Formulae S he e t fo r M e c han i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg.

1 Vectors Minimum speed to complete vertical circle:

p p
Notation: ~a = ax ı̂ + ay ̂ + az k̂ vmin, bottom = 5gl, vmin, top = gl
q
Magnitude: a = |~a| = a2x + a2y + a2z θ
l
q
l cos θ
Dot product: ~a · ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz = ab cos θ Conical pendulum: T = 2π g θ T

ı̂
a × ~b
~ ~b mg
Cross product:
θ k̂ ̂
~
a

4 Work, Power and Energy

~a ×~b = (ay bz − az by )ı̂ + (az bx − ax bz )̂ + (ax by − ay bx )k̂
Work: W = F~ · S
~ = F S cos θ, F~ · dS
~
R
W =
|~a × ~b| = ab sin θ
p2
Kinetic energy: K = 21 mv 2 = 2m

2 Kinematics Potential energy: F = −∂U/∂x for conservative forces.

Average and Instantaneous Vel. and Accel.: Ugravitational = mgh, Uspring = 12 kx2

~vav = ∆~r/∆t, ~vinst = d~r/dt

Work done by conservative forces is path indepen-
~aav = ∆~v /∆t ~ainst = d~v /dt dent and depends only on initial and final points:
F~conservative · d~r = 0.
H

Motion in a straight line with constant a: Work-energy theorem: W = ∆K

v = u + at, s = ut + 12 at2 , v 2 − u2 = 2as Mechanical energy: E = U + K. Conserved if forces are

conservative in nature.
Relative Velocity: ~vA/B = ~vA − ~vB Power Pav = ∆W
, Pinst = F~ · ~v
∆t

u y 5 Centre of Mass and Collision

u sin θ

x P R
Projectile Motion: H
Centre of mass: xcm = Pxi mi , xcm = R xdm
θ mi dm
O u cos θ
R
CM of few useful configurations:
x = ut cos θ, y = ut sin θ − 12 gt2
m1 r m2
g
y = x tan θ − 2 x2 1. m1 , m2 separated by r: C
2u cos2 θ
m2 r m1 r
2u sin θ u2 sin 2θ u2 sin2 θ m1 +m2 m1 +m2
T = , R= , H=
g g 2g
h
2. Triangle (CM ≡ Centroid) yc = 3 h
C
h
3 Newton’s Laws and Friction 3

2r
Linear momentum: p~ = m~v 3. Semicircular ring: yc = π
C
2r
r π

Newton’s first law: inertial frame.

4r
4. Semicircular disc: yc = 3π C
Newton’s second law: F~ = d~
p
dt , F~ = m~a r 4r
3π

Newton’s third law: F~AB = −F~BA 5. Hemispherical shell: yc = r

2 C r
r 2

Frictional force: fstatic, max = µs N, fkinetic = µk N

3r
6. Solid Hemisphere: yc = 8 C 3r
v2 v2 µ+tan θ r 8
Banking angle: rg = tan θ, rg = 1−µ tan θ

mv 2 v2 7. Cone: the height of CM from the base is h/4 for

Centripetal force: Fc = r , ac = r the solid cone and h/3 for the hollow cone.
2
Pseudo force: F~pseudo = −m~a0 , Fcentrifugal = − mv
r

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Formulae S he e t fo r M e c han i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 2

P
Motion of the CM: M = mi Dynamics:

F~ext ~τcm = Icm α

~, F~ext = m~acm , p~cm = m~vcm
P
mi~vi
~vcm = , p~cm = M~vcm , ~acm =
M M ~ = Icm ω
K = 12 mvcm 2 + 12 Icm ω 2 , L ~ + ~rcm × m~vcm

Impulse: J~ = F~ dt = ∆~
R
p
7 Gravitation
Before collision After collision
Collision: m1 m2 m1 m2 m1 F F m2
Gravitational force: F = G mr1 m
2
2

v1 v2 v10 v20 r
Momentum conservation: m1 v1 +m2 v2 = m1 v10 +m2 v20
2
Elastic Collision: 12 m1 v1 2+ 12 m2 v2 2 = 12 m1 v10 + 12 m2 v20
2 Potential energy: U = − GMr m
Coefficient of restitution: GM
Gravitational acceleration: g = R2
−(v10 − v20 )

1, completely elastic
e= = Variation of g with depth: ginside ≈ g 1 − h


v1 − v2 0, completely in-elastic R

2h


Variation of g with height: goutside ≈ g 1 −
If v2 = 0 and m1  m2 then = −v1 . v10 R

