CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

I.1 Background of the study

Online voting is a web-based voting method that allows simple and secure
manage elections. This voting technique can use to vote in college elections,
among other things. The voter does not need to attend to the polling station in
school to vote in this system. Voters can vote using their personal computer.
Nowadays, many people adopting the new high upgraded technologies both
hardware and software. Mobile users can easily obtain or acquire information
which they need, especially in getting information of Supreme Student
Government (SSG) candidates in Bohol Island State University Calape Campus.
Students encountered difficulties like conflict of schedule instead of
spending time reviewing studies. It consumes so much time to vote in school
election. Also, it takes a long time for the result to come out. The counting is
manual and the result is invisible, there’s a lot of bias among other student who
count the votes the fact that students want their candidates to win. In short it is
not transparent voting. When it comes to electing the leadership of a school
organization, one to assure a fair election based on the principle of “one person,
one vote”, as well as increase participation, save money, and protect students
and members. It assists in achieving all of these objectives and ensuring that
online voting for school election is as easy as possible.
Voting System using LBPH Algorithm a system using technique in which
voters give his/her vote using compatible devices for Windows, Android, Linux
and IOS without going to the University on the day of election it will surely
consume less time and efforts. It also aims to lower the expense of manually
counting ballots while also improving accessibility for impaired voters. Expenses
are likely to fall in the long run as well. Faster reporting and publication of results
is possible.
I.2 Literature review
Review of Related Literature
According to Oyite David Robinson, Mobile Voting System (MVS) is a system
that will operate in parallel with the existing manual and automated voting
processes. It will enable legitimate voters to cast their vote from wherever they
please using their mobile devices unlike other means that require the voter to
appear at the polling station. This will help alleviate the nuisance of long queues
at poll-sites which waste a lot of time. It will also ease the vote-counting process
which will be done instantly as the voting progresses and a graphical display will
be available on a site (attached to the system) for all stakeholders to view
progress, hence ensuring transparency.
(https://www.academia.edu/32592256/thesis_docx)

Based on www.vaalit.fi (2008) electronic voting presents numerous

advantages over traditional paper ballot voting. The advantages of an electronic
voting system can be divided into advantages for the voters and advantages for
the authorities. Advantages of electronic voting for the voters includes: electronic
voting speeds up the voting process and increase the security and reliability of
elections where electronic vote is transported safely, reliably and fast into the
centralized electronic ballot box. Further, in electronic voting it is not possible to
make voting errors by mistake, because the identification information of the
chosen candidate will appear on the screen before the vote is confirmed. Another
advantage for the voter is that there is no ambiguity in interpreting an electronic
vote. When traditional paper ballots are used, unclear numbers may sometimes
cause problems.(http://www.vaalit.fi/sahkoinenaanestaminen/en/etuja.html)
Student Online Voting (SOV) system provides online voters registration forms
for students where students registers and are allowed to log in as either students
or delegates or candidates. Each registered user has a password to log in. The
system provides an interactive platform where voters and candidates interacts
and thus candidates perform their campaigns. The system allows preliminary
voting and the results are graphically represented in percentage. This system
also allows the candidates to be liked by users and the most liked candidate is
the most popular. The system compute and gives the election results for all the
posts and provides reports for the whole election process. The main objective of
this system is to design, develop and implement an efficient, user friendly,
interactive web based student voting system.
In the previous elections, there have been challenges in the turnout of voters
due to some challenges they face on the voting day. Initially the students were
expected to queue and cast their votes in the ballots as per their various schools.
The current system does not verify and account for the persons to vote since no
voting registration is done prior. This has been bringing some loopholes in that
even a student who is not in session can queue and vote as long as he/she has a
student identification Card. The current system does not also tell the number of
expected voters since they rely on the population of the student of which not all
students are interested in these elections. This is the main challenge to the
voters and officials of election commission. Candidates are expected to reach
voters through campaigns of door to door, rallies and debates which has been a
challenge for a while due to the busy environment in the school. Many students
do not attend rallies because of their busy schedules and also it’s hard for
candidates to find students in their houses since availability is an issue. This
mode of campaigning has been yielding less fruits and thus voters would cast
votes with either no or less knowledge about the candidates and their
manifestos. When it gets to counting, a lot of time man powers are consumed
following the large population of voters. With the nature of human being not being
so diligent, a lot of flaws are found which brings a lot of chaos.
The success of this research will ensure the scalability of SOVS to be used in
other institutions of higher levels and even the secondary schools since the
benefits upon successful implementation of the proposed system justifies its
system development and deployment. The proposed system will ensure
transparency and high integrity in the election process. The system will be user
friendly and provide great efficiency in the election process. Its success can also
be replicated in other universities.
(https://www.ijssit.com/main/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Student-Online-Voting-
System.pdf )
Related Studies
Based on the study of Warish Patel, et.al, (June 2021), entitled “Online Voting
System Security based on Cryptography” it aims to provide full privacy to voters
and to ensure that the online voting system is coordinated optimally. The
fundamental idea of this system is to use a strong voting authentication security
mechanism. People with an internet connection at home can vote at the polls
without any problems. This online voting system takes careful account of safety
and human factors, and in particular, ensures that the electorate has reliable and
intuitive indications on the validity of the vote. The system proposed to provide
voters with mutual authentication and choosing with visual encryption.
(https://www.ijert.org/a-review-of-online-voting-system-security-based-on-
cryptography)

