel stress occurs due to the abrupt change in effectiveness of the section from the
uncracked to the cracked condition. If the amount of tension steel is too small the steel stress will
suddenly rise beyond its breaking strength producing the so called brittle fracture. To prevent this
phenomena the new Code specifies a minimum area of tension reinforcement Amin = (12/ atu) b h, which
gives a minimum tension steel coefficient of:

~in (42)
bh

In Table II values of UWin according to eq. (42) are listed for standard qualities of steel according to the
new Code.

Table II

u aa'li 100. wmin

(kg/cm 2 )

u 22 1910 0.628
u 24 2080 0.577
u 32 2780 0.432
u 39 3390 0.354
u 48 4170 0.287

Another limitation according to the new Code is the maximum reinforcement. This maximum
reinfircement has been derived from limitations obtained from ultimate strength analysis of sections
[2]. In terms of the n-method this limitations may be formulated as follows. For beam sections in general
the area of tension steel minus the area of compression steel must not exceed 150% of the area of single
reinforcement at elastic balanced condition, while for member sections of lateral force resisting structures
the above percentage is I 00%.
At elastic balanced condition, where both the steel and the concrete stress reach the maximum
allowable stress, the neutral axis coefficient is:

~0 --~-=- ...... . (43)

+ f3o I+~
nab
so that the tension steel coefficient of a single reinforced section at elastic balanced condition is obtained
by substituting eq. (43) in eq. (15) with 5 = 0, which gives:
 19

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . (44)

Maximum reinforcement according to the new Code may now be expressed as follows:
- for beam sections in general:

0.75 . . . . . . . (45)
a a
(1 + _a) --!- (1 - 8)
nab nq;
- for member sections of lateral force resisting structures:

= 1.0 nw0
-------=0=.5"------- . . . . . . . (46)
1 - 8 a a
(1 + _a)~(1-8)
nab nab

In Table III and Table N maximum tension steel coefficients according to eq. ( 45) and (46) are listed.

Table III

100 n wmax for beams in general

----- aa! n at, 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4
8 --~
0 52.1 37.5 28.4 22.3 18.0 14.9 12.5 10.6 9.2
0.2 65.1 46.9 34.3 27.9 22.5 18.6 15.6 13.3 11.5
0.4 86.8 62.5 47.4 37.2 30.0 24.8 20.8 17.8 15.3
0.6 130.2 93.8 71.0 55.8 45.1 37.2 31.2 26.6 23.0
0.8 260.4 187.5 142.0 111.6 90.1 74.4 62.5 53.2 46.0
1.0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00

Table IV
100 n wmax for lateral force resisting structures

~ 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4

0 34.7 25.0 18.9 14.9 12.0 9.9 8.3 7.1 6.1

0.2 43.4 31.2 23.7 18.6 15.0 12.4 10.4 8.9 7.7
0.4 57.9 41.7 31.6 24.8 20.0 16.5 13.9 11.8 10.2
0.6 86.8 62.5 47.3 37.2 30.0 24.8 20.8 17.8 15.4
0.8 173.6 125.0 94.7 74.4 60.1 49.6 41.7 35.5 30.6
1.0 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
20

7. EXAMPLES.
Example 1.
Given Frame section with b = 30 em, h =55 em, A= 22.81 cm 2 , A'= 14.18 cm 2 , M = 21400 kgm
for temporary loading, abk = 175 kg/cm 2 •
Find Working stresses.
Solution Obk = 175 kg/cm 2 , temporary loading: n = 16.
100 nw = 100 n _A_ = 100 x 16 x 22.81 - = 22.2.
bh 30x 55
~ = ..A:_ = 14 · 18 = 0.62 :::::: 0.6
A 22.81
With 100 nw = 22.2 and 8 = 0.6 from Chart 1: Cb = 1.80, ~ = 0.42, ~ = 0.874 and
from Chart II: Ca = 2.28, ~ = 0.42 (o.k.), ~ = 0.874 (o.k.).
Working stresses:
M 2140000
aa A~h 22.81 x 0.874x55
1950 kg/cm 2
t aa 0.42 X 1950
q; 1- ~ n 0.58 16
88 kg/cm 2 •

a'a t - d'Lh aa 0.32 X 1950 1080 kg/cm 2 .

