Capacity of Constructive Reception Through

the Geo-Spatial Analysis of Physical Soil

Variables in Ibarra, Ecuador

Veronica Suango1(B) , Dario Diaz1 , Mauricio David Reyes Muñoz1 ,

Maribel Cañar1 , Angelica Zapata1 , Julio Moreno Izquierdo1 ,
Alondra García-Villacres2 , and Theofilos Toulkeridis3,4
1 Instituto Geográfico Militar, Quito, Ecuador
[email protected]
2 Geography Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
3 Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Ecuador
4 Universidad de Especialidades Turísticas UDET, Quito, Ecuador

Abstract. In the city of Ibarra, comprehensive scientific studies are limited to

those that are analyzed in the territory from the physical point of view. Based on the
problem of expansion due to population growth, this study analyzes the physical
variables of the soil based on the photo-interpretation of the geoforms, which is the
basic unit of analysis. This methodology is a tool from which it is possible to locate
suitable areas for the expansion urban establishment. This analysis is based on the
physical suitability of the place related to the preservation of the environment
and the present natural characteristics (impact). Through this process categorized
areas are obtained to establish or not the constructive compatibility. In the city of
Ibarra, the predominant category is acceptable because it is located in the area with
slight limitations for construction and null for the threat of landslides and floods,
these conditions are favorable for the establishment of constructive activities.

Keywords: Capacity of the constructive reception · Geo-spatial analysis · Soils ·

Geomorphology · Geology · Physical suitability

1 Introduction
Based on the fact that when cities grow due to the effects of their population increase and
tend to develop towards the peripheries forming new areas of urban expansion, taking
into account the lack and need for detailed information that allows identifying areas
with adequate physical aptitudes for the implantation of safe urban expansion areas, the
Ecuadorian Space Institute (IEE), within the framework of the implementation of the
project Generation of geospatial information at a scale of 1: 5 000 for the determination
of physical fitness of the territory and urban development through the use of geotech-
nologies, in coordination with the National Secretariat of Planning and Development
(SENPLADES), conducted in 2018 the study of the physical variables of the soil that
allow the modeling of the reception capacity constructive in 32 cities of the Ecuadorian

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

M. Botto-Tobar et al. (Eds.): CIT 2021, LNEE 932, pp. 184–198, 2022.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08288-7_12
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 185

territory. One of the main beneficiaries of the geospatial information generated through
the application of geotechnologies was the Autonomous Decentralized Government of
the city of Ibarra, a city that, being the provincial capital, has a constantly growing pop-
ulation (increasing from 36 053 people in 2001 to 43 518 in 2010) [1], which forces the
artificialization of the environment to support the expansion of the urban area, which is
characterized by being disorderly: in peripheral areas, such as La Florida, Caranqui, El
Priorato and Yahuarcocha, there is a land density of more than 100 properties per block,
which causes greater pressure on the urban limit (transition area) and causes problems
of accessibility and connectivity in the city [2].
Therefore, with the geospatial information at a scale of 1: 5 000 generated, it will be
possible to perform a better analysis on the distribution and disposition of the territory,
strengthening the land use plan, in order to guarantee security and safety, correct loca-
tion of urban expansion areas, mitigating damage to any event or natural disaster that
potentially affects the city [2–9].

1.1 Study Area

The study area includes the urban area of the city of Ibarra (17.83 km2 ) and its sur-
roundings (53.46 km2 ), with a total area of intervention of 71.29 km2 , constituting as
the largest consolidated center of the province of Imbabura (Fig. 1). The heights are
from 1 940 m a.s.l. up to 2,220 m a.s.l.