According to MD Jahirul Islam (2017), entitled “Voting Online System”

concluded that by online voting system percentage of voting is increased it also
decreases the cost and time of voting process. It is very easy to use and it is
varying less time consuming. It is very easy to debug. It highly recommended
that the online voting system serves to be the best to be put in use especially in
the 21st century where human beings are embracing technology and where there
is malicious struggle for power by leader all over the world.
(https://www.slideshare.net/khanjahir/online-voting-system-full-thesis-project-by-
jahir)
“E- Voting System” by Muhammad Basit Farogh (2017) this E-voting
system has the ability to reduce fraud attempts and eliminate errors in votes
counting. In addition to its scalability this system can handle various techniques
and provide enhanced efficiency and reliability for the elections. This fingerprint
E-voting system which is based on android application is evaluated and
implemented successfully. The final result of the voting system was amazingly
computable and significant with other voting system.
(https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346124374_EVOTING_SYSTEM/link/
5fbc4c88a6fdcc6cc65e1a68/download)

Legal Basis
Republic Act No. 9369, which amended the Automated Election Law, was
passed on Jan. 23, 2007 “to encourage transparency, credibility, fairness and
accuracy of elections.” Section 6 of the law states the minimum system
capabilities that the automated election system must have. Among those is the
provision for a voter verified paper audit trail. The system should also provide the
voter a system of verification to find out whether or not the machine has
registered his choice. The law also requires a system that would provide
supporting documentation for verifying the correctness of reported election
results, and provide for the safekeeping, storing and archiving of physical or
paper resource used in the election process. (Atienza, A. 2016)
https://www.academia.edu/28294829/
Chapter_2_REVIEW_OF_RELATED_LITERATURE_AND_STUDIES
Local Binary Pattern Histogram Algorithm
LBPH (Local Binary Pattern Histogram) is a Face-Recognition algorithm it
is used to recognize the face of a person. It is known for its performance and how
it is able to recognize the face of a person from both front face and side face.
Facial recognition software reads the geometry of your face. Key factors include
the distance between your eyes and the distance from forehead to chin. The
software identifies facial landmarks one system identifies 68 of them that are key
to distinguishing your face. The result is your facial signature. However, the
recognition rate of the LBPH algorithm is limited, if the conditions, such as in the
expression diversification, disorientation, and a change in the lighting
performance manifest.
The first step is the learning of the algorithm. It makes use of a data-set of
images of the people to be included in the recognition process. Each image is
given a unique ID as either a number or the name of a person so that the
algorithm can use this information to identify the image and export the output.
The pictures of the same person are always placed under the same ID.
(https://www.section.io/engineering-education/understanding-facial-recognition-
using-local-binary-pattern-histogram-algorithm/)
LBPH benefits to electronic voting and counting solutions. It can be used
to encrypt votes and digital ballot boxes, ensure that votes and software are not
tampered with, validate a voter's identity before casting a ballot, and aid in the
auditing and tallying of election results.
Significance of the study Significance of the Study
The research is primarily useful for Bohol Island State University-Calape
Campus in that it would allow users/students, as well as officers of the Supreme
Student Government and election administrators to have a more convenient
method.
The system helps the SSG to find a rightful leader for the College
Department in a fair and easy way. The school will receive good feedback from
the students when the process of voting is easy.
The research will give convenience to the students in terms of time
management, accuracy and efficiency.
The research can quickly obtain a record and verify the list of students
who have voted and have not yet voted, as well as quickly add and update
candidates from various parties. When it comes to counting votes, this
technology assists officers in reducing paper work and processes.
This research will be used as a reference and guidance for students who
will conduct a study in the future to assist them develop a concept for the system
they will create.
This research can assist the researcher in developing an effective
favorable element of their abilities and skills based on what they have learned
and producing an output, such as a research study that will benefit others. This
research can also provide background and further information on how to assess,
design, and develop an application, which will aid the researcher in his or her
future development as a competent IT expert.