1 - ~ 0.58

Example 2.
Given Column section with b = 40 em, h= 35 em, A= 10.05 cm 2 , A' = 8.04 cm 2 , N ea = 4660 kgm
(including buckling effects) and N = 3500 kg for permanent loading, a{,k = 175 kg/cm 2 •
Find Working stresses.
Solution a{,k = 175 kg/cm 2 , permanent loading: n = 24.
ea 4660 = 1.33 m. Estimate ~ = 0.87.
3500
__
I __
1.30
1-~_h_ 1 - 0.87 X l_i
ea 133
100 nw = 100 n i A = 100 X 24 X 1.30 X 10.05 22.4
b h 40 X 35
8 = _A'_ = 8 ·04 = 0.6.
i A 1.30x 10.05
With 100 nw = 22.4 and 8 = 0.6 from Chart 1: Cb = 1.78, ~ = 0.42, ~ = 0.873 and from
Chart II: Ca = 2.25, ~ = 0.42 (o.k.), ~ = 0.873 (o.k.). Hence, the obtained~ is in accordance
with the estimated (o.k.).
Working stresses:
N ea 466000
aa 1170 kg/cm 2 •
iA~h 1.30 X 10.05 X 0.873 X 35
_L_~ J11L_ X ___l!lQ_ 35 kg/cm 2 •
a'b
I - ~ n 0.58 24
a'a = t - d'Lh aa = ____Q]_.L_ X 1170 645 kg/cm 2 .
I - ~ 0.58

Example 3.
Given Beam section with b = 35 em, h = 65 em, A= 38.01 cm 2 , A'= 20.11 cm 2 , N ea = 19400 kgm
and N = -15300 kg (tension) for permanent loading, abk = 225 kg/cm 2 •
Find Working stresses.
Solution a'bk 225 kg/cm 2 , permanent loading: n = 21.
ea 19400 -1.27 m. Estimate ~ = 0.88.
-15300
0.69
1 - 0 88 X 0 ·65
. -1.27
 21

100 nw = 100 n ~ ~ = 100 x 21 x 0.69 X 38.01 24.2.

35 X 65
8 = _K_ = 20.11 = 0.8.
i A 0.69 x 38.01
=
With 100 nw 24.2 and 8 = 0.8 from Chart 1: Cb = 1.68, ~ = 0.41, ~ = 0.878 and from
Chart II: Ca = 2.16, ~ = 0.41 (o.k.), ~= 0.878 (o.k.). Hence, the obtained ~is in accordance
with the estimated (o.k.).
Working stresses:
N ea 1940000
aa 1290 kg/cm 2 •
i A ~ h 0.69 X 38.01 X 0.878 X 65

a'b ~ ~= 0.41 X
1290 43 kg/cm 2 •
I - ~ n 0.59 21

a'a I - d'Lh 0.31 X 1290 = 680 kg/cm 2 •

aa
I - ~ 0.59

Example 4.
Given Flanged section of beam with b 0 = 40 em, bm = 160 em, h = 115 em, t = 12 em, A= 35.47
cm 2 , A'= 13.90 cm 2 , M = 68500 kgm for permanent loading, at,k = 225 kg/cm 2 •
Find Working stresses.
Solution 06k = 225 kg/cm 2 , permanent loading: n = 21.
t/h = 12/115 = 0.10.
Assume neutral axis falls within the flange: b = bm = I60 em.
100 nw = 100 x 21 x 35 .4 7 = 4.05
· 100x115
8 = _K_ = 13.90 = 0.4.
A 35.47
With 100 nw = 4.05 and 8 = 0.4 from Chart 1: Cb = 2.80, ~ = 0.24 > t/h = 0.10. Hence,
assumption was wrong.
Estimate now~= 0.25. With t/h = 0.10, bm/b 0 = 160/40 = 4.0 and ~ = 0.25 from Table
1: A= 0.73, so that b =A bm = 0.73 x 160 = I17 em.
100 nw = 100 n _A_ = 100 x 21 x 35 .4 7 = 5.54.
bh 117xll5
With I 00 nw = 5.54 and 8 = 0.4 from Chart 1: Cb = 2.60, ~ = 0.27 (approx. in accordance
with the estimated value, o.k.), ~ = 0.91 and from Chart II: Ca = 4.40, ~ = 0.27 (o.k.), ~=
0.91 (o.k.).
Working stresses:
M 6850000 = 1840 kg/cm 2 .
aa
A~h 35.47 X 0.91 X 115

a'b ____L_ _5__ = 0.27 X 1840 32 kg/em:

1 - ~ n 0.73 21
a'a ~ - d'/h a = 0.17 X I840 430 kg/em:
I - ~ a 0.73

Example S.
Given Beam section with b = 30 em, h =55 em, M = I5300 kgm for permanent loading, concrete
quality K 225, ¢ = I and steel quality U 39.
Find Reinforcement using the n-method.
Solution Permanent loading, K 225, ¢ = I : a\) = 75 kg/cm 2 , n = 21.
U 39 : aa = 2250 kg/em:
The steel stress is going to be fully utilized.