Fig. 1. Geographic location of the city of Ibarra

186 V. Suango et al.

2 Materials and Methods

2.1 Characterization of the Geomorphological Photointerpretation in 3D

Geomorphological maps are important for territorial planning since they contain essen-
tial information for the elaboration of applied cartography after its combination or inte-
gration with other variables of the physical environment [10]. In the present study, geo-
morphology is the basic unit of analysis since it allows to represent the distribution and
spatial configuration of landforms through photointerpretation [11]. The generation of
geospatial information is obtained from the digital photointerpretation that begins with
the adjustment of photogrammetric blocks using the ERDAS software and its LPS Core
tool whose inputs are aerial photography, photogrammetric camera calibration certifi-
cates and their respective centers. processed. Stereoscopic pairs corresponding to a total
of sixty-four aerial photographs of four flight lines were interpreted [12]. Subsequently,
through the ArcGIS software, with the use of the StereoAnalyst extension, which allows
obtaining a stereoscopic view of the photogrammetric block, the 3D photointerpreta-
tion and digitization was carried out with the help of the softmouse, obtaining great
precision when delimiting the geomorphological units [13]. The criteria that are taken
into account to carry out the geomorphological interpretation are seven: 1) location at
the regional level: knowledge of the geostructure and morphoclimatic environment; 2)
geology: lithology (type of rock or surface deposit), stratigraphy and structural geology;
3) genesis: recognition of the morphogenetic processes present in function of geology,
eg. volcanic and fluvial; 4) morphology: the shape of the units, through their topographic
expression; 5) drainage: the arrangement of the hydrographic network on the ground that
is a function of relief, lithology and geological structures; 6) slope: the inclination of the
forms of the relief expressed as a percentage, important because of the direct relationship
it has with the modeling processes that are generated in the slopes; and 7) vegetation
cover: indicator of the morphoclimatic environment and indirectly it is a criterion to
identify landforms.
The symbology proposed for the elaboration of the geomorphological cartography
with certain characteristics of international acceptance [14, 15].

2.2 Soil Characterization

It begins with the delimited units in the geomorphological photointerpretation, using

the information regarding genesis, lithology, surface deposits, geoform and slope [16].
Additionally, a climatic characterization is carried out that allows establishing the soil
temperature and humidity regimes that, due to the small extension of the study area,
are generally homogeneous. Using the methodology of landscape ecology [17], and
as a conceptual basis the interrelation of soil-forming factors [18, 19], in addition to
analyzing the human influence in the formation of the same [20], the analysis of the
geographical space is performed according to its homogeneous features, establishing
similar areas also called landscape units. In this way, information is obtained on four
physical variables of the soil being water table, texture at the depth of the soil, drainage
and stoniness.
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 187

2.3 Characterization of Constructive Physical Fitness (CFA)

Based on the experience or knowledge of the territory, to determine the CFA, a qualitative
empirical model was applied where the interrelation of two geomorphological variables
and four physical soil variables is evaluated:

1) Pending (slope): where the suitability of this variable is assessed due to the difficulties
or not for the establishment of constructive activities. The Ecuadorian Construction
Standard [21] describes the performance of geotechnical studies in soils with slopes
greater than 30%. The classification of the slope ranges has been adapted from the
studies carried out by [22]. It should be clarified that the proposed classification does
not prevent construction in areas with steep slopes, but it must be taken into account
that the economic costs and vulnerability in these places increases [23].
2) Geological factor: it is analyzed through three criteria: a) geotechnical characteristics
of the materials based on the study of the rock mass established by [24], which con-
siders parameters such as rock resistance, degree of weathering and hydrogeological
conditions; b) surface deposits, taking into account the type of deposit, composition,
degree of consolidation, weathering, thickness, humidity and structure; c) types of
erosion, these being six: diffuse, laminar, in furrows, gullies, riverbed erosion and
anthropic. From the above, five geological factors were determined, being Material’s
geotechnical characteristics, which considers the rock resistance, which is obtained
in the field, and the degree of weathering [24]; the surface deposits, which ana-
lyze the type of deposit, composition, degree of consolidation, thickness, degree
of weathering, humidity, and structure and; the erosion type, which considers the
diffuse, laminar, rills, gullies, channel, anthropic and marine erosion [24].
3) Water table: considered as a sheet of free water that temporarily or permanently
saturates the pores of the soil [25]. This variable influences construction because
soils with a water table of 30 cm or less above the surface are not suitable for
carrying out construction activities [26].
4) Texture in the profile: the textural class (content of particles of different sizes such
as sand, silt and clay) is identified by making an approximate deduction of their
properties and determining the agricultural and engineering management practices
[27, 28]. In the analysis, good soils are considered when most of their components are
heterogeneous and bad soils when their components are homogeneous and deformed.
Soils were classified into four groups:
- Group1 (G1): soils with clay-sandy, clayey and clay-silty texture that correspond to
textures with a higher percentage of clay (cohesive soils), which are characterized
by low permeability, high compactness, greater plasticity and moderate drainage;
presenting the best conditions for construction.
- Group 2 (G2): they are balanced textures in relation to the combination of par-
ticles (sand, silt and clay): loam-clay-sandy, loam clay and loam-clay-silty; they
include soils with moderate permeability, compactness and plasticity, fine to medium
granulometry; presenting slight to moderate limitations for construction.
- Group 3 (G3): due to its higher content of sand in relation to silt and clay: loamy-co-
sandy, loamy and loamy-silty, they present moderate capacity to retain water, varied
granulometric size, compactness and moderate resistance, less plasticity; presenting
moderate limitations for construction.
188 V. Suango et al.

