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BIO Project

This report summarizes Yash Sharma's biology project on cancer submitted to his teacher, Mr. [Teacher's name]. The report includes an introduction describing cancer as abnormal cell growth with the potential to spread. It describes the differences between healthy and cancerous cells, noting that cancer cells replicate uncontrollably. The report also summarizes common cancer types like lung and breast cancer, their symptoms, and methods of prevention and treatment, which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In less than 3 sentences, the summary captures the key topics and structure covered in the full report.

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Rajaram Vishwakarma
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474 views14 pages

BIO Project

This report summarizes Yash Sharma's biology project on cancer submitted to his teacher, Mr. [Teacher's name]. The report includes an introduction describing cancer as abnormal cell growth with the potential to spread. It describes the differences between healthy and cancerous cells, noting that cancer cells replicate uncontrollably. The report also summarizes common cancer types like lung and breast cancer, their symptoms, and methods of prevention and treatment, which include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. In less than 3 sentences, the summary captures the key topics and structure covered in the full report.

Uploaded by

Rajaram Vishwakarma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RATTAN CONVENT SCHOOL

SESSION 2022-2023

BIOLOGYY PROJECT REPORT


ON

CANCER
SUBMITTED TO. SUBMITTED BY.

MR. YASH SHARMA


(P.G.T BIOLOGY) XII-A
Roll.no. :
INDEX

S.no Topic

1 CERTIFICATE

2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

3 INTRODUCTION

4 DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN CANCER


CELLS
5 DIFFERENCE BETWEENHEALTHY
AND CANCER CELLS
6 CANCER CELL DIVISION

7 CAUSE OF CANCER

8 CANCER TYPE, SYMPTOMS,


PREVENTION
9 CANCER TREATMENT

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY
CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled, “Cancer”


submitted by “Yash Sharma” in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for CBSE in “PCB” at “Rattan Convent
School” is an authentic work carried out by him under my
supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the


project has not been submitted to any other institute.

Mr.
P.G.T Biology
ACKNOWLEGEMENT

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to


the principal Mr. Manoj Kumar for her encouragement and
for all the facilities that he provided for this project work.
I extend my hearty thanks to Mr. , who guided me
to the successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for this
invaluable guidance constant encouragement, immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all stages of
this Project work.
I can’t forget to offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Yogesh who
helped me to carry out this project successful and provided
me the right equipment at right time.

YASH SHARMA

XII-A Signature of Teacher


INTRODUCTION
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell
growth with the potential to invade or spread to other
parts of the body.
Not all tumours are cancerous; benign tumours do not
spread to other parts of the body. Possible signs and
symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged
cough, unexplained weight loss and a change in bowel
movements. While these symptoms may indicate
cancer, they may have other causes.
Over 100 types of cancers affect humans.
These diseases are characterized by a cellular
malfunction. Healthy cells are programmed to 'know
what to do and when to do if. Cancerous cells do not
have this programming and
therefore replicate and
grow out of control.
Cancerous cells in together are
called Neoplasm.
HUMAN CANCER CELLS
Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming
solid tumours or flooding the blood with abnormal
cells.
Cancer cells have distinguishing histological features
visible under the microscope. The nucleus is often
large and irregular, and the cytoplasm may also
display abnormalities.
The shape. size, protein composition. and texture of
the nucleus is often altered in malignant cells. The
nucleus may acquire grooves. folds or indentations,
chromatin may aggregate or disperse, and the
nucleolus can become enlarged.
Different combinations of abnormalities are
characteristic of different cancer types, to the extent
that nuclear appearance can be used as a marker in
cancer diagnostics and staging.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed

Cancer cell formation Cancer cell multiplication


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NORMAL AND
CANCER CELL
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
NORMAL AND CANCER CELL
NORMAL CELL CANCER CELL
Large cytoplasm Small cytoplasm
Single nucleus Multiple nuclei
Single nucleolus Multiple and Large nucleoli
Fine chromatin Coarse chromatin
CANCER CELL DIVISION
XII
Cell division is a normal process used by the body for
growth and repair. A parent cell divides to form two
daughter cells, and these daughter cells are used to
build new tissue, or to replace cells that have died as a
result of ageing or damage. Healthy cells stop dividing
when there is no longer a need for more daughter cells,
but cancer cells continue to produce copies.

Cancer is unchecked cell growth. Mutations in genes


can cause cancer by accelerating cell division rates or
inhibiting normal controls on the system, such
as cell cycle arrest or programmed cell death. As a
mass of cancerous cells grows, it can develop into a
tumor.
CAUSES OF CANCER

•Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer


deaths.
• Another 10% is due to obesity, poor diet, lack of
physical activity. and excessive drinking of alcohol.
• Other factors include certain infections, exposure
to ionizing radiation and environmental pollutants.
• In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis
C and human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Approximately 5-10% of cancers are due to inherited
genetic defects from a person's parents.

These factors act, at least partly, by changing


the genes of a cell. Typically, many genetic changes are
required before cancer develops.
TYPES OF CANCER
II
Most Common types of Cancer:

1. Lung Cancer
A cancer that begins in the lungs and most often
occurs in people who smoke.
Symptom- Cough (often with blood). Chest pain.
Wheezing and weight loss.
Prevention- Avoid smoking and carcinogens at work,
Eat diet full of fruits and vegetables,
Exercise most days of the week.

2.Breast Cancer
A cancer that forms in the cells of breasts.
Symptoms- Bloody nipple discharge, discomfort,
inverted nipple. lump formation near
breasts.
Prevention- Keep weight in check and be physically fit.
Avoid alcohol and smoking.
Avoid birth control pills and regular screening
Avoid post-menopausal hormones.
3.Prostate Cancer
A cancer in a man’s prostate, a small walnut-shaped gland
that produces seminal fluid.
Symptom- Urinary problems, Blood in the urine and
Semen. Pain in the hips, pelvis. Spine or upper
leg. Pain or discomfort during ejaculation.

Prevention- Enough exercise. Maintaining a healthy and a


Balanced diet. Ensuring regular ejaculation.
Having green tea regularly.

4.Throat Cancer
Throat cancer refers to cancer of the voice box, the vocal
cords. and other parts of the throat. such as the tonsils
and oropharynx

Symptoms: Respiratory Symptoms like coughing,


Blood wheezing. or Shortness of breath. weight
loss, weakness, fever, a change in voice,
Chest pain, ear pain, hoarseness swollen lymph
Nodes in the neck, difficulty in swallowing
Prevention: Don’t smoke, check for radon at home, regular
exercise, eat variety of fruits and vegetables,
limit the intake of alcohol, have a cup of green
tea.
CANCER TREATMENT
Cancer can be treated in the following ways:
• Surgery
Surgery, when used to treat cancer, is a procedure in
which a Surgeon removes cancer from the patient's body.
• Radiation Therapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses high doses of
radiation to kill cancer cells and Shrink tumors.
• Chemotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that uses drugs to kill
cancer cells.
• Immunotherapy
It is a type of cancer treatment that helps your immune
system fight cancer.
Bibliography
1. NCERT Biology, Textbook for class XII
2. www.slideshare.com
3. https://byjus.com
4. Help from teachers

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