= h 55 - 2.52.
J 21 X 15300
2250 X 0.30
22

Taking the value of the opposite moment and ductility requirements into consideration, it i~
estimated sufficient to use 6 = 0.2.
With Ca = 2.52 and 6 = 0.2 from Chart II: ~ = 0.43, .
Working stresses:

Db = _L 0 a = 0.43 X 2250 = 81 kg/cml > Ob.

1- ~ n 0.57 21

This means that with 6 = 0.2 the steel stress can not be fully utilized.
Estimate now 6 = 0.6. With Ca = 2.52 and 6 = 0.6 from Chart II: ~ = 0.39, t = 0.878,
100 nw = 18.1.
Working stresses:

a.; = _t_ oa = 0.39 X

2250 = 69 kg/cm 2 (o.k.).
1 - ~ n 0.61 21

a'a = ~- d'/h = Jhf2..__ X 2250 = 1070 kg/cm 2 (o.k.).

1 - ~ oa
0.61

Reinforcement:

A M = 1530000
aa rh 2250 X0.878 X 55

A' 6 A = 0.6 x 14.1 = 8.5 cm 2 •

Check of limitation:
U 39, from Table II: 100 n wmin = 21 x 0.354 = 7.4
< 100 nw (o.k.).
6 = 0.6, 'Oa/n 'Ob = 2250/21 x 75 = 1.4. From Table III: 100 nwmax = 55.8 >100
nw (o.k.).
Suppose now symmetrical reinforcement is required; with Ca = 2.52 and 6 = 1 from Chart
II; ~ = 0.36, t = 0.885, 100 nw = 17.8.
Working stresses:
~ ~ 0.36 2250
ut, = = X = 60 kg/cm 2 (o.k.).
1--=1 n 0.64 21
a'a = ~- d'/h = 0.26 2250 = 910 kg/cm 2 (o.k.).
aa X
1 - ~ 0.64

Symmetrical reinforcement:

A= A'= M = ----=1=53::..c0:..;:0:.;:::0=0____ = 13 .9 em~

2250 X 0.885 X 55

Limitation of reinforcement need not be considered.

Example 6.
Given Column section with b = 45 em, h = 40 em, N ea = 12200 kgm (including buckling effects)
and N = 28300 kg (compression) for temporary loading, concrete quality K 125, q, = 1.08,
steel quality U 32.
Find Symmetrical reinforcement using the n-method:
Solution Temporary loading; K 125, q, = 1.08 : 0(, = 37 kg/cm 2 , n = 20
U 32 : oa = 2650 kg/cm 2 •

e = 16200 = 0.43 m.
a 28300
Assume the steel stress can be fully utilized.
 23

= h 40 = 2.80
J 20 X 12200
2650 X 0.45

Estimate r = 0.87, ~ = 1 - r (h/ea) = 1 - 0.87 (40/43) = 0.2.

With Ca = 2.80 and ~ = 0.2 from Chart II: ~ = 0.40, t
= 0.87 (same as estimated, o.lc).
Working stresses:

a: = _L_ (ja = 0.40 x 2650 = 90 kg/cm2 > lJ.'

-o 1-~ n 0.60 20 -o
1his means that for symmetrical reinforcement the steel stress can not be fully utilized.

= h 40 = 1.48
j _Nea j 12200
37 X 0.45
<Ji,b
Estimate r = 0.83, ~ = 1 - r (h/ea) = 1 - 0.83 (40/43) = 0.23 ~ 0.2.
With Cb = 1.48 and ~ = 0.2 from Chart 1: ~ = 0.59, t = 0.826 (approx. in accordance with
the estimated value, o.k.).
Working stresses:

= 1 - ~ n U-j, = 0.49 X 20 37 = 514 kg/cm 2 < oa (o.k.).

aa 0.59
X
~
~ - d'/h 0.49 X 20 37 = 615 kg/cm 2 < oa (o.k.).
o'b not,= X
~ 0.59

Reinforcement:
= _1_ = _1_ = 5.
~ 0.2

i A = ~= 1220000 = 71.8 em~

aar h 514 X 0.826 X 40

A ___l_LL = 14.4 em~

5

A' = ~ i A = 0.2 X 71.8 = 14.4 cm 2 (o.k.).