- Group 4 (G4): in this group are heavy clay (montmorillionite) and sandy-loamy,
silty and sandy textures (includes very fine, fine and medium sands); The latter have
high permeability and compactness, plasticity and low water retention capacity, thus
facilitating the liquefaction processes. Likewise, the heavy clay texture (expandable)
is characterized by low permeability, high compactness, high water retention capac-
ity (poorly drained), high plasticity (wet state) or compactness (dry). They present
severe limitations for construction [29].
5) Drainage: it expresses the speed with which the excess water is eliminated in relation
to the contributions. The class of drainage is an attribute of the soil that is determined
by seven properties: structure, texture, porosity, existence of an impermeable layer,
permeability, position of the soil in the landscape and color [30]. This variable is
evaluated because it conditions the use of the land and serves to diagnose flooded
and humid areas.
6) Stoniness on the surface: refers to the presence or absence of thick surface fragments
or those present on the surface that affect the development of construction activities.
They also include those that are partially exposed. They are described in terms of
percentage coverage.

2.4 Analysis of the Constructive Physical Fitness Matrix

In order to analyze the aptitude categories, based on the variables described above,
the technical specifications or minimum parameters were established considering the
descriptions and categories of each variable for the seven aptitude categories. Hereby
there are a variety of variables are slope (P), the geologic factor (FG), water level (nf),
texture in the profile (tp), drainage (d) and surface rockiness (ps).

2.5 Characterization of the Constructive Reception Capacity (CAC)

According to [22], to determine the CAC, two criteria are taken into account: 1) aptitude
criterion, given by the information obtained in the AFC categories and 2) impact criterion,
given by the threats that occur in the territory. In the analysis of the threats or hazards,
the threats to floods and landslides were considered because these are the ones that cause
the highest percentage of human and material losses in the country [31, 32].

2.6 Analysis of Flood Threats

Precipitation was considered as a triggering factor and as conditioning factors the texture,
slope and depth of the water table. The precipitation data were taken from the records
of maximum rainfall intensity in 24 h, with return periods (Tr) of 100 years [33]. The
textural classes were grouped and scored according to the percentage of clay that is
closely related to the size of the particle [34]. The slopes were rated taking as a criterion
that the flat to undulating reliefs are the most susceptible to flooding. The water table was
qualified based on the redoximorphic characteristics that appear in the soils described
by means of a mini-calicate [35] or the depth at which the water surface is located.
The combination of conditioning factors considers that the flood phenomenon occurs
when there is an overflow of water outside the normal confines of a river or any body
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 189

of water [32]. The conditioning factors (soil texture, slope and water table) are related
to each other, by means of double entry matrices to obtain the degree of susceptibility
to floods. In the first case, the analysis of the slope by the texture was carried out.; the
result of this relationship was analyzed with the depth of the water table.
With the analysis of the conditioning factors, it was considered that the degree or level
of threat to flooding is the product of the susceptibility and the action of the triggering
factor (rainfall) obtaining the degree of threat.

2.7 Landslide Threat Analysis

The modified method of [36] was applied, which included adaptations according to
the available information, in addition to using the heuristic approach, which reliably
handles geomorphological, geological and topographic information, which is basic for
the modeling of this type of threats [37, 38]. Precipitation and earthquakes are the
triggering factors and the lithology, vegetation cover and slope are determining factors
(Table 1). The precipitations were classified by means of the registry of meteorological
stations and the earthquakes were classified according to the magnitude. Triggering and
conditioning factors are rated according to their degree of susceptibility or intensity to
generate the event. According to [39, 40], the triggering and conditioning factors are
related to each other through double-entry matrices to obtain the degree of susceptibility
to landslides.
The product of the combination of the conditioning factors makes it possible to obtain
the degree of general susceptibility. The same relationship is made with the triggers. With
the susceptibility to landslides and the relationship of the detonating factors, the degree
of threat to landslides is obtained. Once the threat to floods and landslides has been
determined, the multi-threat is determined, where the five values of the threat were
grouped to qualify the degree of threat as: null (0), low (1 and 2), medium (3) and
high (4 and 5). To determine the multi-threat, the highest degree of threat is taken into
consideration (eg, if we have a low threat of floods and high landslides, the multi-threat
is high).

