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Lecture 04

This document discusses different graphical representations of frequency distributions, including histograms, frequency polygons, and frequency curves. It provides examples of how to construct each type of graph using sample data. Specifically, it shows how to draw a histogram by calculating class boundaries and frequencies, and examples of drawing frequency polygons and curves based on histograms. These graphical representations are useful for visually depicting grouped frequency distribution data.

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Abdur Rafay
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32 views17 pages

Lecture 04

This document discusses different graphical representations of frequency distributions, including histograms, frequency polygons, and frequency curves. It provides examples of how to construct each type of graph using sample data. Specifically, it shows how to draw a histogram by calculating class boundaries and frequencies, and examples of drawing frequency polygons and curves based on histograms. These graphical representations are useful for visually depicting grouped frequency distribution data.

Uploaded by

Abdur Rafay
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability and Statistics

Course Code: - BS-301


Lecture-04

Dr. Bulbul Jan 1


Frequency Distribution

Dr. Bulbul Jan 2


Graphical Representation of frequency Distribution:
It is often useful to represent frequency distribution by means of
diagram. The difference type of diagrams are
 Histogram
 Frequency Polygon
 Frequency Curve
 Cumulative Frequency Curve
 Bar Chart
 Pie Chart

Dr. Bulbul Jan 3


Histogram:
 A histogram is a visual/physical representation of a grouped
frequency distribution.
 It is consist of a set of adjacent rectangles by taking bases
along x-axis (marked off by class boundaries) and area of
rectangles proportional to the frequencies.

Dr. Bulbul Jan 4


Example-01:
Draw histogram of the following frequency distribution.

Class Interval 2-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10-11 Total

Frequency (f) 1 3 5 4 2 15

Dr. Bulbul Jan 5


Solution:
First we convert class limits into class boundaries and then draw histogram

Class Interval Frequency (f) C.B.

2-3 1 1.5-3.5
4-5 3 3.5-5.5
6-7 5 5.5-7.5
8-9 4 7.5-9.5
10-11 2 9.5-11.5

Dr. Bulbul Jan 6


Dr. Bulbul Jan 7
Example-02:
These data represent the record high temperatures in °F for each of the 50 states of USA.
112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114
a) Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data using 7 classes.
b) Construct a histogram to represent the data shown for the record high temperatures for
each of the 50 states

Dr. Bulbul Jan 8


Solution:
a) The procedure for constructing a grouped frequency distribution for numerical
data follows;
Step 1 Determine the classes
Number of classes =7.
Range=Highest value - lowest value=134-100 = 34.
Find the class width by dividing the Range by the number of classes.
Highest va lue - Lowest val ue 34
Width (h)    4.9  5
Number of classes 7
The first class is 100–104, the second class is 105–109, etc.
Step 2 Find the class boundaries by subtracting 0.5 from each lower class limit and
adding 0.5 to each upper class limit: 99.5–104.5, 104.5–109.5, etc.
Step 3 Tally the data.
Step 4 Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies.
Step 5 Find the cumulative frequencies.
9
The completed frequency distribution is

10
Now draw Histogram
Step 1 Draw and label the x and y axes.
Draw rectangles for each class boundaries
As the histogram shows, the class with the greatest number of data values (18) is 109.5–114.5,
and second followed by 13 for 114.5–119.5.

11
Frequency Polygon :
A frequency polygon is a line graph of class frequency plotted against class
midpoint.
It can be obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops of the rectangles in
the histogram.
Let us discuss how to represent a frequency polygon.
To draw frequency polygons, first we need to draw histogram and then follow
the below steps:
Step 1- Choose the class interval and mark the values on the horizontal axes.
Step 2- Mark the mid value of each interval on the horizontal axes.
Step 3- Mark the frequency of the class on the vertical axes.
Step 4- Corresponding to the frequency of each class interval, mark a point at
the height in the middle of the class interval.
Step 5- Connect these points using the line segment.
The obtained representation is a frequency polygon.
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Example 1:
In a batch of 400 students, the height of students is given in the
following table.

Represent it through a frequency polygon.

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Example 02: The following is a frequency distribution of miles run per week
by 20 selected runners. Class Boundaries Class Midpoints Relative Frequency
are given in the table

15
Frequency Curve :
In frequency polygon the plotted points were joined by means of
straight lines, where in the frequency curve they are joined by means of
a free hand or a smooth curve.
The frequency curve is used exactly the same way as the histogram
to present the data.
Both the frequency curve and the frequency polygon may also be
drawn by help of histogram.

16
Example 1: Draw a frequency curve and Frequency Polygon by the help of
following frequency distribution.

Ages in years 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-12 12-14

Frequency 2 6 10 4 1
(f)

17

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