 24
8. REFERENCES.

[1] "Indonesian Reinfor:ced Concrete Code 1971, NI 2" (in Indonesian). Ed. Building Research
Institute, Bandung, Oct. 1971.
[ 2] ''Explanation and discussion of the Indonesian ~einforced Concrete Code 1971" (in Indonesian),
Ed. Building Research Institute, Bandung, Sepl _1971.
(3] Wiratman Wangsadinata: "Bending for rectangular section in the cracked stadium" (in Indonesian),
Reinforced Concrete II, Dept. of Civil Eng. ITB Pub!., 1963.
(4) Wiratman Wangsadinata: ''Basic principles for the newlndonesianconcr ete code" (in Indonesian),
Concrete Symposium, Bandung, Jan. 1970.
(5) Wiratman Wangsadinata: ''A general method for the analysis of reinforced concrete section subjected
to bending based on the elastic theory and the influence of 'n' towards the design" (in Indonesian),
Concrete Symposium, Bandung, Jan. 1970.
(6] Wiratman Wangsadinata: "A general method for the analysis of reinforced concrete·section subjected
to bending with an arbitrary value of n" (in Indonesian), 2nd. Seminar on orderly construction,
Bandung, April 1970.

[ 7) Wiratman Wangsadinata: "flexural analysis by means of the n-method" (in Indonesian), Building
Research Institute Publ., Bandung, Ocl 1970.
[ 8] Wiratman Wangsadinata: "Structural safety in the design of reinforced concrete" (in Indonesian),
Building Research Institute Pub!., Bandung, Oct. 1970.
[ 9] Wiratman Wangsadinata: "Ultimate strength analysis of reinforced concrete sections", to be published,
1972.
(1 0] Roosseno, R.: "Reinforced concrete"'(in Indonesian), P.T. Pembangunan, Djakarta, 1954.
[ 11] Soemono, R: "Reinforced concrete nomograms" (in Indonesian), Djambatan, Djakarta, 1961.
[ 12] Depl of Public Works: "Concrete handbook" (in Indonesian), Djakarta, 1966.
(13] Emperger, F.: "Normalisatie van de factor n bij gewapend beton", Beton No. 12, Bijlage· De Ingenieur,
4 Dec. 1936.
(14] Morsch, E.: "Die Bemessungin Eisenbetonbau", 5. Aufl., Wittwer, Stuttgart, 1950.
(15) Saliger, R: "Der Stahlbetonbau", 7. Aufl., Deuticke, Wien, 1949.
(16] Pucher, A.: "Lehrbuch des Stahlbetonbaues", 2. Aufl., Springer, Wien, 1953.
[17) LOser, B.: "Bemessungsverfahren", 15. Aufl., Ernst & S., Berlin, 1955.
(18] Schrier, W.v.d.: "Gewapend beton", 9e dr., Argus, Amsterdam, 1953.
[ 19] Plantema; Bisch: "Beton grafieken", L.J. Veen, Amsterdam, 1950.
(20] Borges, J.F.: "Cracking and deformability of reinforced concrete beams", Int. Ass. for Bridge and
Structural Engineering, Pub!. Vol. 26, Zurich, 1966.
[21] Cismigiu, A; Titaru, E; Velkov, M.: "Energetic interpretation of the structure beha.viour during the
earthquake of 26 July 1963 in Skopje and conclusions concerning the elasto-plastic design", Institute
of Seismology, Earthquake Engineering and Town Planning, Univ. of Skopje, Pub!. No.5, Jan. 1967.
[22] Dunham, C.V.: "Theory and practice of reinforced concrete", McGraw Hill, 1953.
(23] Peabody, D.: "The design of reinforced concrete structures", 2nd. ed., John Wiley, 1956.
[24] Cernica, J.N.: "Fundamentals of reinforced concrete", Addison-Wesley, 1964.
(25] ACI Committee 317: "Reinforced Concrete Design Handbook", 2nd ed., 1955.
(26] AIJ Structural Standards Committee: "Architectural Institute of Japan Structural Standards", Tokyo,
1961.
(27] CEB: "Praktische richtlijnen voor de berekening en uitvoering .van gewapend-betonconstructies",
. Betonvereniging, Okt. 1%7.
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. Elast ic analy sis of reinfo rced
JUDU L · concr ete sectio ns•
No. STB. : 164/7 9•'
Tanggal Tanggal
Nama Ala mat
Peminjaman Kemb ali
Peminjam Peminjam

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M.ILIK. PER PUSTA~~AN

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