2.8 Analysis of the Constructive Reception Capacity Matrix

The construction of the CAC matrix started from the categories evaluated in the CFA and
from the multi-threat taking as a reference the matrix of [22] with certain modifications
according to the results obtained in the study (Table 7).

– Optimal reception capacity (1): category compatible or very suitable for hosting
construction-related activities, in which there are no threats of flooding or landslides.
– Acceptable reception capacity (2): compatible without limitations or suitable for an
activity considered possible as long as it satisfies some special condition, taking into
account that in the study areas there is a low level of threats.
– Acceptable reception capacity with limitations (3): category compatible with limita-
tions, similar to the previous case, considering that in the study areas there is a medium
level with respect to threats, for this reason it is important to carry out previous studies
to mitigate the presence of them.
190 V. Suango et al.

– Acceptable reception capacity with strong limitations (4): this class does not meet the
conditions for the location of the urban border expansion activity, from the point of
view of the CFA and natural hazards or both, that is, it is prohibited.
– Restricted or exclusive reception capacity (5): it is an incompatible reception capacity
or an unacceptable activity, as it presents a poor aptitude and a high threat to the
development of urban activities.

Table 1. Analysis of the constructive reception capacity

Multi-threat
Null Low Medium High
Physical actitud categories Suitable 1 2 3 5
Suitable with slight limitations 2 2 3 5
Suitable with light to moderate 2 3 3 5
limitations
Suitable with moderate 3 3 4 5
limitations
Suitable with severe limitations 4 4 4 5
Suitable with extreme 4 4 5 5
limitations
Unfit 5 5 5 5

2.9 Fieldworks
In the city of Ibarra, a field trip was carried out in order to capture data from the cryp-
tosystem and validate the geospatial information of the pheno-system [41] characterized
in the pre-field stage. An interdisciplinary work was carried out through the recognition
of homogeneous landscape units, in accordance with the geopedological approach used
to obtain the distribution of the soils [42] allowing the geographical space to be frag-
mented by starting from its geomorphological expression according to its homogeneous
features. The soil horizons were surveyed and their properties were described in the field,
characterizing the soils by describing mini-calicatas of 0.50 cm (length, width, depth)
and a drilling meter in which Five soil variables are described: 1) texture, 2) effective
depth, 3) water table, 4) color and 5) structure [54–56]. The geomorphology is validated
through the description of the landscape where there are mainly two variables: 1) slope
and 2) lithology. The coverage and use of the land was updated by taking GPS points to
verify the changes that the territory has undergone based on its dynamics of use.

2.10 Validation
The validation of the model was carried out by applying a confusion matrix or error matrix
[43–45], comparing the values predicted by the model and the verifications carried out
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 191

in the field. The sample was selected by dividing the population into regions or strata
(stratified random) [44]. Because the variables to be evaluated are categorical, for the
determination of the verification points, Eq. (1) of normal probability distribution was
used [44]. Where z (1,962) is the constant of the abscissa of the normal curve. The 95%
accuracy (p), error (q = 1 − p) values, and the maximum permissible error of 9% (L),
were adjusted to studies in which categorical variables are evaluated [44, 46, 47].

n = z2 pq/L2 (1)

Twenty-three (23) required verification points were located in the field using the
random points tool in the ArcGIS software, taking into account the existence of access
roads. It is important to mention that the choice of the maximum permissible error value
determined a sample size that was coupled to the budget and days determined for the
field work.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Description of Geomorphology and Geology
Eleven genetic processes were identified in the city of Ibarra (depositional, erosive depo-
sitional, fluvial, erosive, fluvial, fluvio-lacustrine, tectonic, volcanic, gravity and mass
movements, polygenetic and technogenesis), giving rise to the delimitation of 51 geo-
forms with predominant slopes of 5 to 12%, covering an area of 2,526.37 ha. Consistent
with the studies conducted by [48, 49], the geology in Ibarra is composed of the base-
ment of the Angochahua Volcanoes (Pliocene) composed of dark gray andesites, tuffs,
sandstones, breccias and conglomerates. As a result of the collapse of the Imbabura
volcanic building (Pleistocene), an avalanche of debris was formed lithologically com-
posed of lavas and agglomerates. Followed by the eruptions are the pyroclastic flows
related to the Imbabura Volcanoes composed of dark gray andesites, tuffs, sandstones,
breccias and volcanic conglomerates. There are also surface deposits (alluvial, alluvial,
colluvial, debris, debris, torrential type, glacis, lake fluvial and volcanic ash) that cover
certain geoforms such as terraces, colluvium, among others.

