Review of Related Study and Literature
Monitoring and assessment of
environment in terms of
water quality is essential for
understanding the intensity
and scope of global or regional water
quality challenge.
The need of water quality assessment is
highly being felt
across the various regions of the world as
a large quantum
of human morbidity and mortality is
being attributed to the
waterborne diseases. Increasing scarcity
of water demands
for its quality assessment so as to ensure
its efficient
utilization. This environmental
monitoring data is incredi-
bly useful although it is not always easy
to gather (Singh
et al. 2019)
Araza et. al. (2019) conducted study on Physico-chemical and microbial analysis of water in
Samar mussel farms. The study aims to determine the physicochemical and microbial
characteristics of waters in Samar mussel farms. The study areas are located in Maqueda Bay and
Canbatutay Bay where mussel farms in Samar, Philippines, are situated and the major source of
marine products in the province. The results revealed that among the six physicochemical
parameters tested, four were within the Philippine Standards namely: temperature, pH,
conductivity, and total dissolved solids. However, turbidity and total solids suspended exceeded
the limit of Fishery Water Class I Waters in Samar mussel farms are free from lead and
cadmium contamination. However, iron and copper content of the seawater samples of both
stations exceeded the limit of the Philippine standards. Higher iron content and bacterial loads in
seawater sample were found in Station 2. To reduce E. coli, iron, and copper contamination on
the mussel farms, municipal ordinances on solid wastes and marine litters must be enforced.
Nizam et. Al (2020) conducted study entitled “ Microbiological analysis of drinking water from
water vending machine”. This study aimed to investigate and determine the microbiological
characteristics of drinking water from Water Vending Machines (WVM) by isolating and
characterizing culturable bacteria in the water and nozzle swab samples. The samples were
obtained from WVM at eight different locations around Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia. Several
unique bacterial isolates were found, from both Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups.
Polymerase chain reaction amplification and 16S rRNA sequence analysis suggested that these
isolates are from Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Stenotrophomonas genera. In situ water quality
tests which include pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids were also conducted. Two
samples from the inlet source have pH and conductivity values slightly above the reference
values stipulated in drinking water regulations. The findings presented here suggest the
importance of regular service maintenance of the WVM to ensure that the water samples meet
the standard stipulated by the authority
Dohroo et. al. (2017) investigated the existence of enteric pathogens and to measure the extent
of drinking water contamination with the pathogenic microorganisms in different water sources.
Water samples for present investigation were sampled from various locations in Baddi, are of
Solan district in Himachal Pradesh. Serial dilution method, biochemical tests and antibacterial
activity of isolated microorganisms were performed to isolate, identify and detect coliforms in
water specimens sampled from water cooler, bore well and Baddi drinking water sources. The
indicator organisms isolated were Escherichia coli and Enterobacter aerogenes. The study
revealed that Baddi drinking water source was more contaminated whereas cooler water and
water from bore well location of Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) were reported free from any
contamination.
Smeets et. al. (2018) have found that absence of indicator organisms in drinking water does
not guarantee microbial safety. So the water utilities are implementing water safety plans
(WSP) to safeguard drinking water quality. Quantitative microbial risk assessment
(QMRA) can provide objective quantitative input for Water Safety Plans. Prasai et. al
(2017) have evaluated quality of water from different sources (tap, stone spout, tube well and
well) from Kathmandu valley by utilizing Heterotrophic plate counts and Coliform counts
extensively as basis for regulating microbial quality of drinking water. Regulatory parameters
were found to be much above the WHO guideline values. This study showed that most natural
water sources are highly contaminated.
Nagpal et al (2018) have examined the drinking water for the presence or absence of
Salmonella, Citrobacter, E. coli and Vibrio species in the Indira Sagar/Omkeshwar project
affected areas and rehabilitation/ resettlement colonies of Sardar project in Madhya Pradesh.
Tambekar et al (2018) revalidated the testing methods for assessing microbial safety of
drinking water in the villages of Amrawati district of Maharashtra for using bacteriological
analysis with the help of Mutiple Tube fermentation technique to determine most probable
number (MPN), Membrane filter techniques, Eijekamn’s test for thermotolerant coliform and
Manja’s Rapid hydrogen sulphide test for detection of fecal contaminations in drinking water.
Gomez et. al. ( 2019) conducted study on the “Comparative study on the drinking water quality
of tap water, bottled water and water from water dispenser in Mapúa university, Philippines” .the
aim of this study was to assess the drinking water quality of water dispensers, tap water and
bottled water in Mapúa University, Intramuros, Philippines. all samples of water were tested for
the parameters namely bacteriological test, Ph and turbidity, set by the Philippine national
standards for drinking water. results revealed that the selected water dispenser failed on the
bacteriological test (total coliform, e. coli and heterotrophic plate count) which are known to be
pathogenic indicators, while tap water and bottled water passed the standards. even so, the
physical and chemical results showed that all the three models possessed turbidity and Ph levels
to be acceptable. we were able to discern the factors affecting drinking water quality. it was
attributed to the poor maintenance and improper hygienic conditions; location of water
dispensers, and frequency of its use are also affecting the possible accumulation of coliforms and
contamination of the water being distributed. hence, some water dispensers could be considered
unfit for use
According to the study of Sign et. al.(2021) on his research study entitled “ Microbiological
status of drinking water sources and its relationship with human health in Solan, India” , A cross-
sectional survey of 200 children was undertaken for diarrhoeal disease estimation.
Thermotolerant coliforms were also observed significantly more (16.77 MPN/100 ml water) in
monsoon than in post monsoon season (9.04 MPN per 100 ml water). The thermotolerant
coliform Escherichia coli was recovered from six and three water sources respectively during
monsoon and post monsoon. A strong correlation (r = 0.78) existed between the diarrhoeal
disease occurrence and the concentration of thermotolerant coliforms in monsoon whereas it was
moderate (r = 0.61) in post monsoon. The study indicated more contamination of water sources
due to industrial activities which further got aggravated during the rainy season of the region.