If v2 = 0 and m1  m2 then = 2v1 . v20 Effect of non-spherical earth shape on g:

Elastic collision with m1 = m2 : v10 = v2 and v20 = v1 . gat pole > gat equator (∵ Re − Rp ≈ 21 km)

Effect of earth rotation on apparent weight:

6 Rigid Body Dynamics ω
~

∆θ dθ mω 2 R cos θ
Angular velocity: ωav = ∆t , ω= dt , ~ × ~r
~v = ω mg
mgθ0 = mg − mω 2 R cos2 θ
θ
∆ω dω
Angular Accel.: αav = ∆t , α= dt , ~ × ~r
~a = α R

Rotation about an axis with constant α:

q
ω = ω0 + αt, θ = ωt + 12 αt2 , ω 2 − ω0 2 = 2αθ Orbital velocity of satellite: vo = GM
R
q
2GM
Escape velocity: ve = R
2
r2 dm
P R
Moment of Inertia: I = i mi ri , I=
vo
mr 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 mr 2 1 2
2 mr m(a +b )
2 2 Kepler’s laws:
2 mr 3 mr 5 mr 12 ml 12
a
b First: Elliptical orbit with sun at one of the focus.
a
~
Second: Areal velocity is constant. (∵ dL/dt = 0).
ring disk shell sphere rod hollow solid rectangle
2 3 2 4π 2 3
Third: T ∝ a . In circular orbit T = GM a .

Ik Ic 8 Simple Harmonic Motion

2
Theorem of Parallel Axes: Ik = Icm + md d
cm Hooke’s law: F = −kx (for small elongation x.)
d2 x k
Acceleration: a = dt2 = −m x = −ω 2 x
z y
Theorem of Perp. Axes: Iz = Ix + Iy 2π
= 2π m
p
x Time period: T = ω k

p Displacement: x = A sin(ωt + φ)
Radius of Gyration: k = I/m √
Velocity: v = Aω cos(ωt + φ) = ±ω A2 − x2
~ = ~r × p~,
Angular Momentum: L ~ = I~
L ω
y
~ P θ ~
Torque: ~τ = ~r × F~ , ~τ = dL
dt , τ = Iα F
Potential energy: U = 12 kx2 U
~
r x x
O −A 0 A

~ ~τext = 0 =⇒ L
Conservation of L: ~ = const.
Kinetic energy K = 21 mv 2 K
x
P~
F = ~0, ~τ = ~0
P
Equilibrium condition: −A 0 A

Kinetic Energy: Krot = 21 Iω 2 Total energy: E = U + K = 21 mω 2 A2

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Formulae S he e t fo r M e c han i c s w w w .c o n c e p t s - o f -p h y s i c s . c om | pg. 3

√
Torricelli’s theorem: vefflux = 2gh
q
l
Simple pendulum: T = 2π g l
dv
Viscous force: F = −ηA dx
q
I
F
Physical Pendulum: T = 2π mgl Stoke’s law: F = 6πηrv
v

r
q
I Volume flow πpr 4
Torsional Pendulum T = 2π k
Poiseuilli’s equation: time = 8ηl
l

2r 2 (ρ−σ)g
Terminal velocity: vt = 9η

1 1 1
Springs in series: keq = k1 + k2
k1 k2

Springs in parallel: keq = k1 + k2 k2

k1

~
A
~2
A
Superposition of two SHM’s:  δ
~1
A

x1 = A1 sin ωt, x2 = A2 sin(ωt + δ)

x = x1 + x2 = A sin(ωt + )
q
A = A1 2 + A2 2 + 2A1 A2 cos δ
A2 sin δ
tan  =
A1 + A2 cos δ

9 Properties of Matter
F/A ∆P F
Modulus of rigidity: Y = ∆l/l , B = −V ∆V , η= Aθ

1
Compressibility: K = B = − V1 dV
dP

lateral strain ∆D/D

Poisson’s ratio: σ = longitudinal strain = ∆l/l

1
Elastic energy: U = 2 stress × strain × volume

Surface tension: S = F/l

Surface energy: U = SA

Excess pressure in bubble:

∆pair = 2S/R, ∆psoap = 4S/R

Capillary rise: h = 2S cos θ Visit www.concepts-of-physics.com to buy

rρg
“IIT JEE Physics: Topic-wise Complete Solutions”
and our other books. Written by IITians, Foreword
by Dr. HC Verma, Appreciated by Students.
Hydrostatic pressure: p = ρgh

Buoyant force: FB = ρV g = Weight of displaced liquid

Equation of continuity: A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2
v1

Bernoulli’s equation: p + 12 ρv 2 + ρgh = constant

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