3.2 Description of Soils

Four types of water table were found: surface with a surface area of 289.89 ha, located
mainly on low terraces. To a lesser extent, there are moderately deep and deep phreatic
levels located mainly in high, middle terraces and ancient alluvial colluvium. Soils
without evidence of a water table, with a surface area of 6,385.28 ha, are the most
prevalent in the area.
Regarding the textures, nine classes were found: in a greater proportion the clay
loam with an area of 3,500.37 ha that are located in pyroclastic flow surfaces and debris
avalanches. The loamy sand texture, with an area of 1 103.25 ha, located in canyons
and ravines. The clay texture, with an area of 623.77 ha, which is located on avalanches
of rubble. In lesser proportions are the sandy clay, sandy loam, sand and loam textures,
distributed throughout the study area. Lastly, there are the sandy clay loam and silty clay
192 V. Suango et al.

loam textures with a surface area of 29.80 ha, distributed in pyroclastic flow slopes and
old manure cone surfaces. These results are consistent with the physical characteristics
of the soils found within the highland zoning of the northern border [50].
On the other hand, three categories of drainage were determined: 1) good, which
occupies an area of 6,203.09 ha; 2) moderate, with an area of 383.89 ha and 3) excessive,
with an area of 224.56 ha.
Finally, five categories of stony surface were determined: 1) frequent (between 25
to 50%), with an extension of 3 915.19 ha, which are located on surfaces of pyroclastic
flows; 2) little, with a surface of 141.03 ha, on avalanches of rubble, 3) very few, with
a surface of 343.69 ha, in gorges and recent colluviums; 4) abundant, with a surface
area of 179.32 ha, on slopes of pyroclastic flows; and 5) without stoniness, 1 789.37 ha,
which are distributed throughout the study area.

3.3 Description of the Constructive Physical Fitness Map

The applied methodology showed that the fitness classes, according to their limitations, in
the city of Ibarra were six: 1) light, 2) light to moderate, 3) moderate, 4) severe, 5) extreme
and 6) not suitable for construction (Fig. 2); determining that the variables analyzed to
determine the physical aptitude for constructive activities reported correspondence with
the morphometric parameters and the morphoedaphological landscapes, which, together
with the geological factor, expressed the behavior and distribution of the areas with minor
and major limitations as in other cities of the country [51].

1) Slight limitations: areas that have the best physical conditions, occupying an area of
642.49ha (9.01%), located on geoforms whose slopes are less than 12% (eg avalanche
of debris and undulating volcanic surfaces). The geological factor is good with a
slightly cracked rock massif, no evidence of weathering, extremely hard strength
and no evidence of erosion. The soils have clayey to clayey loam textures with less
than 10% stoniness.
2) Slight to moderate limitations: they occupy 3,056.65 ha (42.88%), distributed
throughout the study area on geoforms whose slopes go up to 25% (eg, very low
hilly volcanic reliefs). The geological factor is good with a slightly cracked, slightly
weathered rock massif, hard resistance and with diffuse erosion (eg glacis deposits).
The soils have sandy loam and clay-sandy loam textures, with less than 25% stoniness
and a deep water table.
3) Moderate limitations: they occupy 40.07 ha (0.56%). They are located mainly to the
northwest of the study area in geoforms whose slopes are less than 40% (eg debris
avalanche slopes). The geological factor is medium with a fissured rock massif,
moderately weathered, moderately hard resistance and with erosion in furrows (eg
debris deposits). The soils have clay and clay loam textures.
4) Severe limitations: they occupy 1,099.77 ha, (15.43%), distributed in the northern
and southeastern part of the study area, in geoforms whose slopes are less than
70% (eg debris avalanches). The geological factor is bad with a very fissured rock
massif, highly weathered, soft resistance and with lateral erosion of the channel (eg
torrential alluvial). The soils present two types of texture (sandy and loamy sand),
with excessive drainage and frequent stoniness (less than 75%).
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 193

5) Extreme limitations: they occupy 672.33 ha (9.43%). They are located in the sectors
of San Francisco and Yahuarcocha, in geoforms whose slopes are less than 100%
(eg gorges). The geological factor is very bad with a completely weathered rocky
massif and very soft resistance. The soils present textures of the sandy and loamy
type, with abundant stony and superficial phreatic level.
6) Not suitable for construction: they occupy 1,299.80 ha (18.93%). They are located
in the northern part and on the eastern flank of the study area, in erosive, erosive
fluvial and volcanic geoforms, where the slopes are from 150 to 200% (eg ravines,
slopes and escarpments), this being the main limitation to carry out constructions.

Fig. 2. Fitness categories according to their limitations

194 V. Suango et al.

3.4 Description of Land Cover and Use

The consolidated built-up areas (1 715 ha) and the expanding areas (442 ha) are located
in the central part and show greater growth towards the south and southwest sectors.
The permanent pasture, with an area of 854.71 ha, corresponds to the category of
livestock use and is distributed towards the southeast and southwest areas in the towns
of La Floresta, El Ejido de Caranqui, Santo Domingo de Olivo Alto, San Francisco and
Santa Rosa. The shrub vegetation occupies 1,572.90 ha. Annual and permanent crops,
forest plantations and herbaceous vegetation are distributed throughout the study area.

3.5 Description of Hazards

It was determined that there are two levels of threat with respect to floods: low and null.
The low threat occurs in lands with slopes of up to 5% with clay loam textures and with
a surface water table where rainfall is less than 100 mm; represented 4.05% (289.89 ha).
The null threat to floods occurs on slopes greater than 5%, which represent 6,521.64 ha,
corresponding to 91.50%. These results are consistent with the studies by [31], which
determined that the canton Ibarra is at a flood threat level of 0 (on a scale from 0 to 3,
with 3 being the highest degree of threat).

3.6 Description of the Constructive Reception Capacity Map

The classes of constructive reception capacity found in the city of Ibarra were four: 1)
acceptable, 2) acceptable with limitations, 3) acceptable with strong limitations and 4)
restricted or exclusive (Fig. 3).

1) Acceptable: areas representing 48.74% (3474.70 ha). They are located in the con-
solidated and expansion area of the city of Ibarra. The AFC in this category has
slight to moderate limitations. There is no presence of landslide threats due to gentle
slopes of up to 12%. No flood threat is identified because the drainage is good and
there is no evidence of a water table.
2) Acceptable with limitations: areas representing 3.43% (244.22 ha). They are dis-
tributed in the north and northwest part of the study area. The AFC has slight to
moderate limitations for construction; with a low threat to landslides and zero to
floods.
3) Acceptable with strong limitations: areas representing 18.89% (1,346.43 ha). They
are located mainly to the north and south east of the city of Ibarra. They are char-
acterized by having severe to extreme limitations for construction. The threat from
landslides is low and is increasing in areas where slopes are 40 to 70%. The threat
from floods is nil.
4) Restricted or exclusive: areas that represent 24.49% of the study area (1,745.76 ha).
They are located in suitable areas with extreme limitations, as well as in areas not
suitable for construction. The slopes are very steep, for this reason these areas are
highly prone to landslides, but zero in relation to floods.
 Capacity of Constructive Reception Through the Geo-Spatial Analysis 195

Fig. 3. Categories of constructive reception capacity

3.7 Validation

89 landscape units (universe) were validated, with a total of 25 samples (field verifica-
tion). The proportion of the correctly classified map (overall accuracy), obtained through
the application of the confusion matrix was 76%, and the Kappa statistic was 0.64. Which
according to [52, 53] indicate a moderate to substantial agreement between prediction
and reality, representing a better classification when the value approaches 100% in the
confusion matrix and 1 in the Kappa statistic.

4 Conclusions
In the city of Ibarra, six categories of CFA were determined according to their limitations:
light, light to moderate, moderate, severe, extreme and not suitable. The predominant
category is suitable with slight to moderate limitations due to the presence of flat reliefs
of volcanic origin, clay texture and clay loam with good drainage and no evidence of
water table or stoniness. It should be noted that in the center of the consolidated built-up
area of Ibarra there are areas with extreme limitations to build due to the presence of a
surface water table, specifically in the Yacucalle sector.
196 V. Suango et al.

Four categories were determined for the CAC: acceptable, acceptable with limita-
tions, acceptable with strong limitations, and restricted or exclusive. The predominant
category is acceptable because they are located in an area with slight limitations for
construction and in which there are no threats to landslides or floods, considering these
physical conditions as favorable for the establishment of construction activities, thus
evidencing the already consolidated built area from the city of Ibarra.

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Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering 932

Miguel Botto-Tobar
Henry Cruz
Angela Diaz Cadena   Editors

Recent Advances
in Electrical
Engineering,
Electronics and
Energy
Proceedings of the CIT 2021 Volume 2
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